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The lithium metal anode is notoriously unstable and reactive to electrolytes, forming brittle solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers with uneven distribution, exacerbating Li dendrites that ultimately limit the battery life. Here, this work passivates Li metal with electrolyte‐swellable polymer nanolayers deposited monolithically by the initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) to reinforce the native SEI layers and stabilize their interface. The 100 nm iCVD poly(dimethylaminomethyl styrene) (pDMAMS) layer is swelled by 264% under a carbonate electrolyte, establishing the electrolyte‐filled soft scaffold for Li‐ion transport. Notably, the solvogel accommodates homogeneous Li2O‐free and Li2CO3‐rich native SEI layers, providing a record‐high Li‐ion transference number of 0.95 and ionic conductivity of 6.54 mS cm−1. The developed pDMAMS‐Li anodes extend the cycle life by 550% in Li–Li symmetric cells and 600% in LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 full cells compared to pristine Li metal. The mechanistic details of the swollen‐soft‐scaffold strategy are elucidated by depth profile analysis of the pDMAMS homopolymer compared to pDMAMS/electrolyte‐phobic copolymers, providing new insights to manage the interface of liquid‐state electrolyte and solid‐state Li metal by using a novel class of bifunctional solvogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • pDE nanocoating imparts anti-microbial, non-cytotoxic properties to the filter without filtration performance loss. • pDE-coated nanofiber filter provides superior long-term anti-bacterial and anti-viral efficacy. • pDE-coated nanofiber filter exhibits enhanced durability in highly humid conditions. We fabricated a multi-use face mask with anti-bacterial and anti-viral, but non-cytotoxic properties by adding a functional nanocoating on an electrospun nanofiber filter. The nanocoating consists of a copolymer synthesized from dimethyaminomethyl styrene (DMAMS) monomer containing anti-microbial tertiary amine moiety, and a biocompatible crosslinker, ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA). Initiated chemical vapor deposition process is utilized to deposit the nanocoating in order to impart desired functionalities conformally onto the nanofiber filter without deforming its highly porous structure. The synthesized non-cytotoxic copolymer of p(DMAMS-co-EGDMA), or pDE film showed excellent biocidal efficacy of > 99.995% and > 99.985% against Escherichia coli O157: H7 (E. coli O157: H7) and Staphylococcus aureus , respectively. The pDE-coated nanofiber filter shows a filtration efficiency of 91% with extremely low air resistance of ∼ 50 Pa. In highly humid conditions, the pDE-coated nanofiber filter shows long-term anti-microbial efficacy of 99.89% for E. coli O157: H7 up to 168 h, 99.21%, and 99.23% for human influenza virus (H1N1) strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 and human beta-coronavirus strain OC43 up to 100 h, without sacrificing breathability, and filtration performance. Furthermore, the surface-modified filter can easily eliminate dead pathogens with a simple water rinse, which enabled the full retention of the filtration efficiency even in six washing cycles, proving excellent reusability. We envision the highly breathable, antimicrobial, multi-use face mask will serve as an environmentally free platform for personal protective equipment against future viral threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel top-down synthesis of CNS from aronia fruit powder by carbonization. • Temperature-independent synthesis of CNS. • Gas atmosphere-independent synthesis of CNS. • CNS exhibits high-rate cyclability for Li+ and K+ ion storage. • Structural integrity was well maintained even after cycling for Li+ and K+. Carbon nanosheets (CNSs) have been used in various applications, ranging from energy storage to drug delivery. CNSs are conventionally synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, but their high cost and non-scalability prompted the development of alternative synthesis routes. More scalable methods such as the sol-gel process still suffer from its complicated synthetic steps with delicate conditions. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a unique top-down synthesis of CNSs from aronia fruit powder, which is simple, scalable, and cost-effective. Aronia-derived CNS can be fabricated at various heating temperatures (500, 700, and 900 °C) and under different atmospheres (N 2 /H 2 and NH 3), which can easily tune the overall physicochemical properties of the CNS. We evaluated the electrochemical performance of the CNS for potential applications in Li- and K-ion batteries, in which the CNS showed stable electrochemical performance even at a high current density (1000 mA g−1). Because of the high-throughput nature of this synthetic approach, the aronia-derived CNSs could be very useful in developing novel applications at an industrial scale. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]