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Aim: To investigate the prevalence of monosymptomatic enuresis (ME) in children diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and the rate of resolution or improvement in enuresis following adenotonsillectomy. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 541 consecutive patients who underwent adenotonsillectomy for OSAS secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy between January 2005 and January 2009. All of the charts for patients between 5 and 18 years of age at the time of surgery (n = 398) were included in the study. After reviewing the charts, the families were contacted by telephone. Those patients who had shown preoperative symptoms of enuresis were questioned to determine whether there had been any change in their complaints postoperatively. Results: Of the 398 patients whose records were reviewed, 98 were excluded from this study because of incomplete records. The incidence of ME in the study group (n = 300) prior to adenotonsillectomy was 30.7% (92 patients). Among these 92 patients, 64 (69.6%) were male and 28 (30.4%) were female (P = 0.001). The parents of 46 of these 92 patients agreed to allow their children to participate in the study. In 46 patients, 26 (56.5%) had complete resolution, 8 (17.4%) had a partial improvement, and 12 (26.1%) had no change in enuresis following adenotonsillectomy. Patients with OSAS had a 2.38-fold higher risk of ME (odds ratio 2.38, 95% confi dence interval 1.60 to 3.53, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Children with OSA symptoms have a high rate of monosymptomatic enuresis. Relief of OSA symptoms also resulted in the complete resolution or partial improvement of ME in more than two-thirds of patients. In the diff erential diagnosis of a child presenting with enuresis, OSAS should be kept in mind and, conversely, the presence of enuresis should be investigated in children presenting with OSA symptoms.

Amaç: Ürogenital sistem farklılaşmasını kontrol eden Hox genleri parmakların gelişimini de kontrol etmektedir. Bu çalışmada penis uzunluğu ile ikinci ve dördüncü parmakaların uzunlukları arasındaki ilişki değerlendirildi. Yöntem ve gereç: Bu çalışmaya doğu akdeniz bölgesindeki ilkokul çağındaki toplam 1028 Türk erkek çocuğu dahil edilmiştir. Vücut kitle indeksini hesap edebilmek için ağırlık ve uzunlukları ölçülmüştür. Penis uzunlukları gevşek ve gerilmiş halde ölçülmüştür. Sağ el ikinci ve dördüncü parmakların uzunlukları ölçülmüştür. İstatiksel ölçümler deskriptif istatistik ve Pearson korrelasyon analizi ile yapılmıştır. Bulgular: Aşağıdaki karşılaştırmalar arasında anlamlı korelasyon tespit edilmiştir: ikinci parmak uzunluğu ile gevşek ve gerilmiş penis uzunluğu (r = 0,166 and r = 0,276, sırasıyla; P < 0,01); dördüncü parmak uzunluğu ile gevşek ve gerilmiş penis uzunluğu (r = 0,174 and r = 0,287, sırasıyla; P < 0,01). 2D:4D oranı ile gevşek ve gerilmiş penis uzunluğu arasında anlamlı korelasyon bulunmamıştır (r = –0,013; P = 0,668, r = –0,018; P = 0,565). Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, çalışmamızdaki pozitif korelasonlar yeni bir bulgudur ve içerisinde daha başka klinik anlamlar içerebilir., Aim: The development of digits is under the control of Hox genes, which also control the differentiation of the urogenital system. In the present study we evaluated the association between penile length and lengths of the second and fourth digits. Materials and methods: In this study, 1028 Turkish male primary school children from the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey were included. Weight and height measurements were obtained in order to calculate the body mass index (BMI). Flaccid and stretched length of the penis was measured. The lengths of the second and fourth digits of the right hands were measured. Statistical analyses were performed with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: A significant correlation was found between the following parameters: the length of the second digit with flaccid and stretched length of the penis (r = 0.166 and r = 0.276, respectively; P < 0.01); and the length of the fourth digits with flaccid and stretched length of the penis (r = 0.174 and r = 0.287, respectively; P < 0.01). No significant correlation of 2D:4D ratio was found with flaccid and stretched length of the penis (r = –0.013; P = 0.668, r = –0.018; P = 0.565, respectively). Conclusion: The positive correlations in our study are a novel finding and may have further clinical implications.