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Hollow glass microspheres have helped to revolutionize the area of polymer fillers with an extensive variety of glass microsphere offerings. A diversity of diameters and isostatic collapse strength varieties are available for a range of mixing, processing, and end-use solutions. The advantages offered by hollow glass microspheres are many, yet due to their unique aspect ratio, density, and chemical properties, they must be handled differently than typical mineral fillers, particularly in storage, formulating, metering, mixing, pumping, and weighing. Due to their ultra-low density, hollow glass microspheres occupy up to 20 times the space for a given weight of a traditional filler. Also, due to their thin-shelled hollow nature, they may be broken by compression at constrain points, shear under areas of tight clearance, and impact at turns in transfer equipment. As a result of the above, one must beware to minimize the compression, impact, and shear forces upon the hollow glass microspheres to ensure they are not damaged during processing and transport.

Cambridge Biostability Ltd has developed stable, dry formulations of vaccines and drugs that contain the actives stabilized in water-soluble glass, together with systems to automate their injection and reactivation. One generic process consists of stabilized actives in glass microspheres, which are suspended in biocompatible anhydrous liquids where they do not dissolve, forming two-phase liquids. When injected, the glass microspheres dissolve in body water, releasing potent vaccines, and the anhydrous liquids are either exhaled in the breath or rapidly metabolized. These stable liquid formulations can be stored at a high temperature for at least 3 years, are completely resistant to freeze damage and can be injected without any preparation at the point of use. This is facilitated by a simple, cheap, disposable injection device that requires no training to use yet safely injects the vaccine without a visible needle. This device can be used with conventional liquid vaccines as well as with the stable liquid vaccines described herein. A second process stores the vaccines in a delicate web of glass impregnated in a fibrous membrane in the hub of a hypodermic needle. The vaccine is automatically redissolved and flushed into the patient when the needle is attached to a syringe and 0.5 ml of sterile saline is injected. These products promise to radically improve the way vaccinations and therapeutic drugs are delivered worldwide.

The paper presents examination results of erosive resistance of epoxy coatings as well as epoxy coatings with interlayer modified by glass microspheres after ageing under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Glass microspheres used as filler are spherical particles of aluminosilicate, filled with carbon dioxide and nitrogen, of a diameter not exceeding 0.03 mm and their mass share in the interlayer is 10 %.

Hollow glass and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres having a diameter of 50–100 and 20–80 μm, respectively, were coated with an overlayer of polyaniline p -toluenesulphonate (PANI-PTSA) and polyaniline camphorsulphonate (PANI-CSA) using the chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline on the surfaces of these microspheres. In both cases it was found that PANI coatings are obtained from deposition of PANI precipitate from the reaction medium on the surface of microspheres. The surface coverage due to PANI coating on glass microspheres is around 0.252 g/m 2 . However, in PMMA microspheres it is 1.818 g/m 2 for PANI-PTSA and 1.989 g/m 2 for PANI-CSA. Thus, the average surface coverage in coated PMMA microspheres is more than that in coated glass microspheres. This may be due to the polymeric nature of the surface of PMMA microspheres. In case of glass microspheres, the average content is same for both the PANI-CSA and PANI-PTSA coatings. However in case of PMMA microsphere, the average coating content is slightly more for PANI-CSA than PANI-PTSA coatings. The coated and uncoated microspheres were characterized using optical microscopy.

Storage of high-pressure hydrogen in hollow glass microspheres has been revisited with emphasis on improving the hydrogen release rates, a detriment to further development of this long-proposed, safe and efficient hydrogen storage technology. A possible solution to the poor hydrogen release rates has been realized with the discovery of photo-induced outgassing, in which a high-intensity infrared light is used to elicit hydrogen release in selectively doped glasses. This process results in much faster response times for the release of hydrogen in glasses than can be obtained by normal heating and may provide a path to superior performance for hydrogen storage in glass microspheres. The current study compares the outgassing of hydrogen-saturated glasses by use of radiation from a high-intensity lamp with the results obtained by heating using a furnace. Results show the effect of base glass composition, dopant species, and infrared radiation intensity on the relative outgassing response of samples exposed to light with those heated by a furnace and are discussed in the context of the hydrogen storage application.

Microsphere radioembolization (RE) is applied increasingly in the management of patients with unresectable liver tumors. This type of internal radiation therapy deploys microspheres, loaded with the high-energy b-emitting radioisotope yttrium-90 (Y, E max = 2.280 MeV [I = 100.0%]), which are injected into the hepatic artery. The normal liver parenchyma is relatively sensitive to ionizing radiation [1]. However, intra-arterial instillation via a catheter results in a preferential accumulation in the tumorous tissue because liver tumors are exclusively supplied by the hepatic artery, by contrast to normal liver tissue that receives its blood supply predominantly from the portal vein [2]. If the radioactive microspheres are of the appropriate size, they will lodge in the tumors’ microvasculature and will subsequently deliver a high-radiation dose to the tumors. Two types of Y-microspheres are currently in clinical use: TheraSphere microspheres (MDS Nordion Inc., Kanata, Ontario, Canada), which have a glass matrix with a diameter of 25 ± 10 μm (mean ± SD), and the SIR-Spheres (SIRTeX Medical Ltd., Sydney, New South Wales, Australia), which are resinbased microspheres and have a diameter of 32 ± 10 μm (mean ± SD). The glass microspheres (Y 2 O 3 –Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 ) are produced by forming a mixture of yttrium oxide, aluminum oxide and silicon oxide, which is melted at a temperature close to 1500°C. After cooling down, the glass is crushed into particles of a specific size. These particles are then melted again through a flame sprayer. The glass microspheres are obtained by surface tension. Subsequently, the Y glass microspheres are made radioactive by thermal neutron activation in a nuclear reactor [3]. The resin microspheres are produced by tagging Y to preformed Aminex resin (sulfonated divinyl benzene-styrene copolymer) microspheres (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA, USA) through ion exchange reaction. The Y is then precipitated inside the resin by washing with phosphate solutions, yielding insoluble Y-phosphate [4]. Meanwhile, worldwide, over 15,000 Y-RE treatments have been performed using either the resin or the glass microspheres. In the USA, the glass microspheres are approved by the US FDA as a humanitarian device for radiation treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or as a bridge to surgery or liver transplantation. SIR-Spheres are FDA-approved for the treatment of colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver. In Europe, both microsphere products have a CE marking for the treatment of patients with either primary or metastatic liver cancer. Maarten AD Vente

A chemically durable glass microsphere containing a large amount of phosphorus is useful for in situ irradiation of cancers, since they can be activated to be a β-emitter with a half-life of 14.3 d by neutron bombardment. When the activated microspheres are injected to the tumors, they can irradiate the tumors directly with β-rays without irradiating neighboring normal tissues. In the present study, P+ ion was implanted into silica glass microspheres of 25 μm in average diameter at 50 keV with nominal doses of 2.5×1016 and 3.35×1016 cm−2. The glass microspheres were put into a stainless container and the container was continuously shaken during the ion implantation so that P+ ion was implanted into them uniformly. The implanted phosphorus was localized in deep regions of the glass microsphere with the maximum concentration at about 50 nm depth without distributing up to the surface even for a nominal dose of 3.35×1016 cm−2. Both samples released phosphorus and silicon into water at 95 °C for 7 d. On the basis of the previous study on P+-implanted silica glass plates, the silica glass microspheres containing more phosphorus which is desired for actual treatment could be obtained, without losing high chemical durability, if P+ ion would be implanted at higher energy than 50 keV to be localized in deeper region.

While the 3D printing technology for cementitious composites has developed rapidly, a combination of 3DP technology and lightweight engineered cementitious composites (LWECCs) could improve many aspects of the construction industry. In this study, a fibre-reinforced high-performance LWECC for extrusion-based printing was proposed. First, six LWECCs were prepared, incorporating two kinds of hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) in varying replacement ratios of fly ash (FA) at 60 wt%, 80 wt%, and 100 wt%. In addition, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibre was introduced given its shrinkage resistance and improvement in printability performance. Thereafter, fresh property (slump loss and setting time), unconfined compression strength (UCS), and flexural strength experiments thoroughly investigated the optimised LWECC design, which was later calibrated for the printing procedure via a printability assessment, including extrudability and buildability. The UCS, flexural strength, and densities of the printed and cast specimens were compared. Lastly, a microstructural investigation using a scanning electron microscope described the reinforcement mechanism of PVA fibre upon the performance of the printed structures and HGMs. The addition of HGMs significantly improve the lightweight property that reaches a value at 1384 kg/m3 but inevitably negates mechanical properties. The printed LWECC obtains 33.6 MPa for UCS and 9.29 MPa for flexural strength. When the printed filament was perpendicular to loading direction, superior toughness was observed, creating a 63% and 40% increase for UCS and flexural strength, respectively.

Thermal insulation coatings can effectively improve the energy-saving effect of equipment and pipelines, reduce energy consumption, and have good application prospects in offshore platforms and petrochemical pipelines. In this study, hollow glass microspheres were used as the main functional filler, which was first emulsified and stabilized, and then zinc phosphate was used as the coating material to modify it. It was characterized by the infrared spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The suspension test shows that the suspension performance of the hollow glass beads after the modification has been well improved. Besides, it was applied to epoxy-modified acrylic resin coatings, and its thermal insulation performance was evaluated by a thermal conductivity meter. Its anti-corrosion performance was tested by salt spray test and electrochemical workstation. When the addition amount of W-16(Modified) is 15 wt%, the salt spray resistance time increases from 24 h to 432 h. Shows excellent heat insulation and anti-corrosion performance.

Experimental research into the photooxidation of aqueous solutions and polluted groundwater containing aromatic aminocompounds was undertaken. For the experiments with synthetic solutions, titanium dioxide under near-UV irradiation was selected as a photocatalyst, and aniline, p-toluidine and 2,4-xylidine were selected as model compounds. The photooxidative treatment of synthetic solutions was found to be more effective in acidic and strongly alkaline media. Methylated aminocompounds (p-toluidine, 2,4-xylidine) yield slightly better to photooxidation than aniline. The results obtained from experiments using model compounds were compared with the results of photooxidative purification of polluted groundwater from an abandoned military base in Estonia. Being heavily polluted, the groundwater yields better to photooxidation when diluted with potable water at a 7:3 ratio. Anatase, immobilised onto the surface of buoyant hollow glass microspheres, was less effective than when suspended in slurry. However, the immobilised photocatalyst enables water to be treated without the expense of constant stirring. This also avoids complications concerned with catalyst separation following treatment. Degussa P25 was more effective than Aldrich anatase both in stirred slurry type reactors and when attached to hollow glass microspheres.

This paper reports on a new method to embed phosphorus particles into the matrix of yttrium aluminum silicate microspheres. Yttrium phosphorus glass microspheres about 20 µm in size were obtained when an aqueous solution of YCl3 and AlCl3 were added to tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) (phosphoric acid was used to catalyze the hydrolysis and condensation of TEOS) and was pumped into silicone oil under constant stirring. The shapes of the particles produced by this method are regular and nearly spheric in shape. Paper chromatography was used to determine the radiochemical impurity of radioactive microspheres. Radionuclide purity was determined using a gamma spectrometry system and an ultra-low level liquid scintillation spectrometer. The P+ ions implantation stage was eliminated by embedding phosphorus particles in the matrix of the glass microspheres. This paper shows that a high temperature is not required to produce yttrium phosphorus aluminum silicate microspheres. The result shows that the silicone oil spheroidization method is a very suitable way to produce yttrium phosphorus glass microspheres. The topographical analysis of microspheres shows that the Y, P, Si, and Al elements are distributed in the microspheres and the distribution of elements in the samples is homogenous.

Para-aramid fiber reinforced composite are the premier choice for protective applications due to their superior mechanical properties. Use of thermoplastic matrices in such composites is gaining the interest of researchers due to their better energy absorption. Polyvinyl butyral (PVB), a thermoplastic matrix, has very good mechanical and impact properties. Many studies have reported in the literature on the characterization of mechanical performance of thermoset composites for impact applications, however, there is a need to study para-aramid (PA) thermoplastic composite produced with PVB as well as further improvement of their properties using particulate reinforcements. In the present work, prepreg were developed by impregnating PA woven fabrics with a slurry of PVB, with and without silica micro particles (SMP) and glass microspheres (GMS) ranging from 1–4 %. Composites were fabricated using compression molding. 3-point bending (flexural), Pendulum (Charpy) impact and drop weight impact testing of the composites were performed. The results showed that by the addition of SMP and GMS the impact properties were increases and GMS gives better results as compared to SMP. One-way ANOVA (Tukey) statistical analysis supports the experimental findings.

In this study, the method of manufacturing of functionally graded polymer materials based on the mixtures of poorly compatible epoxy resins is suggested. A novel processing method allowing to control the filler distribution across the section of graded materials depending on the operating conditions was developed. The essence of the method is self-settling of the blend consisting of two liquid epoxy resins with different viscosities and densities. Depending on mixing and injecting order the functional additive having antifriction, anti-adhesive or heat-protective properties can be distributed either homogenously or nonuniformly. In the latter case after curing the functionally graded material can be produced. Based on the formulations of poorly compatible phenol novolac epoxy resin NPPN-638 and active diluent triglycidyl phosphate (TGP), new functionally graded polymer materials with continuous change of composition and properties were developed. The functional additive (graphite, glass microspheres, polytetrafluoroethylene powder) concentrates in the top layer of the self-settled epoxy mixture while the bottom layer is enriched by TGP which possess advantaged adhesion to various substrates. As a result, antifriction, anti-adhesive, heat-protective and intumescent flame retardant coatings with improved performance were obtained.

Long pulse-repetition intervals of 100 to 500 ms of a 193 nm ArF excimer laser successfully increased the height of the photochemical micro-/nano-swelling of silicone rubber, observed with a scanning electron microscope. The effect of the interval was seen despite the heating of the silicone rubber to 80 °C during laser irradiation. The height of the micro-/nano-swelling was saturated when the laser pulse number was 300 or greater, although each of the saturated heights of the micro-/nano-swelling formed by several pulse-repetition intervals was different. Thus, a second ArF excimer laser irradiated the growing micro-/nano-swelling before the saturation, the saturated height of the growing micro-/nano-swelling could be controlled by the pulse-repetition interval of the second ArF excimer laser. To examine the process of micro-/nano-swelling, an early stage of the growth was observed using an atomic force microscope, a dent structure of the micro-/nano-swelling was clearly recognized. In addition, a needle-like structure of the micro-/nano-swelling could be formed when silica glass microspheres were sparsely aligned.

The main effort of the ICF target fabrication group is support of the experiments performed on the ISKRA-4 and ISKRA-5 laser systems. The main types of targets used in these experiments are direct drive, inverted corona, and indirect drive. A direct drive target is a glass spherical container coated with a metal or polymeric film and filled with a D-T mixture and some diagnostic gas. 1,2 The inverted corona target is a spherical shell with holes for introducing laser radiation. The inside surface of the shell is coated with a compound containing heavy hydrogen isotopes. 3,4 The indirect drive target is assembled from a spherical shell with holes for introducing laser radiation and a direct drive target placed in the shell center. The inside surface of the shell is coated with high-Z material 5 (Fig.1). For production of direct drive targets, manufacturing techniques have been developed for both hollow glass and polystyrene microspheres. Hollow glass microspheres are fabricated by free-fall of liquid glass drops or dry gel in a 4 meter vertical kiln. 6 These methods allow us to manufacture glass microspheres with diameters from 50 μm to 1 mm, wall thicknesses from 0.5 to 10μm, and aspect ratios (radius/wall) from 20 to 500. The microspheres have a thickness inhomogeneity less than 5% and non-sphericity less than 1%. Polystyrene microspheres are fabricated from polystyrene particles with a blowing agent in a similar vertical kiln. Polystyrene microspheres are fabricated with diameter up to 800 μm and wall thicknesses from 1 to 10 μm.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) utilizing colloidal silver and gold has been demonstrated to provide a rapid means of measuring the Raman spectra of microorganisms in the fingerprint region. In this study, we have introduced microcavity substrates coated with alternating layers of silver and gold thin films for measuring the Raman spectra of four strains of E. coli. These microcavitiy substrates have been prepared by placing glass microspheres between two polished aluminum substrates and pressing them together using a standard lab press. After removing the glass microspheres from the substrates, the substrates have been coated with 15 to 70 nm thick films of chromium, silver and gold in a precise order. The cavities were evaluated for SERS enhancement by measuring Raman spectra of dilute rhodamine 6G (R6G) down to 10-8 M. With these microcavities, we have investigated the SERS spectra of four chemically competent strains of E. coli (One Shot OmniMAX 2-T1, Mach1-T1, Stbl3, and TOP10). Replicate SERS spectra of all the four e-coli strains show excellent reproducibility. Visual examination of the spectra, however, reveals differences in the spectra of these strains. To confirm this observation, we have used multivariate analysis for positive identification and discrimination between the strains.

The irreconcilable contradiction between high performance of photocatalysis and reclamation difficulty of micro/nano photocatalysts is still a barrier for the wide application of photocatalytic technology. In order to increase the efficiency of light utilization and facilitate recycling, visible-light photocatalysts ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) grafted on floating hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) were prepared through a controllable hydrothermal method. The hollow structural composite microspheres were prepared by depositing a layer of ZIS nano-film onto the surface of the coarsening hydroxyl/amino-functionalized HGMs via a chemical self-assembly process. The different pretreatment methods of HGMs resulted in the change in the structure pattern, morphology and photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared ZIS@HGMs composite microspheres. In addition, the possible growth mechanism of the formation process of ZIS@HGMs composite microspheres was proposed. Finally, the as-prepared ZIS@HGMs composite microspheres exhibited an enhanced degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB) versus ZIS powder under visible light irradiation. The as prepared floating photocatalysts have good dispersibility and could be recycled by simple filtration. The present study provided a promising approach to keep the high performance of photocatalysis as well as efficient recycling of micro/nano photocatalysts.

Antibiotic-releasing bioresorbable implants are used for local treatment of bone infections, but most drug delivery systems release antibiotic for too short a time.We used pellets (0.9 x 1.0 mm) made of bioabsorbable poly(DL) lactic acid matrix, ciprofloxacin (7.3 +/- 0.4 wt%), and bioactive glass microspheres of 90-125 microm (29.3 +/- 0.2 wt%). The ciprofloxacin release and antibacterial activity was measured in elution tests in vitro and local tissue concentrations were measured in rabbits.In elution tests in vitro, the therapeutic level (2 microg/mL) of ciprofloxacin was achieved within 6 h of the start of the test, and it was maintained for up to 300 days. The antibacterial activity of the antibiotic released from sterilized composites was similar to that of the unprocessed ciprofloxacin. In vivo measurements showed high local tissue concentrations (16-86 micrg/g of bone tissue) for 3 months. Compared to previous experiments on two-component polymeric matrices (PLGA or PDLLA) with ciprofloxacin alone, adding bioactive glass microspheres into the composite resulted in morphological changes that facilitated fluid intrusion into the microstructure and quickened ciprofloxacin release.This type of composition of implant may fulfill the requirements of bone infection therapy, for sustained local release of the selected antibiotic over several months.

Amaratunga and Adorjan (1981), first reported the new fluidisation potential technique for zeta potential measurement of particulate suspensions. The mineral particles are presented in aqueous medias as a steady-state solid-liquid batch fluidised bed. The basis for the theorerical model representing the electrokinetic phenomenon in the steady-state fluidised bed is the hydrodynamic flow behaviour around the submerged particle, in relation to the Helmholtz-Smolchowski streaming potential equation, which stipulated laminar flow for its validity. Batches of closely sized glass microspheres (diameters, 40–280 μm) in deionised water were employed as model suspensions. It was found that the flow around the submerged particle in the fluidised bed varied from the laminar to the nonlaminar flow, even though the measured zeta potentials remained unchanged for the glass microspheres irrespective of their size. Therefore, it was concluded that the theoretical model is valid for zeta potential measurements both in the laminar and the nonlaminar (the near transition) flow regions. The possible reason for this behaviour was also discussed in this paper.

Infrared radiative properties of a polymer containing hollow glass microspheres are studied by means of the measurements of directional-hemispherical reflectance and transmittance in the wavelength range from 2.6 to 18 μm. The measurements are performed for several samples containing different series of microspheres of volume fraction from about 6% to 66%. Relatively strong peak of reflectance at the wavelength 4.5 μm was observed. This peak is explained in terms of theoretical model based on Mie theory calculations for single microspheres and modified two-flux approximation proposed recently by the authors. The reflectance of the composite material in the important range from 8.5 to 13.5 μm is determined mainly by rough surface layer of microspheres and it does not described by the model for semi-transparent media. The conditions of a considerable decrease in radiative heat losses from the buildings due to paint coatings containing hollow glass microspheres are discussed.

TiO2/porous glass-H as composite catalysts were synthesized hydrothermally in the presence of H2O2 using porous glass microspheres as carriers. The photocatalytic-adsorptive desulfurization of model fuel by composite catalysts was investigated under UV irradiation. The structure and morphology of the composite catalysts were characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis). The results showed that TiO2/porous glass-H exhibited a significantly enhanced photocatalytic-adsorption desulfurization performance due to its enhanced surface area, highly enhanced light absorption, and reduced recombination of photogenerated electron pairs compared with TiO2/porous glass synthesized in the absence of H2O2. The optimized TiO2 loading was 20% and the reaction temperature was 303.15 K, which could achieve almost 100% sulfur removal when 0.1 g catalyst was applied to a sulfide concentration of 300 mg L−1. Based on the kinetic fitting of the obtained data, it was found that the rate-controlling step of sulfide adsorption on the catalyst was a molecular diffusion process and the adsorption intensity and adsorption capacity of the composite catalyst were significantly improved compared with the porous glass-H in the adsorption thermodynamic curve, and ΔS, ΔH and ΔG of the adsorption process were calculated. In addition, TiO2/porous glass-H could be regenerated via simple heat treatment, exhibiting similar efficiency as the original TiO2/porous glass-H after three regeneration cycles.

Highly efficient stable aerated hydrophilic compositions containing fluorotensides and ultralight microdisperse systems using gas-filled glass, aluminosilicate and polymer microspheres have been developed. Designing the compositions of PAS based on the surface activity of surfactants, their solubility in water and the ability to bind water and the formation of hydrogen bonds between the components. The main condition for the stability of the coating when mixing the components - the chemical interaction between them and the formation of a system that does not dissolve in hydrocarbons and does not break down in terms of use. The best film-forming characteristics necessary for the operation of the coating (simultaneous reduction of surface tension and film formation) active substances (FPAR), the non-polar part of the molecules of which contains a fluorocarbon chain, so they are insoluble in hydrocarbons, well soluble in water and easily distributed on the surface of hydrocarbon liquids, creating a protective film. The choice of co-surfactants was based on the ability to stabilize hydrophilic films on the surface of hydrocarbons not only at favorable HLB, but also at the lowest, although higher than the critical concentration of micelle formation (CCM), concentrations for forming a mixed adsorption layer of increased strength. This surfactant was water-oil-soluble twin-80, which will significantly increase the hydrophilic part and enhance the stability of the PAS and the stability of the aerated system. The introduction of glass microspheres into the components of the system has significantly enhanced its strength and stability. In the study of the stability and gas permeability of the developed surfactant systems, it was found that the insulating ability of the coating increases with increasing hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the system and due to chemical interaction between the carboxyl group of fluorotenside and hydroxyl groups of surfactants.

Cell membranes are complex, multi component systems that contain dynamic elements such as lipid rafts and protein rich domains. Lipid Bilayer Assemblies (LBAs) can be used as model membrane systems for investigating interactions and responses to different stimuli but the level of complexity that can be studied is limited. Previous studies have shown the ability to create these LBAs on glass microspheres as well as flat substrates. These microspheres introduce a new level of complexity by creating mobile samples that can be analyzed using new techniques and also provide a curved surface more similar to biological cells. In previous studies we have demonstrated that Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria can be used to pattern LBAs in a simple, iterative manner. In this study, we have applied this LPS-modification approach to introduce new elements into LBAs on glass microspheres. We have found that LPS can be used to form static holes throughout the membrane while keeping the membrane intact. These holes can be backfilled with proteins such as BSA, and lipids, allowing membrane repair and or introduction of new components into the system. This technique gives rise to a multicomponent system that can be manipulated while still maintaining lipid fluidity in three dimensions. These new findings are being used to better understand LPS-membrane interactions, lead to new approaches for potential biosensor design, and provide a new platform for investigating cell membrane interactions. Future directions include using these coated microspheres as an LPS biosensor that can be analyzed using flow cytometry, introducing additional components into the system, such as receptors, gel phase lipids, and complex proteins to investigate membrane interactions and binding events and exploring as a template for the generation of janus-type particles.

The incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into syntactic foams (hollow glass microspheres bonded to a polymer matrix) can enhance the mechanical performance of syntactic foams. In this study, several syntactic foam specimens reinforced with MWCNTs were manufactured and tested under static and low-velocity impact loads, and the mechanical properties of these syntactic foams were compared to those of reference syntactic foams without MWCNTs by focusing on the impact resistance and optimal energy absorption. Moreover, the influences of the applied impact energy and microsphere and MWCNT contents on the impact responses of syntactic foam panels were discussed, and the vibration equation of a panel with four clamped edges was determined based on the energy principle. An analytical solution for the displacement responses of the syntactic foam panels under sinusoidal impact loads is proposed, in which Young’s modulus of the syntactic foam is expressed as a function of the moduli of the fillers and binders and contents of the fillers. The predicted maximal displacements agree with the experimental values well.

The research results of an opportunity of radiation-stimulated diffusion use for laser fusion microtargets filling with heavy gases are given, which they can not be filled with by means of usual diffusion. The theoretical estimates of quantity and character of radiation damages, their distribution in the volume of an irradiated material are made. The calculations of glass microshells argon filling process in mode of vacancy and effusive mechanisms of wall permeability are carried out. The experiments on argon filling of glass microspheres are carried out by means of diffusion with irradiation of them with electrons, protons and neutrons. It is experimentally shown that the neutron irradiation of the glass microspheres placed in the chamber with argon in the reactor IBR-2 (JINR, Dubna) and their subsequent annealing has resulted in the argon penetration into microspheres.

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric parameters of Praseodymium‐142 (1 4 2Pr) glass microspheres and its potential application in microsphere brachytherapy of nonresectable hepatic tumor for faster dose delivery and facilitated quality assurance, while maintaining comparable dose distribution of the currently used radionuclides. Methods:Dose profiles for a 1 4 2Pr point source were obtained using BRAIN‐DOSE dose point kernel code and MCNPX2.6 Monte Carlo simulation. Microspheres containing 14 2Pr were studied and their dose distributions were compared to the doses of the currently used radionuclide Yittrium‐90 (9 0Y). Dose distributions due to glass microspheres ensembles within different sizes of spherical tumors were simulated. Physical properties, e.g. time to deliver 90% of the total dose for 1 4 2Pr and 9 0Y, were studied. Results:Dose rates from BRAIN‐ DOSE calculation for ‘ 1 4 2Pr and 9 0Y were 4.42 mGy/hr and 5.53 mGy/hr at 0.5 cm away from a 1 μCi source. From MCNPX2.6 the beta dose per decay at the tumor center for 142Pr and 9 0Y were 2.02 × 10−12 Gy and 2.36 × 10−12 Gy, respectively, for a tumor of 2.5 cm radius. For this case, simulation showed that the total dose in the tumor vicinity and therefore to adjacent organs due to the gamma yield was small, e.g. 0.03 Gy at 10 cm from the tumor center for 150 Gy total physical dose.Conclusions: Total dose per decay due to beta emissions were similar for both 1 4 2Pr and 9 0Y. Shorter half‐life is an advantage of ‘ 1 4 2Pr, enabling faster dose delivery. The physical properties of 1 4 2Pr make it suitable for microsphere brachytherapy. Total gamma contribution of 1 4 2Pr was small, therefore may not be clinically relevant. Gamma radiation, however, opens possibilities for quality assurance, biodistribution imaging and dose distribution assessments.

The purpose of this investigation is wear characterization of solid glass microspheres (SGM) and boron carbide (BC)-reinforced epoxy composites, under dry sliding conditions using a pin-on-disk wear test machine. Influence of parameters like sliding distance, sliding velocity, applied load and addition of fillers, on the wear rate were examined. Taguchi technique was used for the plan of experiments to conduct wear tests. To evaluate the effect of the individual parameters on the rate of wear performance of composites, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an orthogonal array were employed. Linear regression analysis was employed for all the composites to establish an empirical relation between the various process parameters and wear. The results indicate reduction in wear of polymer on addition of particulates with the lowest wear rates observed in composites with addition of boron carbide as filler. Different fracture mechanisms were revealed by Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of worn-out composite surfaces.

Epoxy resin is one of the commonly used matrixes of syntactic foams as a buoyancy material, the curing agents of which affect some of the properties for syntactic foams. Therefore, the curing reactions of N,N,N',N'-tetraepoxypropyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (AG-80) epoxy resin between 4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and the mixture of m-xylylenediamine and DDM (DDM-m-XDA) systems are studied. The DDM mixed with m-XDA enhances curing reactions with the AG-80 epoxy resin, and the mechanisms of the two curing systems are different through nonisothermal kinetics. Compared with a single curing system, there are some wrinkles on the surface of the AG-80/DDM-m-XDA matrix because of the disordered network. Composited with hollow glass microspheres (HGMs), the more flexible m-XDA structure enhances the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and HGM for syntactic foams. However, the wrinkles in the matrix increase the broken degree of HGMs; especially at HGM contents higher than 55%, the flaw increases the density and water absorption of syntactic foams; meanwhile, it decreases the compressive strength. Therefore, the properties of syntactic foams can be improved by mixing different molecular structure curing agents and the mixture liquid curing agent simplifies the preparation process to some extent.

Short carbon fiber (CF), epoxy-hardener (EP-hardener), and expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads were used to prepare CF-reinforced hollow epoxy macrospheres (CFR-HEMS) by the “rolling ball method”. The multiphase epoxy syntactic foam (ESF) was prepared with CFR-HEMS, the EP-hardener system, and hollow glass microspheres (HGMS) by the “compression modeling method”. In this experiment, the influences of the stacking volume fraction, wall thickness, and inner diameter of the CFR-HEMS and HGMS types and contents in the EP-hardener system on the properties of the ESF were studied. In addition, CFs with different meshes were used to reinforce hollow epoxy macrospheres (HEMS) to study the effect of different kinds of CFs on the compressive strength of the ESF. During the mixing of the EP-hardener and HGMS (EP-hardener–HGMS), 300 AW CFs with different contents were added to the system to enhance the compressive strength of the ESF. The CFR-HEMS spherical wall was combined tightly with the EP-hardener–HGMS system by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The ESF, which has better properties relatively in the experiment, can be used in 2673 m deep water and provide 490 kg/m3 buoyancy, which can be of help in the preparation of buoyancy materials in detection systems and oil extraction systems in the deep sea.

Yttrium aluminate glasses (76.8 mol% of Al2O3, 23.2 mol% of Y2O3) doped with Er3+ and Nd3+ ions at different concentration levels (0.25 mol%, 0.5 mol% and 0.75 mol% Er2O3/Nd2O3) were prepared by flame synthesis in the form of glass microspheres. The prepared samples were XRD amorphous, without presence of any crystalline phases in measured patterns. The two exothermic effects (~ 940, ~ 1010 °C), which can be assigned to the two steps of YAG crystallization, were observed in the DSC records of all prepared samples. The high temperature XRD measurements showed YAG (900–1200 °C) and α-Al2O3 (1300–1450 °C) phase crystallization. The emission spectra were measured in the VIS and NIR regions for Er-doped samples and in the NIR region for Nd-doped samples. All measured emission spectra contain of characteristic bands due to the typical 4f–4f transitions within the Er3+ and Nd3+ ions. Comparison of the measured intensities of Er-doped samples made it evident that the highest intensities were obtained for the 0.5 mol% Er2O3-doped sample (in both the NIR and VIS spectral regions). The maximum intensity for Nd-doped samples was found when the sample was doped with 0.75 mol% of Nd2O3. The slowly increasing of emission intensities in samples after 20 min annealing at 1000 °C and Stark splitting of emission bands in samples after 40 and 60 min annealing at 1000 °C and after 20, 40 and 60 min annealing at 1500 °C was observed.

The heat resistant buoyancy materials were fabricated by the molding method using the aluminum dihydric phosphate as the matrix and hollow glass microspheres as the filler, respectively. In order to improve the waterproof performance of the buoyancy, two strategies, adding the B4C additives and introducing the silica-based coatings, were adopted. The study showed that the samples with the B4C content of 10 wt% possessed the optimal comprehensive performance, such as low density (0.540 g/cm3) and low water absorption (29.6%). The effect of the coating types and coating times on the density, water absorption, compressive strength and specific strength of the buoyancy materials were also studied. After 4 times of coating, the density and the compressive strength of the sample increased to 0.62 g/cm3 and 6.0 MPa, respectively; the water absorption of the samples greatly decreased to 10%. Besides, all samples exhibited significant pseudoductility. The buoyancy materials with the above superior properties can be potentially used in the deep see fields.

Dysprosium lithium borate (DyLB) glass microspheres were investigated for use in the radiation synovectomy treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In vitro testing focused on weight loss and cation dissolution from glass microspheres immersed in simulated synovial fluid (SSF) at 37°C for up to 64 days. In vivo testing was performed by injecting glass microspheres into the stifle joints of Sprague-Dawley rats and monitoring the biodegradability of the microspheres and the tissue response within the joints. The DyLB microspheres reacted nonuniformly in SSF with the majority of lithium and boron being dissolved, whereas nearly all of the dysprosium (>99.7%) remained in the reacted microspheres. Because the DyLB glasses released negligible amounts of dysprosium while reacting with SSF, they are considered safe for radiation synovectomy from the standpoint of unwanted radiation release from the joint capsule. Furthermore, the DyLB microspheres fragmented, degraded, and reacted with body fluids while in the joints of rats without histologic evidence of joint damage. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 260–268, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10047

The development of lightweight composites to reduce noise and vibration is a pressing challenge. One way to reduce the weight of the composite is to add hollow microspheres to it. This article tests butyl rubber composites with hollow glass or aluminosilicate microspheres under cyclic loading. The results showed that addition of microspheres not only reduces the weight of the composite, but also improves its damping properties. It was found that aluminosilicate microspheres behave like a conventional filler, while the action of glass microspheres is more similar to that of a plasticizer. This work could potentially contribute to understanding the properties of microparticle-filled elastomers and contribute to the development of methods for predicting the properties of composites.

Composite passive insulation technology has been proved to be an effective method to reduce heat leakage into the cryogenic storage tank. However, the current related research mainly focused on liquid hydrogen (LH2). The thermophysical properties of different cryogenic liquids and the thermal insulation materials at different temperatures are significantly different, so whether the results related to LH2 are applicable to other cryogenic liquids remains to be further determined. In fact, the insulation technology of LH2 itself also needs further study. In this paper, a thermodynamic calculation model of a composite insulation system including hollow glass microspheres (HGMs), multilayer insulation (MLI), and self-evaporating vapor cold shield (VCS) has been established. The accuracy of the calculation model was verified by the experimental results, and a comparative study on thermodynamic characteristics of the composite thermal insulation system with liquid methane, liquid oxygen (LO2), and LH2 was carried out. The results show that the heat leakage reduction of the proposed system for liquid methane, LO2, and LH2 is 25.6%, 29.7%, and 64.9%, respectively, compared with the traditional SOFI + MLI system (1 × 10−3 Pa). The type of liquid and the insulation system structure has a relatively large influence on the VCS optimal position. While for a specific insulation system structure, the insulation material thickness, storage pressure, and hot boundary temperature have a weak influence on the VCS optimal position.

Storing hydrogen inside of hollow glass spheres requires that the gas permeate through the glass walls. Hydrogen permeation through glass is relatively slow and the time to charge a sphere or bed of spheres is dependent on many factors. Permeation processes are strongly temperature dependent with behavior that follows an Arrhenius function., Rate is also dependent on the pressure drop driving force across a membrane wall and inversely proportional to thickness. Once filled, glass spheres will immediately begin to leak once the pressure driving force is reversed. Practical systems would take advantage of the fact that keeping the glass at ambient temperatures can minimize outboard leakage even with significant internal pressures. If hydrogen could be loaded and unloaded from glass microspheres with significantly less energy and particularly at near ambient temperature, some of the key barriers to commercializing this storage concept would be broken and further system engineering efforts may make this approach cost-effective. There were two key objectives for this effort. The first was to evaluate the application of hollow glass microspheres for merchant hydrogen storage and distribution and then determine the hydrogen permeation performance required for practical commercial use. The second objective was to identify, through a series of fundamental experiments, a low energy, low temperature field effect that could significantly enhance hydrogen permeation through glass without application of heat. If such an effect could be found, hollow glass microspheres could be much more attractive for hydrogen storage or possibly gas separation applications.

Arteriolar blockade depends upon the fact that appropriately sized particles introduced into the circulation, usually the left ventricle of the heart or the aorta, will be distributed throughout the tissues in proportion to the cardiac output per-fusing that tissue. Assuming an appropriate size in relation to afferent arterioles of the capillary beds, it is assumed that total extraction occurs in the first passage. The concept was originally introduced by Saperstein (1958), who suggested 42K as a completely extractable tracer for clinical use. Kane & Grim (1969), however, later applying this technique to bone, found that 42K was not removed in a single passage. In the same study they introduced the use of glass microspheres labelled with 24Na as a quantitative vascular tracer. Glass microspheres are much heavier than erythrocytes, and hence subject to rapid sedimentation in the circulation. Brookes (1970) used 59Fe-labelled cationic exchange resin particles to measure blood flow in rat hind limb bones, using the term arteriolar blockade for this technique. In the same year Lunde & Michelson (1970) introduced the use of labelled Dextran microspheres for measurement of bone blood flow in bone, using a reference artery method (see below) to determine absolute flow rates. Arteriolar blockade allows flow rates to be measured in tissues which are otherwise inaccessible to direct measurement.

Microresonator-based lasers in the two-micron range are interesting for extensive applications. Tm3+ ions provide high gain, therefore, they are promising for laser generation in the two-micron range in various matrices. We developed a simple theoretical model to describe Tm-doped glass microlasers generating in the 1.9–2 μm range with in-band pump at 1.55 μm. Using this model, we calculated threshold pump powers, laser generation wavelengths and slope efficiencies for different parameters of Tm-doped tellurite glass microspheres such as diameters, Q-factors, and thulium ion concentration. In addition, we produced a 320-μm tellurite glass microsphere doped with thulium ions with a concentration of 5·1019 cm−3. We attained lasing at 1.9 μm experimentally in the produced sample with a Q-factor of 106 pumped by a C-band narrow line laser.

Bimodal poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) foams are produced with a new method combining syntactic foam production and supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foaming. Bimodal pore structure offers several potential advantages to foam properties, such as reduced mass density and excellent thermal and sound insulation properties. To produce the foams, first PMMA composites are produced with hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) and octatrimethylsiloxy polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles using a twin screw extruder. The composite syntactic foams are then processed with scCO2 to form bimodal pore structured PMMA-HGM-POSS composite foams. In the foam matrix, large pores form due to the CO2 diffusion in the matrix towards the voids between the matrix and HGM surfaces, and small pores are formed at the nucleation cites. Highly CO2-philic POSS nanoparticles contribute to scCO2 foaming as cell nucleators enhancing the foaming performance of the syntactic composites. The effects of process pressure, time, and concentrations of HGMs and POSS nanoparticles on the foam morphology are studied. The highest decrease achieved in the foam density compared to that of the bulk polymer is 69% with only 12% decrease in the hardness.

Systematic screening of accelerated chemical reactions at solid/solution interfaces has been carried out in high-throughput fashion using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and it provides evidence that glass surfaces accelerate various base-catalyzed chemical reactions. The reaction types include elimination, solvolysis, condensation and oxidation, whether or not the substrates are pre-charged. In a detailed mechanistic study, we provide evidence using nanoESI showing that glass surfaces can act as strong bases and convert protic solvents into their conjugate bases which then act as bases/nucleophiles when participating in chemical reactions. In aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile, glass surfaces act as ‘green’ heterogeneous catalysts that can be recovered and reused after simple rinsing. Besides their use in organic reaction catalysis, glass surfaces are also found to act as degradation reagents for phospholipids with increasing extents of degradation occurring at low concentrations. This finding suggests that the storage of base/nucleophile-labile compounds or lipids in glass containers should be avoided., Glass surfaces are found to be strong bases, ‘green’ heterogeneous catalysts and degradation reagents: glass microspheres act as strong bases to accelerate multiple base-catalyzed reaction types by a factor of 26–2021.

The conditions for chemical precipitation of nickel on glass microspheres are determined. It is demonstrated that nickel-plated glass microspheres can be used as conducting fillers in paint-and-lacquer materials to produce coatings for effective protection from EMR in a frequency range of 0.15 – 1000 MHz.

The development of stretchable smart electronics has attracted great attentions due to their potential applications in human motions energy collection systems and self-powered biomechanical tracking technologies. Here, we present a newly stretchable all-rubber-based thread-shaped triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) composed of the silver-coated glass microspheres/silicone rubber as the stretchable conductive thread (SCT) and the silicone rubber-coated SCT (SSCT) as the other triboelectric thread. The stretchable all-rubber-based thread-shaped TENG (SATT) generates an open-circuit voltage of 3.82 V and short-circuit current of 65.8 nA under the 100% strain and can respond to different finger motion states. Furthermore, the self-powered smart textile (SPST) woven by the SCT and SSCT units has two kinds of working mechanisms about stretch-release and contact-separation modes. The stretching-releasing interaction between knitting units can generate an open-circuit voltage of 8.1 V and short-circuit current of 0.42 μA, and the contacting-separating mode occurs between cotton and two types material outside the SPST producing peak voltage of 150 V and peak current of 2.45 μA. To prove the promising applications, the SPST device is capable to provide electrical energy to commercial electronics and effectively scavenge full-range biomechanical energy from human joint motions. Therefore, this work provides a new approach in the applications of stretchable wearable electronics for power generation and self-powered tracking. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s11671-019-3085-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Owing to low density, hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) float on common media such as water, ethanol, and tertiary butanol. As a result, HGMs are not suitable to prepare slurries and ceramics by gel, slip, and freeze castings. In this paper, polyacrylamide (PAM) was used as dispersant and thickener agent to prepare homogeneous HGM aqueous slurries with controlled solid loadings and subsequent lightweight HGM porous ceramics were prepared by gel casting. Effects of PAM content on the stability of aqueous slurries as well as effects of solid (i.e., HGM) loading on density, porosity, pore size distribution, and compressive strength of porous ceramics were investigated. Increasing the viscosity of the slurry resulted in HGMs with significantly lower floating rates and more stable HGM aqueous slurries. HGM porous ceramics with densities and compressive strengths of 0.127–0.219 g/cm3 and 0.74–1.71 MPa, respectively, were prepared by gel casting.

The dynamics of droplet breakage and coalescence is crucial for Pickering emulsion-based processes. We tracked the evolution of droplet size in real time using a probe-based microscope (PVM; Mettler-Toledo, U.S.). Our results showed that placing the PVM probe at any given location in the tank can provide information on the transient droplet size for a given process. We also studied the impact of particles during different stages of silicone oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with soda lime glass microspheres under controlled operating conditions. The particles lowered breakage efficiency by modifying the properties of the continuous phase in the early stage of emulsification (within 10 min) where droplet breakage predominates. We also studied the effect of the interface–coverage potential ratio on the coalescence process. The dynamic balance of breakage and coalescence was disrupted when emulsification was controlled by the coverage potential. We obtained a bimodal size distribution of droplets using a for...

This paper investigates the development of a novel high temperature polymer composite material by modifying polyetherimide (PEI) ULTEM™ 1010 with the addition of functional additives and processing it into filaments for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Through twin-screw extrusion, four different formulations were obtained using combinations of hollow glass microspheres, nanoclay, and non-halogenated flame-retardant additives. These additives were designed to create a material that exhibits low density, high char yield, and low flammability. Filament quality was characterized and reported. Thermal and flammability characterization results indicated that the formulation consisting of 10 wt.% glass bubbles, 5 wt.% nanoclay, and 10 wt.% flame-retardant additives exhibited the best char yield at 62.2% and the lowest heat release capacity (HRC) of 119 J/g−1 K−1, an 10.7% improvement in char yield and 52% reduction in HRC compared to the neat polymer.

Flexible nanogenerators with advantages of conformal structure and easy assembly have become an appealing research field for wearable electronics recently. Here, an all-in-one filler-elastomer-based high-performance stretchable piezoelectric nanogenerator (SPENG) is reported. By mechanically shearing and uniformly dispersing high weight compositions of PZT particles and Ag-coated glass microspheres fillers into the identical solid state silicone rubber matrixes, the piezoelectric layer and electrode layers are prepared, respectively, and the SPENG can be fabricated in an all-in-one structure with tight adhesion and reliable durability, which is very important to the tension sensing and energy harvesting for the limb motion with large strain and variable degree of freedom. The stretchable energy harvester exhibits excellent output performances (Voc≈20 V, Isc≈0.55μA, 3.93μW/cm3) and can respond to different external stimulations (such as stretched, clustered, folded, twisted, etc.). The SPENG can be not only mounted on a joint to efficiently capture and convert random body kinetic energy into electricity as a power supply for portable electronics, but also used as the self-powered tension and gesture sensors to monitor dynamic motions. This work has demonstrated a great progress in stretchable electronics and energy harvesting technology, which may have important prospects in artificial intelligence and individualized medical care.

Yttria&ndash, alumina&ndash, silica (YAS) glass microspheres doped with Nd3+ ions were excited with a 532 nm continuous laser in order to study the dependency of the wavelength of the whispering gallery mode (WGM) peaks on the temperature of the sample. This was possible due to a previous calibration of the 808 nm and 890 nm emission bands of the Nd:YAS glass sample for different temperatures using the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technique. A maximum sensitivity of 15 &times, 10&minus, 6 K&minus, 1 and a temperature resolution limit of 0.2 K were obtained for the microsphere sensor. Moreover, laser emission at 1064 nm was observed by continuous pumping at 532 nm, and a power threshold of 100 mW was determined. Upconversion emissions of Nd3+ were also studied by exciting the sample at 808 nm.

International audience; This article presents the experimental findings of tension-tension stress-controlled fatigue tests performed on low-density sheet molding compound (LD-SMC). LD-SMC composite is a type of SMC including a polyester resin reinforced with chopped glass fibers bundles and hollow glass spheres. The coupled frequency-amplitude affects the nature of the overall fatigue response, which can be controlled by the damage mechanisms accumulation and/or by the self-heating. In fact, the self-heating produced a material softening and decreased the fatigue lifetime. For fatigue loading at 80 Hz, self-heating has been observed and yielded to a temperature rise to 65°C, which is more than a glass transition temperature of polyester. Thus, the polyester matrix is subjected to remarkable thermally activated modifications of its physical state. Multiscale damage analysis of the randomly-oriented sample in fatigue showed that the first observed damage phenomenon corresponds to the debonding of the hollow glass microspheres occurring in the fiber depleted zones.

In summer, black asphalt pavement can absorb a considerable amount of solar radiation, which causes its temperature to rise. Heated asphalt pavement can aggravate the urban heat island (UHI) effect and transfer heat downward, which may cause the problem of permafrost thawing beneath pavements. The objective of this study was to develop a novel cool coating layer (CCL) with high near-infrared reflectance and heat insulation to make the surface of asphalt pavement cool. A self-developed test device and method was established to evaluate cooling effects. Based on the experimental results, the optimal coating can cool asphalt pavement by 11.21 &deg, C when the radiation striking the sample surface is 650 W/m2. This coating, called the composite cool coating layer (CCCL), is composed of the following materials: polyurethane resin, rutile TiO2 of 18%, hollow glass microspheres of 12%, and copper chromite black spinel of 0.7%. Silicon carbide particles of 1 kg/m2 can help the CCCL achieve satisfactory antiskid performance. In conclusion, CCCL can effectively inhibit the absorption of solar radiation and reduce the flow of thermal energy downward without sacrificing skid resistance.