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Mercury (Hg) is a persistent and dangerous heavy metal with genotoxic properties. Echinacea purpurea L. is a well-known therapeutic plant with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor properties. In this study, multi-protective role of Echinacea purpurea L. extract against toxicity caused by mercury(II) chloride (HgCI2) on Allium cepa L. investigated in a multifaceted way. As a consequence of 100 mgL−1 HgCI2 administration, root elongation, weight increase, germination rate, and mitotic index were reduced, whereas micronucleus frequency, chromosomal abnormalities frequency, meristematic cell injuries severity, malondialdehyde level, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activity were increased. On the other hand, co-administration of increasing doses of E. purpurea extract (265 mgL−1 and 530 mgL−1) and HgCI2 gradually alleviated all observed toxic effects of HgCI2. Protective role of E. purpurea extract against HgCI2-toxicity on A. cepa were clearly demonstrated in this study. The results of this study will lead to future researches investigating use of E. purpurea extract against genotoxic contaminants.

UV-C exposure has become a crucial risk for living organisms due to its widespread use in sterilization. In this study, the mitigating potential of lycopene was investigated against UV-C-mediated toxicity in Allium cepa L. roots. Allium bulbs were separated into six groups which treated with tap water, 215 mg/L lycopene, 430 mg/L lycopene, 254-nm UV radiation, 215 mg/L lycopene + 254-nm UV radiation, and 430 mg/L lycopene + 254-nm UV radiation. Germination percentage, root length, weight gain, mitotic index, micronucleus frequency, and other chromosomal aberrations as well as meristematic cell damages were investigated in all groups. Malondialdehyde level and the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes were also analyzed to understand the severity of oxidative stress. UV-C radiation was revealed to negatively affect all parameters investigated, while the mitigating activities of lycopene against UV-C-mediated toxicity were dose-dependent. Therefore, the study evidently demonstrated the promising potential of lycopene in the protection against the detrimental effects of UV-C exposure in A. cepa.

Excessive doses of toxic metals such as cobalt may cause detrimental hazards to exposed organisms. Six groups of onion bulbs were formed to investigate the therapeutic effects of grape seed extract (GSE) against cobalt(II) nitrate (Co(NO3)(2)) exposure inAllium cepaL. root tips. Control group was irrigated with tap water, while the latter groups were exposed to 150 mg/L GSE, 300 mg/L GSE, 5.5 ppm Co(NO3)(2), 5.5 ppm Co(NO3)(2) + 150 mg/L GSE and 5.5 ppm Co(NO3)(2) + 300 mg/L GSE, respectively. Co(NO3)(2)treatment seriously inhibited the root growth, germination and weight gain of the bulbs. Mitotic index was significantly decreased, whereas the chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei incidence exhibited a remarkable increase. In addition, Co(NO3)(2)induced a variety of anatomical disorders in onion roots. Lipid peroxidation levels of the cellular membranes were assessed measuring the malondialdehyde content (MDA). MDA amount in Co(NO3)(2)-treated group reached the highest level among all groups. Co(NO3)(2)treatment enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. The addition of GSE to Co(NO3)(2)solution substantially suppressed the negative effects of Co(NO3)(2)in a dose-dependent manner by strengthening the antioxidant defence system and reducing the cytotoxicity. Moreover, there was a significant recovery in growth parameters following the grape seed addition to Co(NO3)(2). GSE had a remarkable reduction in genotoxicity when treated as a mixture with Co(NO3)(2). Overall data obtained from this investigation proved that GSE, as a promising functional by-product, had a protective effect onAllium cepaL. against the toxic effects of Co(NO3)(2).

In this study, the toxic effects of paraquat, one of the most commercially sold herbicides in the world, and the protective role of green tea leaf extract (GTLE) against these effects were investigated. Allium cepa L. bulbs (n = 16) were used as test material. One hundred milligrams per liter dose of paraquat and 190 and 380 mg/L doses of GTLE were preferred. Paraquat toxicity was investigated with the help of physiological (percent germination, root length, and weight gain), cytogenetic (mitotic index = MI, micronucleus = MN, and chromosomal damages = CAs), biochemical (superoxide dismutase = SOD, catalase = CAT, malondialdehyde = MDA), and anatomical (meristematic cell damages) parameters. A. cepa bulbs were divided into 6 groups as 1 control and 5 applications. The control group was germinated with tap water, and the application groups were germinated with paraquat and two different doses of GTLE. Germination was carried out at room temperature for 72 h. At the end of the period, A. cepa bulbs were prepared for physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical analyzes using routine preparation techniques. As a result, paraquat application caused a decrease in physiological parameters and an increase in cytogenetic (except MI) and biochemical parameters. Compared to the control (group I), the germination percentage decreased by 38%, root length 12.5 times, and weight gain 5 times decreased in group IV treated with paraquat. MDA level increased 2.58 times, SOD activity 2.48 times, and CAT activity 4.51 times increased. Paraquat application caused a decrease in the percentage of MI and an increase in the number of MN and CAs. Paraquat application caused CAs in the form of fragment, sticky chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, bridge, nucleus with vacuoles, nucleus bud, and reverse polarization. In the meristematic cells of the root tips applied paraquat, unclearly vascular tissue, flattened cell nucleus, epidermis, and cortex cell deformation were observed. The application of GTLE together with paraquat caused an increase in the physiological parameter values and a decrease in the cytogenetic (except MI) and biochemical parameter values. An improvement in the severity of damages induced by paraquat was also observed in root tip meristematic cells. It was determined that the improvements observed in all these parameters were related to the dose of GTLE applied. The 380 mg/L dose of GTLE provided more protection than the 190 mg/L dose. Compared to group IV in which paraquat was applied, the germination percentage increased by 21%, root length 5.83 times, and weight gain 2.92 times increased in group VI administered 380 mg/L dose of GTLE. In addition, MDA level decreased 1.78 times, SOD activity 1.59 times and CAT activity 1.65 times. In conclusion, paraquat administration at a dose of 100 mg/L caused physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical toxicity in A. cepa bulbs. GTLE application, on the other hand, resulted in improvements in the severity of this toxicity induced by paraquat, depending on the dose. Therefore, GTLE can be used as an effective nutritional supplement to reduce or prevent the toxicity caused by environmental agents such as pesticides.

In this study, the toxic effects of aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) on Swiss albino mice and the protective effects of resveratrol were investigated. Physiological (body weight, liver and kidney weight), biochemical (aspartate aminotransferase-AST, alanine transaminase-ALT, blood urea nitrogen-BUN, creatinine, malondialdehyde-MDA and glutathione-GSH) and cytogenetic parameters (micronucleus-MN in buccal epithelium, erythrocyte and leukocyte cells and chromosomal aberrations-CAs) were used to determine the toxic effects. Additionally, scavenging effects of resveratrol against superoxide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals were also investigated. In experimental period, mice were divided into six groups and the groups were treated with tap water, 10 mg/kg b.w resveratrol, 20 mg/kg b.w resveratrol, 20 µg/kg b.w. AFB2, 10 mg/kg b.w resveratrol + 20 µg/kg b.w AFB2, 20 mg/kg b.w resveratrol + 20 µg/kg b.w AFB2, respectively. As a result, the scavenging effects of resveratrol increased with increasing dose and the superoxide, H2O2 and DPPH radical scavenging activity of resveratrol were 74.9%, 79.1% and 49.2%, respectively. AFB2 administration caused a significant decrease in physiological parameters, and these decreases regressed in AFB2 + resveratrol treated groups. Serum ALT and AST activities, BUN and creatinine levels were higher in the AFB2 treated group compared to the control group and serious abnormalities were found in MDA and GSH levels in the kidney and liver. In the group treated with AFB2 + 20 mg/kg resveratrol, ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine levels decreased significantly and GSH levels increased compared to only-AFB2 treated group. AFB2 triggered MN formation in buccal epithelium, erythrocyte and leukocyte cells and CAs in bone marrow cells. The application of 20 mg/kg resveratrol together with AFB2 was decreased the MN and CAs frequency. Resveratrol exhibited a recovery effect in the range of 40.9–80.5% against AFB2 toxicity in all tested parameters. In this study, it was determined that AFB2 caused serious changes in selected physiological, biochemical and cytogenetic parameters while resveratrol displayed a protective role against these toxic effects.

Yaygın olarak kullanılan bir pestisit olan diazinon hedef olmayan canlılar üzerinde toksik etkilere sahiptir. Bu çalışma, diazinonun meristem hücrelerinde teşvik ettiği toksisiteye karşı zencefilin koruyucu ve iyileştirici etkisini fizyolojik, genotoksik ve biyokimyasal parametrelerle araştırmayı hedeflemiştir. Ayrıca kök meristem hücrelerinde meydana gelen hasarlar incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla A. cepa soğanları 6 gruba ayrıldı (kontrol, 240 mg/L zencefil, 480 mg/L zencefil, 500 mg/L diazinon, 500 mg/L diazinon + 240 mg/L zencefil ve 500 mg/L diazinon + 480 mg/L zencefil). Diazinon süperoksit dismutaz aktivitesi, katalaz aktivitesi, malondialdehit seviyesi, mikronükleus sıklığı, kromozomal anormallik yoğunluğu ve meristematik hücre hasarlarını arttırmış; ancak mitotik indeksi, çimlenme yüzdesi, kök uzunluğu, ağırlık artışı azaltmıştır. Zencefil, diazinon ile birlikte uygulandığında doza bağlı olarak tüm bu toksisite göstergelerini düşürmüştür. Bu çalışma, A. cepa modeli kullanılarak diazinonun hedef olmayan organizmalar üzerindeki toksik etkilerine karşı zencefilin koruyucu bir rolünü açıkça göstermiştir., Diazinon, a widely used pesticide, has toxic effects on non-target organisms. This study aimed to investigate the protective and healing effect of ginger against the toxicity promoted by diazinon in meristem cells with physiological, genotoxic and biochemical parameters. In addition, root meristem cell damages were examined. For this purpose, A. cepa bulbs were divided into 6 groups (control, 240 mg/L ginger, 480 mg/L ginger, 500 mg/L diazinone, 500 mg/L diazinone + 240 mg/L ginger and 500 mg/L diazinone + 480 mg/L ginger). Diazinon increased superoxide dismutase activity, catalase activity, malondialdehyde level, micronucleus frequency, chromosomal abnormality density and meristematic cell damage; but reduced the mitotic index, germination percentage, root length, weight gain. Ginger reduced all these toxicity indicators depending on the dose when administered with diazinon. This study clearly demonstrated the protective role of ginger against the toxic effects of diazinon on non-target organisms using the A. cepa model.

Background: Dibenzofuran ring is a typical heterocyle that is found in many natural sources and its derivatives exhibit a wide scale of biological applications similar to its analog ring systems; furan and benzofuran. Materials and Methods: Novel N-(2-methoxydibenzofuran-3-yl)-2-aryloxyacetamide derivatives (2a-l) were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against A549 lung cancer and NIH/3T3 mouse embryofibroblast cell lines. The inhibition percentages of cathepsin D, L, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes provoked by the compounds were also determined. Results and Discussion: Most of the compounds exhibited significant cytotoxicity whose IC50 values were identified lower than the tested lowest concentration ( Conclusion: Compounds 2b, 2c, 2e, 2i and 2k exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity against A549 cell lines with selective profile. However, they did not display satisfying results on tested enzymes.

The effects of proline on the seed germination, seedling growth (radicle lenght, radicle number and fresh weight), mitotic index, micronucleus frequency and chromosome aberrations of Allium cepa L. germinated under saline conditions were examined in this study. Salt stress markedly inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. cepa L. Moreover, it reduced the mitotic index in the root-meristem cells of the seeds and fairly increased the number of chromosome aberrations and micronucleus frequency which is the simplest indicator, the most effective of cytological damage. On the other, the inhibitive effect of salt stress on the seed germination, fresh weight and mitotic index was significantly decreased with proline application. However, this amino acid was ineffective in reducing of salt damage on the radicle lenght, radicle number, micronucleus frequency and chromosome aberrations.

WOS: 000507283600099 PubMed: 31748996 This study was performed to evaluate the toxic effects of aflatoxin B-2 (AFB(2)) on antioxidant-oxidant balance and vital parameters such as physiological, cytogenetic, and anatomical alterations in Allium cepa L. root tip cells. Toxic effects of AFB(2) on vital parameters were investigated by using the changes in weight gain, germination percentage, chromosomal aberrations (CAs), mitotic index (MI), micronucleus frequency (MN), and anatomical structure. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathion (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in root cells were investigated as antioxidant-oxidant parameters. For this aim, A. cepa bulbs were seperated into five groups as negative control, positive control, and AFB(2) treatment groups. In results, while the rate of germination percentage, weight gain, and MI rates decreased, MN and CA frequency increased in AFB(2)-treated groups compared with the negative control. Most common CAs observed in AFB(2)-treated groups were fragment and chromosome bridges. It was determined that in 160 mu g L-1 AFB(2)-treated group there was a 70.8% increase in MDA and a 78.1% decrease in GSH level compared with the negative control group and these changes indicate oxidative damage. In 160 mu g L-1 AFB(2) treatment group, SOD and CAT activities decreased importantly due to inhibition. In anatomical examinations, it was determined that AFB(2) treatment caused some anatomical damages in A. cepa root cells such as necrosis, cell deformation, and thickening in cell wall. This study showed that AFB(2), which has the least data among aflatoxins, causes serious in vivo toxic effects in A. cepa root cells.

The effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) on the seed germination, seedling growth (radicle length, radicle number and fresh weight), mitotic activity and chromosomal aberrations of Allium cepa L. germinated under salt stress were studied. Salt stress considerably inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of A. cepa. Furthermore, it markedly reduced the mitotic index in root tip meristems of the seeds and increased the number of chromosomal aberrations. Whereas, the detrimental effects of salt on the seed germination, seedling growth, mitotic activitiy and chromosomal aberrations were dramatically alleviated in varying degrees by NaClO application.

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a medicinal plant with antioxidant-rich fruits. Diniconazole, a broad-spectrum fungicide, is employed extensively. The present study was designed to evaluate the preventive efficiency of C. mas fruit extract (CME) against the toxic effects of diniconazole on a model organism, Allium cepa L. For this aim, physiological, cytogenetic and biochemical parameters as well as the meristematic cell damages were investigated in A. cepa treated with diniconazole and C. mas extract. A. cepa bulbs were divided into six groups which were treated with tap water, 0.5 g/L CME, 1.0 g/L CME, 100 mg/L diniconazole, 0.5 g/L CME + 100 mg/L diniconazole and 1.0 g/L CME + 100 mg/L diniconazole, respectively. Diniconazole application caused a significant reduction in germination percentage, root elongation and total weight gain. Mitotic index decreased, while chromosomal aberrations increased following diniconazole application. Diniconazole caused significant rises in malondialdehyde content and the total activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. The meristematic cell damages induced by diniconazole were indistinct transmission tissue, epidermis cell deformation, thickening of the cortex cell wall and flattened cell nucleus. Aqueous C. mas extracts induced a dose-dependent prevention and amelioration in all damages arisen from diniconazole application.

Inhibition of aromatase enzymes is very important in the prevention of estrogen-related diseases and the regulation of estrogen levels. Aromatase enzyme is involved in the final stage of the biosynthesis of estrogen, in the conversion of androgens to estrogen. The development of new compounds for the inhibition of aromatase enzymes is an important area for medicinal chemists in this respect. In the present study, new benzimidazole derivatives have been designed and synthesized which have reported anticancer activity in the literature. Their anticancer activity was evaluated against human A549 and MCF-7 cell lines by MTT assay. In the series, concerning MCF-7 cell line, the most potent compounds were the 4-benzylpiperidine derivatives 2c, 2g, and 2k with IC50 values of 0.032 ± 0.001, 0.024 ± 0.001, and 0.035 ± 0.001 µM, respectively, compared to the reference drug cisplatin (IC50 = 0.021 ± 0.001 µM). Then, these compounds were subject to further in silico aromatase enzyme inhibition assays to determine the possible binding modes and interactions underlying their activity. Thanks to molecular docking studies, the effectiveness of these compounds against aromatase enzyme could be simulated. Consequently, it has been found that these compounds can be settled very properly to the active site of the aromatase enzyme.

In this study, 10 mg L–1 L-tryptophan effects on the seedling growth (fresh weight, radicle length and radicle number), seed germination, chromosomal aberrations and mitotic activity in Allium cepa L. germinated in salinity (0.175 M NaCl) conditions were investigated. In only L-tryptophan medium, the radicle length and radicle number of the seedlings were partially reduced compared to the control seedlings grown in the pure water medium, the germination percentage and fresh weight indicate statistically the same values as the control. Moreover, the chromosomal aberrations and mitotic index in the root tip meristem cells of Allium cepa seeds germinated in alone L-tryptophan medium showed increase compared to the control seeds germinated in the pure water medium. On the other hand, salt stress significantly inhibited the germination rate, radicle length, radicle number and fresh weight of Allium cepa L. In addition, it important reduced the mitotic index (activity) and increased the chromosomal aberrations in root tip meristems of the seeds. Nevertheless, the inhibitory effects of salt stress on all the mentioned parameters were dramatically alleviated by L-tryptophan application. The germination percentage, radicle length, radicle number, fresh weight, mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations of the seedlings grown in 0.175 M salinity were 23%, 10.3 mm, 12.7, 7 g, 1.2 and 17% respectively, while these values became 77%, 15.3 mm, 16.7, 15.2 g, 11.6 and 14.6% in the seedlings treated with 10 mg L–1 L-tryptophan.

Meyveleri klimakterik olmayan patlıcanlar, üşüme zararına hassas ve hasat sonrası raf ömrü kısa olduğundan dolayı önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Çalışma materyali olan patlıcanlar Türkiye de Van'ın Gevaş ilçesinde hasat edilmiştir. Patlıcan meyveleri olgunluk seviyeleri dikkate alınarak hasat edilmiş ve daha sonra köpük tabaklarda modifiye atmosfer paketleme yapılarak 10 ve 20 °C'de % 90-95 bağıl nem içeren soğuk hava depolarında 21 gün boyunca depolanmıştır. Aynı olgunluğa sahip meyveler 3 ayrı gruba ayrılmıştır. Birinci grup meyveler kontrol olarak saf suya daldırılmıştır. İkinci grup meyveler 1 µM Metil Jasmonat (MeJA) çözeltisine 10 dakika süreyle daldırılmıştır. Üçüncü grup meyvelere ise 5 µM Metil Jasmonat (MeJA) çözeltisine 10 dakika süreyle daldırılmıştır. Hasat sonrası uygulanan Metil Jasmonat'ın solunum hızı, Süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (CAT), polifenol oksidaz (PPO) ve malondialdehit (MDA) üzerine olan etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, 20 °C'de depolanan meyvelerde 1 uM Metil Jasmonat uygulamasının, solunum hızı, SOD, PPO ve MDA gibi parametreler açısından en iyi sonuçları verdiği tespit edilirken, 5 uM Metil Jasmonatın ise CAT enzim aktivitesi açısından en iyi sonucu verdiğini göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, MeJA uygulamalarının depolama periyodu boyunca antioksidatif enzimler ve solunum hızı üzerine etkisi olduğu söylenebilir., Eggplant fruit result in significant economic losses, as being non-climacteric is sensitive to chilling injury and short postharvest life. Eggplants were harvested in Gevas district of Van, Turkey. The eggplant fruits were harvested by taking maturity levels into consideration and then placed in foam plates and covered with Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) for 21 days in cold air depots containing 10 and 20 °C temperature and 90-95% relative humidity. The fruits of the same size were divided into 3 different groups. The first group of fruits was immersed in distilled water as a control. The second group of fruits were immersed in 1 μM MeJA solution for 10 minutes. The third group was immersed in 5 μM MeJA solution for 10 minutes. The effect of postharvest Methyl Jasmonate treatment during the storage period on respiratory rate, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated. The results obtained from this study suggest that 1 µM Methyl Jasmonate application gives the best results in terms of parameters such as respiratory rate, SOD, PPO, and MDA at 20 °C, while 5 µM Methyl Jasmonate was found to be the most positive one in terms of CAT enzyme activity. As a result, it can be suggested that MeJA treatments were effective on antioxidativ enzymes and respiration rate during the storage period.

Background Many studies have been performed since the discovery of ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) to find substances that reverse its effects on flaps. However, because of minor or major side effects these substances are mostly failed to be put in clinical practice. in this study, the mitigation effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) were investigated for its protective effects on flap necrosis in a rat model. Methods Forty-two randomized male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were assigned to the regular flap (G1) (n = 14), ischemic flap (G2) (n = 14), and ischemic flap + CAPE (G3) (n = 14) groups. Bilateral pedicled TRAM flaps were designed for the first seven rats of each group,; bilateral-free TRAM flaps were designed for the remaining rats in each group and referred as subgroup 1 and 2 (S1 and S2), respectively. in G1, flaps were returned to their original locations without clamping or injection. in G2 and G3, a 2-h ischemia was performed. Before the ischemic process, intraperitoneal saline and CAPE solution was administered intraperitoneally in the second and third groups, respectively. on day 7 after the operation, all flaps were harvested and subjected to biochemical (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels) and histological examinations (hematoxylin & eosin, Mallory-Azan, anti-VEGF, anti-BAX, anti Bcl-2, and anti-iNOS stainings), respectively. Enzyme levels and the Verhofstadt scores showed a statistically significant difference in flaps among the groups. Less injury was noted in G3 than in G2 (p < 0.01). Conclusions in this experimental model, CAPE was effective in protecting tissues against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Level of evidence: no ratable, Ege University Directory, Scientific Research BureauEge University, This project was funded by the Ege University Directory, Scientific Research Bureau.

In this study, the toxic effects of 1,4-dioxane, a common contaminant, and the protective property of Ceratonia siliqua L. pod extract (Cspe) against this toxicity are aimed to be demonstrated with a versatile model. For this purpose, Allium toxicity test was used and six different experimental groups were formed. While the control group was germinated in tap water, the application groups were germinated in mediums containing 750 mg/L Cspe, 1500 mg/L Cspe, 100 mg/L 1,4-dioxane, 750 mg/L Cspe+100 mg/L 1,4-dioxane, and 1500 mg/L Cspe+100 mg/L 1,4-dioxane. Each group was germinated in related solution for 72 h and alterations in physiological, biochemical, genetic, and anatomical parameters were investigated. Germination percentage, relative injury rate, root length, and weight gain parameters were examined as physiological parameters, and no significant difference was observed in the control group and only-Cspe-treated groups. In groups treated with 100 mg/L 1,4-dioxane, germination percentage, root length, and weight gain were significantly decreased, and the relative injury rate reached the highest value as 0.48. It was determined that all physiological parameters improved in the groups where Cspe and 1,4-dioxane treated together, and the relative injury rate decreased to 0.22 in the group treated with 1500 mg/L Cspe+1,4-dioxane. Genotoxic effects were tested by the micronucleus and chromosomal abnormality frequency, and statistically insignificant micronucleus formation was found in control group and Cspe-treated groups. Micronucleus frequency were found to be 58.00 ± 12.12 and 31.00 ± 07.38 in 1,4-dioxane and 1500 mg/L Cspe+1,4-dioxane-treated groups, respectively. This result showed that the application of 1500 mg/L Cspe had a 46.5% reduction in the frequency of 1,4-dioxane-induced micronucleus and had a protective effect on genomic integrity. It has been found that 1,4-dioxane application induces lipid peroxidation and increases malondialdehyde level 4.5 times compared with control group. Oxidative stress, which was proved by increased malondialdehyde levels in 1,4-dioxane-treated group caused induction of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes, and it was determined that enzyme activities increased by 1.99 and 4.9 times, respectively, compared with the control group. Cspe treatment with 1,4-dioxane caused a significant decrease in malondialdehyde level, superoxide dismutase, and catalase enzyme activities, indicating that oxidative stress formation in the cells was repressed. Abnormalities such as cell deformation, cell wall thickening, and flattened cell nuclei were seen in 1,4-dioxane-treated group in the cross sections of root tips, and the frequency of these abnormalities decreased with Cspe application. As a result, it was determined that 1,4-dioxane caused a versatile toxicity in the test material Allium cepa, whereas Cspe application had a dose-dependent protective feature against toxicity in all tested parameters.

Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide in women. Many anticancer drugs are currently used clinically have been isolated from plant species or are based on such substances. Thymol (5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol) and carvacrol are oxygenated aromatic compounds from the monoterpene group. They are the main constituents of thyme essential oil and show antiproliferative, antioxidant, and antiseptic properties. the aim of this study is to compare the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of thymol and carvacrol on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell line. the cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of thymol and carvacrol (100, 200, 400, 600 mu M) at 24 h and 48 h durations. the cell viability was investigated by MTT assay and analysis of apoptosis with annexin V assay was determined. the study show that thymol and carvacrol significantly induced apoptosis in all groups as dose and time-dependent (p < .05). the data in the present study demonstrated that thymol and carvacrol have apoptotic and antiproliferative properties in a concentration-dependent manner toward ovarian cancer cells. SKOV-3 cancer cell line was much more sensitive to the toxic effect of thymol than carvacrol., Mugla Sitki Kocman University Research Projects Coordination OfficeMugla Sitki Kocman University [17/062], This study has been granted by the Mugla Sitki Kocman University Research Projects Coordination Office through Project Grant Number: (17/062). the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Living organisms are increasingly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) rays of solar radiation, both due to the thinning of the ozone layer and the widespread uses in sterilization processes. The present study was conducted with the purpose of evaluating the damages of UV-A and UV-C radiations in Allium cepa L. roots. Three groups were formed from Allium bulbs, one of which was the control group. One of the other groups was exposed to 254 nm (UV-C) and the other to 365 nm (UV-A) UV. Growth retardation effect of UV was investigated with respect to germination percentage, total weight gain and root elongation, while genotoxicity arisen from UV exposure analyzed using mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) including micronucleus (MN) frequency. Oxidative stress due to UV application was investigated based on the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. Also, meristematic integrity of the UV treated roots was controlled. UV treatments caused significant changes in all parameters compared to the control, but all effects were much more prominent in 254 nm UV-exposed group. This study clearly revealed that UV exposure triggered growth inhibition, genotoxicity, oxidative stress and meristematic cell damages in A. cepa roots depending on the wavelength.

In this study, the protective effects of trans-resveratrol (t-resv) against 1,4-dioxane-induced toxicity in meristematic cells were investigated. For this purpose, Allium test was used and the alterations in all experimental groups were examined by using physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters. In order to elucidate the toxicity mechanism, interactions of 1,4-dioxane and intracellular antioxidant molecules were investigated by molecular docking. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that 1,4-dioxane causes serious abnormalities in Allium cepa meristematic cells. In 1,4-dioxane-treated group, germination percentage was regressed 1.6 times, root length was reduced 12.7 times, and weight gain was decreased 7.7 times compared to control group. T-resv administration with 1,4-dioxane resulted in an improvement in physiological parameters and reduced the relative injury rate from 0.4 to 0.16. Mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal abnormality (CAs) frequencies were investigated as cytogenetic parameters. 1,4-Dioxane decreased MI index, and increased CAs and MN frequency. In addition, it was determined by the comet test that 1,4-dioxane caused deterioration in DNA integrity. T-resv treatment was found to cause a dose-dependent improvement in genotoxic effects. Changes in the antioxidant system in all experimental groups were determined by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities. 1,4-Dioxane caused alterations in all tested parameters, causing deterioration in the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the cell. A 200-mg/L t-resv+1,4-dioxane treatment caused a 1.9-fold decrease in MDA level which is indicator of lipid peroxidation compared to only 1,4-dioxane-treated group. The mechanism of the disruption in antioxidant/oxidant dynamics and genetic integrity was elucidated by molecular docking analysis of 1,4-dioxane with antioxidant molecules and DNA. In 1,4-dioxane treatment group, anatomical changes such as cell deformation, flattened cell nucleus, and thickening of cortex cell wall were observed. The frequency of these changes decreased with t-resv administration. As a result, it was determined that 1,4-dioxane caused a versatile toxicity in A. cepa meristematic cells, while t-resv was found to have a dose-dependent protective feature against 1,4-dioxane-induced toxicity.

In this study, toxic effects of spirodiclofen and protective role of lycopene against toxic effects were investigated by using physiological, cytogenetic, anatomical, and biochemical parameters. Allium cepa L. bulbs were used as test material. The bulbs were divided into six groups as one control and five application groups. Bulb in the control group was germinated with tap water, and in treatment groups, 20-mg L−1 dose of spirodiclofen 215- and 430-mg L−1 doses of lycopene were applied. Spirodiclofen application caused a decrease in physiological parameters such as germination percentage, root length, and weight increase. Spirodiclofen administration caused a decrease in the percentage of mitotic index (MI) and an increase in DNA fragmentation, micronucleus (MN), and chromosomal aberration (CA) frequency. Spirodiclofen application caused an increase in the level of the oxidant compound malondialdehyde (MDA), changes in the level of antioxidant enzymes, and disruption of the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the cell. Molecular interactions between spirodiclofen and antioxidant enzymes were determined by molecular docking analysis. In addition to physiological, biochemical, and genetic abnormalities, spirodiclofen also caused deformations in the anatomy of the A. cepa root tip meristematic cells. Lycopene treatment showed a protective effect by suppressing the toxic effects of spirodiclofen, causing a significant improvement in the values of selected physiological, cytogenetic, anatomical, and biochemical parameters. As a result, spirodiclofen insecticide caused toxic effects on various parameters in A. cepa, which is a eukaryotic model organism. In order to elucidate the toxicity mechanism, each parameter is associated with each other. Molecular docking method has revealed the effects of spirodiclofen on antioxidant enzymes. Lycopene application together with spirodiclofen resulted in the regression of all toxic effects and improvement in the root tissue. This result shows that lycopene has a strong protective property against spirodiclofen toxicity.

The swine industry is often forced to euthanize pigs in the first few weeks of life due to injuries, hernias, or unthriftiness. The majority of pigs are euthanized using carbon dioxide (CO2) gas asphyxiation but concerns as to the humaneness of CO2 are increasing. This study compared the euthanasia of weaned pigs using N2O (N2O, n = 9) or CO2 (n = 9), at 50% and 25% min&minus, 1 exchange rate, respectively. In addition, we administered an analgesic prior to euthanasia with CO2 (CO2B) exposure as a third treatment (n = 9) to elucidate behaviors indicative of pain. Pigs in the CO2 and N2O treatments lost posture at similar times (latency of 145.0 &plusmn, 17.3 and 162.6 &plusmn, 7.0 s respectively, p &gt, 0.10), while the CO2B treatment pigs lost posture the soonest (101.2 &plusmn, 4.7 s, p &lt, 0.01). The pigs in the CO2B treatment made more escape attempts than the CO2 or N2O pigs (16.4 &plusmn, 4.2, 4.7 &plusmn, 1.6, 0.3 &plusmn, 0.2, respectively, p &lt, 0.0004). However, pigs in N2O squealed more often than either the CO2 or CO2B pigs (9.0 &plusmn, 1.6, 2.8 &plusmn, 1.2, 1.3 &plusmn, 0.6, respectively, p &lt, 0.001). Given the similar time to loss of posture and shorter time displaying open mouth breathing, N2O may cause less stress to pigs, however, the greater number of squeals performed by these pigs suggests the opposite. It was not apparent that any behavior measured was indicative of pain. In conclusion, N2O applied at a 50% min&minus, 1 flow rate can be an alternative to CO2 for pig euthanasia.

WOS: 000450010700017, PubMed ID: 29577865, Background: 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles have been known with a wide variety of pharmacological activities including anticancer activity. Objective: In this study, novel 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for determining their anticancer, anticholinesterase and lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity. Results: Many of the compounds exhibited remarkable potency that compounds 2a, 2b, 2e, 2h and 2j against C6 cells and compounds 2a, 2b, 2d, 2g, 2i, 2j against A549 cells were found more active than cisplatin. Compound 2d namely, 2-[(5-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethan-l-one induced apoptosis of A549 cells with 74.9% whereas cisplatin caused 70.9% percentage. Conclusion: Among them, compounds 2d and 2j against A549 cell line, compounds 2b and 2e against both tumor cell lines showed selective cytotoxicity evaluating the inhibition concentration against NIH/3T3 cell line. None of the compounds showed significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities., Anadolu University Scientific Research Project, Eskisehir, Turkey [1610S656], The study was supported within the Anadolu University Scientific Research Project, Eskisehir, Turkey (Project no: 1610S656).

In this study, L-arginine (Arg) effects on the seedling growth (fresh weight, radicle length and radicle number), seed germination, mitotic activity, chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus frequency in Allium cepa L. germinated in both salt stress and normal conditions were investigated. In only Arg medium, the radicle number of the seeds was partially reduced compared to the control seeds germinated in the distilled water medium, the fresh weight, radicle length and germination percentage indicated statistically the same values as the control. Besides, the mitotic index in the root tip meristems of A. cepa seeds germinated in the Arg medium alone showed a decrease compared to the control seeds germinated in the distilled water medium, whereas the chromosomal aberrations exhibited a significant increase compared to the control. Moreover, the micronucleus formation increased compared to the control. On the other hand, salt stress significantly inhibited the seedling growth and seed germination of A. cepa. In addition, it significantly reduced the mitotic index in the root tip meristems of the seeds and increased the number of chromosomal abnormalities and micronucleus frequency, which is the simplest indicator and the most effective of cytological damage. Nonetheless, the inhibitive effect of salt on the micronucleus formation, mitotic activity, seedling growth, seed germination and chromosomal aberrations significantly decreased with the application of L-arginine.

Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are important drug targets for the management of neurological disorders. Herein, a series of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives bearing various alkyl/arylamine moieties as MAO inhibitors were designed and synthesized. All of the compounds were more selective against hMAO-A than hMAO-B. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of most of the compounds were lower than that of the common drug moclobemide (IC(50) = 4.664 μM) and compound 6b was proven to be the most active compound (IC(50) = 0.060 μM). Moreover, it was seen that compound 6b showed a similar inhibition profile to that of clorgyline (IC(50) = 0.048 μM). The inhibition profile was found to be reversible and competitive for compound 6b with MAO-A selectivity. Molecular modelling studies aided in the understanding of the interaction modes between compound 6b and MAO-A. Furthermore, this compound was predicted to have a good pharmacokinetic profile and high BBB penetration. Therefore, such compounds are of interest towards developing new MAO inhibitors.

Many studies have been conducted on the selective inhibition of human monoamine oxidase B (hMAO-B) enzyme using benzylamine-sulphonamide derivatives. Using various chemical modifications on BB-4h, which was reported previously by our team and showed a significant level of MAO-B inhibition, novel benzylamine-sulphonamide derivatives were designed, synthesised, and their MAO inhibition potentials were evaluated. Among the tested derivatives, compounds 4i and 4t achieved IC50 values of 0.041 ± 0.001 µM and 0.065 ± 0.002 µM, respectively. The mechanism of hMAO-B inhibition by compounds 4i and 4t was studied using Lineweaver–Burk plot. The nature of inhibition was also determined to be non-competitive. Cytotoxicity tests were conducted and compounds 4i and 4t were found to be non-toxic. Molecular docking studies were also carried out for compound 4i, which was found as the most potent agent, within hMAO-B catalytic site.

Bu çalışmada, tuzluluğa maruz bırakılan Allium cepa L. tohumlarındakifizyolojik parametreler olarak tohum çimlenmesi,radikula uzunluğu, radikula sayısı, taze ağırlık ve sitogenetik parametreler olarak mitotik aktivite, kromozomal anormallikler vemikronükleus sıklığı üzerine glisinin rolü incelenmiştir. Tuzluluk A. cepa'nın tohum çimlenmesi ve fidebüyümesinde önemli bir inhibe edici etki göstermiştir. Dahası,tuz A. cepa’nın kök ucuhücrelerindeki mitotik indeksi önemli ölçüde düşürmüş ve sitolojik hasarın enbasit ve en etkili göstergesi olan mikronükleus sıklığı ve kromozomalanormalliklerin sayısını arttırmıştır. Buna karşılık, tohum çimlenmesi,mitotik aktivite, kromozomal anormallikler ve fide büyümesi üzerine tuzuninhibe edici etkileri glisin uygulamasıyla önemli ölçüde azalmış, fakatmikronükleus sıklığı üzerinde glisin tuz hasarının azaltılmasında yetersizkalmıştır., Inthis study, the role of glycine on the mitotic index, chromosome aberrations, micronucleusfrequency as cytogenetic parametersand on the seed germination, radicle length, radicle number, fresh weightas physiological parameters in Allium cepa L. seeds exposed to saltnesswere studied. Salinity displayeda significant inhibitory effect on the seedling growth and seed germination of Allium cepa. Furthermore, salinityreduced significantly the mitotic index in A. cepa root tip cells and ascended number of chromosomal aberrationsand frequencyof micronucleus which is the simplestindicator, the most effective of cytological damage. On the other hand, the restricting effectsof salinity on the seed germination, mitotic activity, chromosomal aberrations and seedling growth were alleviated dramatically invarying degrees by glycine application, but glycine was ineffective in reducingof salt damage on the micronucleusfrequency.

WOS: 000514596300023 PubMed: 31745808 In this study, the protective effects of 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L doses of anthocyanin-rich bilberry extracts (ABE) against the toxicity caused by 20 mu M copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) on Allium cepa L. were investigated. Alterations in weight gain, germination percentage, and root elongation were evaluated as physiological parameters while micronucleus (MN), mitotic index (MI), and chromosomal abnormality (CA) frequency were studied as cytogenetic parameters. Oxidative stress indicators such as malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and catalase (CAT) activity were analyzed and also damages in root tip meristem cells were determined by cross sections. As a result, it was found that the percentage of germination, weight gain, root length, and MI decreased and the frequency of MN and CAs increased with CuCl2 treatment. CuCl2 exposure caused a significant increase in SOD and CAT activities and MDA levels. A number of anatomical abnormalities and damages were detected in the cross sections of CuCl2-treated roots. On the other hand, ABE applications ameliorated notably all copper-induced damages in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the powerful protective potential of ABE against copper-induced toxicity was proven through an extensive study in a popular plant model. Giresun University Scientific Research UnitGiresun University [FEN-BAP-A-150219-21]

Magnetic, cheap and versatile adsorbents were developed for crystal violet (CV) adsorption in this study. These adsorbents are magnetic activated carbon (AC-Fe3O4) and chitosan grafted magnetic activated carbon (Chitosan-AC-Fe3O4). Fe3O4 and chitosan were also used for adsorption. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), zeta potential analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods were used for characterization of adsorbents. Adsorption parameters for CV were investigated. Raw chitosan and Fe3O4 were also used for CV adsorption to compare the results of composites. The chosen adsorption parameters are amount of adsorbent, contact time, initial CV concentration, and temperature. The equilibrium period was observed to be very short for chitosan and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The adsorption efficiencies of these adsorbents are very low. AC-Fe3O4 and AC-Fe3O4-Chitosan nanoparticles reached equilibrium at 80 min. The all adsorbent-CV systems followed pseudo second-order kinetic model. AC-Fe3O4 and AC-Fe3O4-Chitosan composites suited non-linear Freundlich isotherm for all temperatures (298, 308 and 318 K). Regeneration of adsorbents was also investigated. 1 M of acetic acid and 0.1 M of NaOH solutions were tested. Acetic acid solution desorbed CV better than NaOH solution at 6 hours.

WOS: 000489544600002, DNA topoisomerase I regulates DNA topological structure in many cellular metabolic processes and is a validated target for the development of antitumor agents. in this work, a series of novel 2-[(5-(4-(5(6)-substituted-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)thio]-1-(4-substitutedphenyl)ethan-1-ones (4a-4s) derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for DNA Topo I inhibition and cytotoxicity. the structures of the compounds (4a-4s) were confirmed by IR, H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR, 2D NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Anticancer activity of these compounds was assessed against two different human cancer cell lines A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) and HepG2 (human liver cancer cell line), as well as normal mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (NIH3T3). IC50 values of compounds 4a, 4c, and 4f were highest than those exhibited for the reference drug cisplatin. Then, the inhibitory effect of 4a, 4c, and 4f compounds on topoisomerase I enzyme with the relaxation assay was investigated on supercoiled DNA using agarose gel electrophoresis. the Annexin V-FITC assay demonstrated that these compounds induce cell death by apoptosis., Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects CommissionAnadolu University [1602S065], This study was financially supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commission, Project no. 1602S065.

The role of L-lysine (Lys) on some cytogenetic and physiological parameters in Allium cepa L. seeds exposed to salt was evaluated. NaCl stress on the other hand showed a significantly inhibitory effect on the seedling growth and seed germination of Allium cepa. Besides, it significantly reduced the mitotic index in the root tip meristems of seeds and increased micronuclei which are the most effective and simplest indicator of cytological damage and chromosomal abnormalities. However, the effects of salinity on chromosomal aberrations, seedling growth, seed germination and mitotic activity have decreased significantly with Lys application.

In this study, the protective role of Nigella sativa L. seed extract (NSSE) against Pb(NO3)2 toxicity in albino mice was investigated. For this purpose, the mice were randomly divided to six groups. In control group, mice were treated with tap water and in the treatment groups 500 mg kg-1 bw Pb(NO3)2, 300 and 600 mg kg-1 bw doses of NSSE were exposed to mice. The effects of all treatments on organism development were investigated by determining the changes in body, liver and kidney weights of each group. Genotoxic effects were determined by investigating the chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) in bone marrow cells, micronucleus (MN) frequency in erythrocyte and buccal mucosa cells. As a result, it was observed that Pb(NO3)2 treatment resulted in a 6.33-fold decrease in body weight gain and 2.08 and 1.65-fold increase in liver and kidney weights compared to control group, respectively. In addition, it was determined that these alterations in weights were positively changed after NSSE treatment. From MN assays it was observed that MN frequencies of erythrocyte and buccal mucosa cells in 500 mg kg-1 bw Pb(NO3)2 treated group were found as 58.17±5.46 and 19.00±2.76 while in 600 mg kg-1 bw NSSE+Pb(NO3)2 treated group, the frequencies were determined as 32.67±3.78 and 6.50±1.87, respectively. A similar protective role was also observed against CAs formation, and 600 mg kg-1 NSSE treatment was found to reduce the chromatid breaks by 44%. As a result, it has been determined that NSSE can be used as a protective nutrient against the harmful effects of chemicals such as heavy metals especially Pb.

yalcin, emine/0000-0002-5280-5375 WOS: 000493661900039 Due to the increase in exposure to chemical substances, the investigation of natural compounds with protective effects has become popular. So in this study the antimicrobial, antioxidant, antimutagenic activities and enzyme inhibitory effects of Trachystemon orientalis leaf and stem extracts were investigated. Antimicrobial effect was determined by disc diffusion method and the antimutagenic effect was investigated by Ames/Salmonella/microsomal test. Antioxidant properties of T. orientalis extracts were determined by investigating the phytochemical contents and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) removal activity. The antidiabetic activity of the extracts was investigated by alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition. It has been determined that all extracts exhibit antimicrobial activity at different ratios and the highest antimicrobial activity was obtained with a 21 +/- 0.4 mm inhibition zone against Escherichia coli. The highest DPPH removal activity of leaf and stem extracts was determined to be 65.1 +/- 2.4% and 59.4 +/- 2.7%, respectively. In enzyme inhibitory analysis, it was determined that the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effect of extracts was higher than the alpha-amylase inhibition effect. In antimutagenity test, the highest antimutagenic effects of leaf and stem extract were determined as 78.2 +/- 1.1% and 67.2 +/- 1.5%, respectively. As a result, T. orientalis leaf and stem extracts were determined as a potential natural antimicrobial, antimutagenic and antioxidant source with a moderately high antidiabetic activity.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effect of resveratrol on diabetic cardiomyopathy in streptozocininduced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were injected with streptozocin to establish diabetes model. After four weeks, heart tissues were collected for histopathological examination and immunoexpression of nitric oxide synthases-2 (NOS-2) and transforming growth factor-?1 (TGF-?1). Lipid peroxidation was evaluated. Results: in diabetic rats, cardiac muscle cell thickness (hypertrophy), TGF-?1 and NOS-2 expression were increased significantly when compared to control group. Administration of resveratrol in diabetic rats causes a significant reduction both in cardiac muscle cell thickness, TGF-?1 and NOS-2 expression in these rats. Blood glucose levels were significantly increased in diabetic rats expectedly, but there was no important difference between diabetic rats and resveratrol administrated diabetic rats in terms of blood glucose levels. Conclusion: We showed protective effects of resveratrol on dilated cardiomyopathy on diabetic rats by reducing oxidative stress. As the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing, resveratrol supplementation could help preventing diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Adsorption of gliclazide from aqueous solutions with carbon-based adsorbents is the aim of this study. For this purpose, magnetic, versatile, and inexpensive magnetic activated carbon (MAC) and magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotube (MMWCNT) adsorbents have been developed. MAC and MMWCNT characterization were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. In order to find the optimum conditions in batch adsorption experiments, the effects of parameters such as adsorbent dose, gliclazide solution pH, contact time, temperature and presence of foreign ions were investigated. Parameters were calculated for adsorption isotherms using Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption studies of MAC and MMWCNT materials with gliclazide were in accordance with the nonlinear Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models for all temperatures (298, 308, 318 K). The correlation coefficients of the Langmuir isotherm model are slightly higher than the Freundlich model. MAC adsorbent has maximum monolayer adsorption capacity at T=298 K (qmax=101.66 mg/g, R2=0.88) while MMWCNT has maximum monolayer adsorption capacity at T=308 K (qmax=71.59 mg/g, R2=0.90). For MAC and MMWCNT - Gliclazide adsorption systems, pseudo-first and secondorder kinetic models were examined and found to be more appropriate to the pseudo-secondorder kinetic model. The results showed that the MAC and MMWCNT could be could be promising adsorbents for gliclazide removal.

Ca-based porous and rough bioceramic surfaces were coated on zirconium by micro arc oxidation (MAO). Subsequently, an antibacterial chitosan layer was covered on the MAO-coated zirconium surfaces by dip coating method to develop an antibacterial, bioactive and biocompatible composite biopolymer and bioceramic layer for implant applications. The cubic-ZrO2, meta-stable Ca0.15Zr0.85O1.85, and Ca3(PO4)2 were detected on the MAO surface by powder-XRD. The existence of chitosan on the MAO-coated Zr surfaces was verified by FTIR. The micro-pores and thermal cracks on the bioceramic MAO surface were sealed by chitosan coating, while the MAO surface is porous and rough. All elements such as Zr, O, Ca, P and C were homogenously distributed through both surfaces. Moreover, both surfaces indicated hydrophobic properties. However, the contact angle value of the MAO surface was lower than the one of chitosan-based MAO surface. In vitro bioactivity on both surfaces was investigated by XRD, SEM and EDX analyses at post-immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) up to 14 days. In vitro bioactivity was significantly enhanced on the chitosan-based MAO surface with respect to the MAO surface. In vitro bacterial adhesions on the chitosan-based MAO surfaces were lower compared to the MAO surfaces for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

In laser cutting, process parameters have a significant effect on the surface properties of the material. The paper is concerned with the laser cutting process of the 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet. Laser power (1800 W, 2600 W, 3400 W) and cutting speed (3.5 m/min, 5 m/min, 6.5 m/min) were determined as process parameters, and the cutting process of 2 mm thick 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet was performed on the laser cutting machine. After the cutting process, surface morphology and heat-affected zone formation were examined by using an optical microscope and optical profilometer, and hardness measurement was carried out. The cutting is not performed at low laser power and high cutting speeds. The higher cutting speeds result in lower surface quality. The results highlighted that the optimum cutting parameters should be chosen. The highest quality cutting is realized at 2600 W - 5 m/min process parameters.

The dose-related effects of citrinin (CTN) on various physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical, and anatomical parameters using Allium cepa L. bulbs as a test material were researched in the present study. The physiological parameters examinated were fresh weight, root length, root number, and germination percentage; the cytogenetic parameters were micronucleus (MN) frequency, chromosome aberration (CA), and mitotic index (MI); the biochemical parameters were catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and free proline contents. And the anatomical changes in root tip cells were investigated by cross-sections. For this aim, onion bulbs were splitted four groups as three applications and one control. The bulbs in the control group were treated with distilled water; the bulbs in the application groups were treated with 1 μM, 5 μM, and 10 μM doses of CTN for 7 days. CTN application caused a decrease in the physiological parameters compared to the control group. This treatment created an increase in the frequency of MN and CA, and a reduce in the MI. In addition, it induced a dose-dependent increase in CAT and SOD activities and MDA and proline contents compared to the control group. Moreover, after CTN application, anatomical changes such as flattened nucleus, cell wall thickening, and cell deformation were identified and it was found that these changes reached their maximum at 10 mg/L dose CTN. Concequently, CTN caused inhibitory effects and the Allium test material was found to be a useful bioindicator for monitoring these effects.

WOS: 000425897800018, PubMed ID: 29175589, A new series of thirteen 2-[(4-fluorophenyl)(4-nitrobenzyl) amino]-2-oxoethyl-1-substituted-carbodithio ate derivatives (4a-4m) were synthesized and tested for their human monoamine oxidase A and B (hMAO-A and hMAO-B) inhibitory potential by an in vitro fluorometric method. Most of the compounds have found to be selective towards MAO-B than MAO-A. Compound 4j that carrying 4-nitrophenyl piperazine moiety, was detected as the most active agent amongst all compounds with the IC50 value of 0.097 +/- 0.003 mu M for MAO-B while that of selegiline was 0.040 +/- 0.002 mu M. The enzyme kinetic study reported that compound 4j is a reversible and non-competitive inhibitor. Interaction modes between the hMAO-B and compound 4j were determined by docking studies. The study also revealed that compound 4j has the highest binding scores. Besides, compound 4j has not cytotoxicity at its effective concentration against hMAO-B

Cobalt (Co) is widely used in many industrial fields such as batteries and paints. Cobalt, a dangerous heavy metal, can be found in high concentrations in natural and human habitats. Although cobalt is an important micronutrient, it is toxic to living organisms when exposed to high amounts. Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is a tree native to The Mediterranean region. Carob bean, which has high nutritional and economic value, is used against cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases. In addition, the antioxidant properties of carob are gaining importance in recent years. In this study, the protective effects of carob extract against the toxicity of cobalt on Allium cepa L. were investigated. For this purpose, 150 mg/L and 300 mg/L carob extract solutions and 5.5 mg/kg cobalt solutions were applied to A. cepa L. bulbs. Root emergence, weight gain, root elongation, and mitotic index (MI) decreased, while the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) and micronucleus (MN) increased as a result of Co application. Furthermore, Co treatment triggered a noticeable rise in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) amount and the abnormalities in the meristematic cells. On the other hand, applications of carob extracts mitigated cobalt-induced damages in a dose-dependent manner in all parameters. Therefore, the current study showed that the strong preventive potential of carob extract against phytotoxicity and genotoxicity is caused by Co in a model plant. The protective effects of carob extract on Co-induced toxicity were demonstrated for the first time in terms of reducing genotoxicity and oxidative stress response.

A series of 2-(2-hydrazinyl)thiazole derivatives containing diarylsulfide moiety were synthesized and investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Compound 3j, namely 2-[2-[4-((4-fluorophenyl)thio)benzylidene]hydrazinyl]-4-(4-methylphenyl)thiazole was determined as the most potent antifungal agent. It was further tested to detect the apoptosis induction ratio on Candida spp. which is a new approach to identify the mechanism of action responsible for antifungal potency. Also, the inhibitory activity of all the target compounds against healthy cell line, NIH3T3, and tumor cell lines A549, Caco2, MCF-7, HL60, and K562 was determined by MTT assay. The activity results were found moderate and the first seven derivatives containing chloro substituent (3a–3g) exhibited more antiproliferative activity than those containing fluoro substituent.

In this study, the toxic effects of potassium bromate (KBrO3) were tested on Allium cepa L. meristematic cells. In order to determine the toxic effect and dose relationship, KBrO3 toxicity was investigated at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/L. The toxic effects were evaluated by using cytogenetic, biochemical, anatomical, and physiological parameters, and serious damages were observed depending on the dose. Significant reductions in germination percentage, weight gain, and radicle length were observed in all KBrO3-treated groups compared with the control. Mitotic activity decreased in meristematic cells after KBrO3 application. and mitotic index was decreased by 1.8 times in 100 mg/L KBrO3-treated group compared with the control group. The frequencies of micronucleus and chromosomal abnormalities tested as cytogenetic parameters were significantly higher in the group treated with 100 mg/L KBrO3 than those in the control group. Fragment and sticky chromosome were the most common types of chromosomal abnormalities. Lipid peroxidation measured in terms of MDA content increased with increasing doses of KBrO3. The activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase as antioxidant enzymes were importantly changed in KBrO3-treated groups. Anatomical changes such as cell deformation, substance accumulation, cell wall thickening, and flattened nucleus were determined after KBrO3 application, and it was observed that these changes reached a maximum level at 100 mg/L dose of KBrO3. As a result, KBrO3 treatments were been found to cause physiological, biochemical, cytogenetic, and anatomically toxic effects in meristematic cells of A. cepa, a eukaryotic model organism. The versatile toxicity induced by KBrO3 increased depending on the dose and reached a maximum level at 100 mg/L.

DEMIRTAS, Guray/0000-0002-3853-5524; yalcin, emine/0000-0002-5280-5375 WOS: 000514845700075 PubMed: 31853848 Diethyl phthalate (DEP) is a compound which is used in many industrial fields, especially in cosmetic sector and causes contamination in air, water, and soil due to its widespread usage. In this study, the potential toxic effects of DEP were investigated by using physiological, anatomical, biochemical, and cytogenetic parameters in Allium cepa. The micronucleus (MN) test specifically aimed to elucidate the aneugenic and clastogenic effects of DEP. Physiological effects were determined by germination percentage, root length, weight gain parameters, and cytogenetic effects were investigated by mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal abnormality (CA) test. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were investigated as oxidative damage indicators and structural changes were investigated with anatomical cross sections. For this purpose, Allium cepa bulbs were divided into four groups as control and application groups and the application groups were germinated with 1.0, 2.2, and 4.4 mu M DEP for 72 h. As a result, it was determined that germination percentage, weight gain and root length decreased, CA frequency, MDA level, SOD, and CAT activities were increased in DEP-treated groups when compared with the control group. DEP has been found to induce CA in root tip cells such as fragment, chromosome bridge, c-mitosis, sticky chromosome, and unequal chromatin distribution. When MN formations induced by DEP application were examined, both large-scale and small-scale MNs were determined. MN formation in both sizes indicates that DEP has both clastogenic and aneugenic effects. And also, it was found that DEP application caused structural changes and especially anatomic damages such as necrosis in 4.4 mu M DEP application. As a result, it was found that DEP caused various toxic effects depending on the dose and that A. cepa test material was a useful indicator in determining these effects.

WOS: 000476700300046, PubMed ID: 31261693, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common of the degenerative brain diseases and is described together with the impairment of cognitive function. Patients with AD lose the capability to code new memories, and life conditions are extremely difficult. The development of new drugs in this area continues at a great pace. A novel series of thiazole-piperazine hybrids, aimed against Alzheimer's disease (AD), have been synthesized. The structure identification of synthesized compounds was elucidated by (HNMR)-H-1, C-13-NMR, and LCMSMS spectroscopic methods. The inhibitory potential of the synthesized compounds on cholinesterase enzymes was investigated. The compounds 3a, 3c and 3i showed significant inhibitory activity on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme. On the other hand, none of the compounds showed significant inhibitory activity on the butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme. In addition to enzyme inhibition studies, enzyme kinetic studies were performed to observe the effects of the most active inhibitor compounds on the substrate-enzyme relationship. In addition to in vitro tests, docking studies also indicated that compound 3c potentially acts as a dual binding site AChE inhibitor., Anadolu University Scientific Projects Fund [1905S033], This study was financially supported by Anadolu University Scientific Projects Fund, Project No: 1905S033.