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4. Elucidating leaf anatomical traits in Vereda plants: different survival strategies.

Author

Somavilla, Nádia Sílvia, Montenegro, Thaís Franco, Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo, and Kolb, Rosana Marta

Subjects
WATERLOGGING (Soils), CERRADOS, SOIL testing, STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics), PHENOLS
Abstract

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Published
2024
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11. Fire and drought: Shifts in bark investment across a broad geographical scale for Neotropical savanna trees.

Author

Scalon, Marina Corrêa, Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo, Oliveras, Imma, Miatto, Raquel Carolina, Gray, Emma Fiona, Domingos, Fabricius Maia Chaves Bicalho, Brum, Fernanda Thiesen, Carlucci, Marcos Bergmann, Hoffmann, William Arthur, Marimon-Júnior, Ben Hur, Marimon, Beatriz S., and Franco, Augusto Cesar

Subjects
SAVANNAS, DROUGHT management, WATER storage, SUPPLY & demand, PLANT communities, DROUGHTS, FIRE prevention
Abstract

• Inner bark thickness at the community level vary across a continental-size biome range. • There was little variation in outer bark for branches and main stem. • Higher water deficit was associated with higher inner bark thickness • Bark trait composition of species in core region were nested within peripheral regions Savanna tree communities occurring in confluence zones with other biomes likely experience different environmental pressures, resulting in shifts in the selection of individual traits, the combinations of such traits, and species composition. In seasonally dry fire-prone environments, plant survival is presumably associated with adaptive changes in bark properties related to fire protection and water storage. Here, we integrated the multiple functions of the bark to investigate whether different selective pressures could influence patterns of variation in bark structure and allocation across species in a broad geographical range. We measured thickness, density, and water content of the inner and outer bark in branches and the main stem of the 51 most abundant species in three savanna communities differing in climatic aridity, one located at the core region of Cerrado in Central Brazil and the other two at its periphery, in the transition zones with Amazonia and Atlantic forest biomes. We found no difference in outer bark thickness but markedly difference in inner bark thickness between the three plant communities. In the central region, where dry season is long and fire is frequent, branches and main stem showed thicker inner bark. Contrastingly, in the south periphery region, where dry season is short, species showed thinner inner bark in both branches and main stem. Species from the north periphery region, where mean annual precipitation is higher, but fire is frequent and the dry season is also long, showed similar main stem inner bark thickness, but thinner branch inner bark compared to core region species. Our findings support the idea that investing in inner bark thickness and bark moisture may be the most advantageous strategy in plant communities that suffer from high evaporative demand during a long period and are at a high risk of fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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12. Phenology of the vine Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers (Bignoniaceae) in a cerradão area at the Estação Ecológica de Assis, SP, Brazil

Author

Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo and Kolb, Rosana Marta

Subjects
food and beverages, cerrado, flowering, fruiting, phenology, Pyrostegia, Botânica - Fenologia, fenologia, floração, frutificação
Abstract

Brazilian cerrado is characterized by an evident seasonality with distinct dry and wet seasons. Pyrostegia venusta is a common vine found in different physiognomies of the Cerrado. The species may present characteristics that allow its adjustment to the seasonal cycles. The phenology of vegetative and reproductive events was studied for this species in 2004 and 2005. The objective was to verify which climatic factors determine the phenological patterns observed in the species. Flowering was inversely related to mean temperatures and to the length of the day, while fruiting was inversely related to the photoperiod and directly related to the mean wind velocity. Seed dispersal was directly related to wind speed. As a consequence, flowering occurred at the end of the rainy season, close to the winter, and was prolonged until the end of the dry season. Fruiting and fruit maturation occurred during the dry period, with the seeds being dispersed at the end of this period. The seed dispersal at the end of the dry season, common to other anemochoric species of cerrado, allows a rapid germination at the beginning of the wet season, favoring the species propagation in this environment., O cerrado brasileiro é caracterizado por uma evidente sazonalidade, com presença de duas estações marcantes, uma seca e uma chuvosa. Pyrostegia venusta é uma liana comumente encontrada nas diferentes fisionomias do cerrado e, portanto, a espécie deve apresentar características que permitam sua adequação a esses ciclos sazonais. A fenologia dos eventos vegetativos e reprodutivos foi estudada para a espécie nos anos de 2004 e 2005. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar quais variáveis climáticas determinam os padrões fenológicos da espécie. A floração foi inversamente relacionada com a temperatura média e com o comprimento do dia, enquanto a frutificação foi inversamente relacionada com o fotoperíodo e diretamente relacionada com a velocidade do vento. A dispersão das sementes foi diretamente relacionada com a velocidade do vento. A floração ocorreu no final da estação chuvosa, próximo ao inverno, prolongando-se até o final da estação seca. A frutificação e a maturação dos frutos ocorreram durante o período da seca, sendo suas sementes dispersas no final desse período. A dispersão das sementes no final da estação seca, comum a outras espécies anemocóricas do cerrado, permite uma rápida germinação no início da estação chuvosa, favorecendo a propagação da espécie nesse ambiente.

Published
2011

13. Photosynthetic responses of understory savanna plants: Implications for plant persistence in savannas under tree encroachment.

Author

Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo, de Araújo, Paola Eduarda, da Silva, Bianca Helena Porfírio, and Franco, Augusto César

Subjects
*PHOTOSYNTHESIS, *SAVANNA ecology, *PLANT canopies, *PLANT diversity, *CAROTENOIDS, *ACCLIMATIZATION (Plants)
Abstract

Savannas are ecosystems where plants are expected to have leaf-level adaptations conferring tolerance to high irradiances, which characterizes this type of open canopy vegetation. The neotropical savannas of Brazil (Cerrado) harbour a large diversity of heliophilous herbaceous species, which are threatened by the current invasion of those open canopy habitats by forest trees, increasing tree density and canopy cover, thereby strongly reducing light availability. In this study, we measured leaf pigment concentrations, specific leaf area and light response curves of photosynthesis to determine whether herbaceous species of open savanna habitats were less tolerant to shade than the ones that were more characteristic of forested savanna. Relative to species of forested savannas, herbaceous species of open savannas had heavier leaves with higher concentration of carotenoids. They also achieved higher photosynthetic rates, reaching light compensation and saturation at higher irradiances. Based on measurements of light compensation points and of prevailing irradiances in forested savannas, leaves of most herbaceous species of more open savannas would be strongly light-limited in sites with a dense woody layer. In summary, we provide evidence that forest tree encroachment of savannas would select for leaf trait combinations in the understory vegetation that would favor shade tolerance and, depending on the degree of leaf acclimatization to shade of individual species, could strongly constrain persistence of the current understory vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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14. Fertilisation residues alter leaf scleromorphy in an evergreen savannah shrub (Maprounea brasiliensis, Euphorbiaceae).

Author

Delgado, Marina Neves, Gomes, Misléia Rodrigues de Aguiar, Báo, Sônia Nair, and Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo

Abstract

In the present study, we examined how residues of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) fertilisers affect leaf anatomical traits in Maprounea brasiliensis (Euphorbiaceae), a typical and dominant cerrado (Brazilian savannah) species adapted to dystrophic soils. We predicted that fertiliser residues would alter qualitative and quantitative aspects of M. brasiliensis leaves and would decrease their scleromorphy. Leaves were sampled from plants that were growing in soils previously fertilised with N, P and Ca and in plants that were growing in soils without fertiliser residues. We measured the thickness of the cuticle, the epidermis of adaxial and abaxial surfaces, thickness of palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma, total thickness of the leaf, total area of the midrib and leaf mass per area (LMA). We found that plants under fertiliser residues produced fewer scleromorphic leaves with low LMA, thinner cuticle and epidermis and thicker palisade and spongy parenchyma. They also showed a decrease in the size and area occupied by the leaf midvein. However, plants under fertiliser residues produced similar leaf thickness as did the plants in the control group. Our results showed that residual effects of fertilisation changed structural patterns of a typical species of cerrado. Thus, further studies about fertilisation effects on leaf traits are needed because larger areas of the central cerrado are being occupied for agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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15. Comportamento fenológico da liana Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers (Bignoniaceae) em área de cerradão na Estação Ecológica de Assis, SP, Brasil.

Author

Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo and Kolb, Rosana Marta

Subjects
PLANT phenology, CERRADOS, CLIMBING plants, CLIMATOLOGY, FLOWERING of plants, FRUIT development, GERMINATION
Abstract

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Biociencias is the property of Revista Brasileira de Biociencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2011

16. Ground layer Cerrado plants sustain higher maximum photosynthetic rates after medium-term fire events.

Author

Scalon, Marina Corrêa and Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo

Subjects
*PHOTOSYNTHETIC rates, *WATER efficiency, *SAVANNAS, *PLANTS, *SOIL chemistry, *POTASSIUM fertilizers
Abstract

• Effects on canopy cover and soil chemistry persist three years after fire. • Ground layer species show higher maximum carbon assimilation rates three years after a fire. • Ground layer plants decrease water use efficiency regardless species growth form. • Fires are important to increase carbon gain in ground layer plants from savanna vegetation. Fire is one of the most important factors driving community assembly and ecosystem functioning in tropical savannas. However, few studies have evaluated the physiological responses of ground layer plant communities to fire disturbance. Here we used different fire regimes to investigate possible changes in leaf maximum gas exchange (A max and g s) and leaf nutritional content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) among different plant growth forms in savanna ground layer communities. We compared responses of ground layer plant communities under two different fire regimes: (1) no recent fire occurrence; and (2) two recurrent fire events in the last 20 years. We estimated canopy cover, soil chemical properties and species abundance on burned and unburned plots in order to calculate abundance-weighted species average trait values for gas exchange and leaf nutrient content. We found that burned plots exhibited lower canopy cover and soil organic matter content, and an overall higher soil macronutrients availability compared to unburned plots. These environmental differences clearly influenced the ground layer plant communities, which depicted higher A max and g s in burned areas regardless of growth form. We found no significant differences among leaf nutrient traits, except for a lower Mg concentration in the burned site species. Our results support the hypothesis that distinct fire regimes select for a different set of leaf functional traits, with fire occurrence acting as an important driver increasing the maximum photosynthetic rate on the ground layer. While nutrient use seems not to be affected by medium-term recurrent fires, physiological plasticity on carbon and water use processes in response to changes in resource availability can promote the persistence of savanna species under frequent fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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17. How does mistletoe infection affect seasonal physiological responses of hosts with different leaf phenology?

Author

Scalon, Marina Corrêa, Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo, and Franco, Augusto Cesar

Subjects
*SEASONS, *MISTLETOES, *PHENOLOGY, *WATER supply, *PHYSIOLOGICAL stress, *LEAVES
Abstract

• Infected and non-infected branches showed distinct stomata responses depending on host phenology. • Differences in regulation of water loss between branches were more apparent in the wet season. • Pre-dawn leaf water potentials were consistently more negative for infected branches. • Leaf mobile nutrient concentrations were lower in infected branches. • Host species adjust at the individual level to mistletoe physiological stress throughout the year. Plants should have the ability to perceive physiological changes within their branches when infected by mistletoes, adjusting the use of resources between infected and uninfected branches which can be crucial for their survival in the long-term. Here we investigated how branches infected by the mistletoe Passovia ovata (Pohl ex DC.) Tiegh. and uninfected branches within the same individual tree respond to seasonal environmental changes across two hosts of contrasting leaf phenology (the evergreen Miconia albicans (SW.) Triana and the deciduous Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC.). We measured key leaf traits (instantaneous gas exchange rates, diurnal courses of stomatal conductance, leaf water potential, specific leaf area and leaf macronutrient concentrations) during the peak of the wet and dry season in a seasonal savanna of central Brazil. Pre-dawn leaf water potentials were consistently more negative for infected branches of both hosts, suggesting that overnight water refilling of infected branches was more limited. However, infected and uninfected branches exhibited similar leaf water potentials at midday, suggesting that they undergo similar imbalances in water supply and demand during periods of high atmospheric evaporative demand. Infected and non-infected branches of the evergreen mistletoe showed tighter regulation of water loss, whereas infected branches of the deciduous host were less constrained in regulating leaf transpiration. We also found differences for nutrient concentrations: N, P and K were lower, while Ca was higher in leaves of infected branches. Physiological changes induced by mistletoe infection affected host performance, and were reflected in water and nutrient use differences between infected and uninfected branches. Our findings show that infection responses by mistletoes can be detected between branches within individual trees, and that host species with distinct patterns of leaf phenology are capable to adjust, at the individual level, to cope with mistletoe's imposed physiological stress throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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18. Comportamento fenológico da liana Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Gawl.) Miers (Bignoniaceae) em área de cerradão na Estação Ecológica de Assis, SP

Author

Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo, Rosana Marta Kolb, and Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)

Subjects
Floração, Phenology, Cerrado, Fruiting, Pyrostegia, Frutificação, Fenologia, Flowering
Abstract

Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-21T17:53:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-24T14:41:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ISSN1980-4849-2011-09-03-289-296.pdf: 598652 bytes, checksum: 701a886c0f96a9ffad4ba2188f2ca82a (MD5) O cerrado brasileiro é caracterizado por uma evidente sazonalidade, com presença de duas estações marcantes, uma seca e uma chuvosa. Pyrostegia venusta é uma liana comumente encontrada nas diferentes fisionomias do cerrado e, portanto, a espécie deve apresentar características que permitam sua adequação a esses ciclos sazonais. A fenologia dos eventos vegetativos e reprodutivos foi estudada para a espécie nos anos de 2004 e 2005. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar quais variáveis climáticas determinam os padrões fenológicos da espécie. A floração foi inversamente relacionada com a temperatura média e com o comprimento do dia, enquanto a frutificação foi inversamente relacionada com o fotoperíodo e diretamente relacionada com a velocidade do vento. A dispersão das sementes foi diretamente relacionada com a velocidade do vento. A floração ocorreu no final da estação chuvosa, próximo ao inverno, prolongando-se até o final da estação seca. A frutificação e a maturação dos frutos ocorreram durante o período da seca, sendo suas sementes dispersas no final desse período. A dispersão das sementes no final da estação seca, comum a outras espécies anemocóricas do cerrado, permite uma rápida germinação no início da estação chuvosa, favorecendo a propagação da espécie nesse ambiente. Brazilian cerrado is characterized by an evident seasonality with distinct dry and wet seasons. Pyrostegia venusta is a common vine found in different physiognomies of the Cerrado. The species may present characteristics that allow its adjustment to the seasonal cycles. The phenology of vegetative and reproductive events was studied for this species in 2004 and 2005. The objective was to verify which climatic factors determine the phenological patterns observed in the species. Flowering was inversely related to mean temperatures and to the length of the day, while fruiting was inversely related to the photoperiod and directly related to the mean wind velocity. Seed dispersal was directly related to wind speed. As a consequence, flowering occurred at the end of the rainy season, close to the winter, and was prolonged until the end of the dry season. Fruiting and fruit maturation occurred during the dry period, with the seeds being dispersed at the end of this period. The seed dispersal at the end of the dry season, common to other anemochoric species of cerrado, allows a rapid germination at the beginning of the wet season, favoring the species propagation in this environment. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Assis

19. Leaf size and thickness are related to frost damage in ground layer species of Neotropical savannas.

Author

de Antonio, Ariadne Cristina, Scalon, Marina Corrêa, and Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo

Subjects
*SAVANNAS, *LEAF morphology, *CLIMATE change, *LEAF area, *SPECIES, *LEAVES
Abstract

• Strong frost events are recurrent and can have significant effects on savanna species. • After a frost event, leaf damage was either very high (> 70% leaf area) or null. • Ground layer species affected by frost have larger and thicker leaves. • Specific leaf morphological traits may provide resistance against frost. Savannas in southeastern Brazil are frequently exposed to frost events, causing the death of leaves and branches in many woody and herbaceous species. Frost events are frequent in these regions, with one relatively stronger than usual event every 5 years. Our experimental site at São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil, was affected by strong frost events during June–July 2021, when temperatures reached -4 °C, causing aboveground dieback in most ground layer species, although we observed some species were not affected and maintained a fully green canopy. We used this opportunistic frost event to study and report these damages and measured leaf traits that could explain our observations, as well as point directions to ecological understanding of frost on savanna vegetation. We measured morphological leaf traits such as leaf shape (width, length, width to length ratio), leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf thickness, and we also quantified canopy and leaf damage in 17 species (5 non-affected by frost and 12 that were visually affected). We found that species with larger and thicker leaves were more prone to leaf and canopy damage (70–100% of damage) than those with smaller and thinner leaves (0% damage). These results suggest that leaf morphology may provide resistance against frost and could ultimately act as a filter favoring species that can support extreme frost events, if those became more frequent and stronger under future climatic changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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20. Do conspecific populations exhibit divergent phenological patterns? A study case of widespread savanna species.

Author

Lacerda, Dinnie Michelle Assunção, de Araújo Barros, Judá Ben-Hur, Jr.de Almeida, Eduardo Bezerra, and Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo

Subjects
*SAVANNA plants, *PLANT phenology, *PLANT diversity, *PLANT species, *PLANT populations
Abstract

Widespread savanna tree species can grow and survive at sites that diverge in water availability and seasonality, thus these species may be able to adjust their phenology in response to site variations. Here we evaluated vegetative and reproductive phenology in five woody species whose populations grow at two savannas sites under divergent climatic regimes, inserted in a large transitional zone between the Amazon forest and the semi-arid region. Patterns of leaf fall, leaf flush and flowering were recorded monthly for five woody species growing under longer (LDS) and shorter (SDS) dry seasons. We evaluated the seasonality, the start and peak dates for phenological events and the associations between phenophases and climatic data. We found a close relationship between phenological events and site temperatures, with phenological peaks in the LDS occurring, in general, about one to three months later than at the SDS site. Leaf fall coincides with warmer and drier periods when the day length is shorter. Leaf production and flowering were associated with increased day length in some populations. Our results support the hypothesis that the conspecific populations have a high degree of association with climatic variables, especially temperature and day length, showing distinct phenological responses associated to the local climatic differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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21. Leaf thermotolerance in species from savanna and forest formations

Author

da Silva, Bianca Helena Porfírio [UNESP], Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), and Rossatto, Davi Rodrigo [UNESP]

Subjects
Gglobal warming, Thermotolerance, Termotolerância, Leaf habit, Plant physiology, Cerrado, Ecofisiologia vegetal, Cerradão, Ecologia dos cerrados, Tropical forest, Savanna, Savanas, Climate change, Hábito foliar, Plant ecology, Aquecimento global, Floresta tropical
Abstract

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No. of bitstreams: 1 da-silva_bhp_me_rcla_par.pdf: 377736 bytes, checksum: 9e816cb4b45e067f86fc3910c216ecd6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021-06-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O aumento da temperatura causado pelas recentes mudanças climáticas vem afetando a estrutura e o funcionamento de ecossistemas tropicais segundo dados do IPCC. O aumento da temperatura média dos trópicos demonstra que plantas desses sistemas serão expostas a temperaturas acima da faixa ótima para certas funções fisiológicas, especialmente as taxas fotossintéticas, acarretando assim danos às espécies que não possuem características que confiram termotolerância. O Cerrado é um ecossistema tropical savânico extremamente diverso, que tem passado por dinâmicas sucessionais, como a invasão de espécies típicas de formações florestais, que são favorecidas na ausência de episódios de fogo. Em áreas no interior do estado de São Paulo frequentemente encontramos transições entre formações florestais da Mata Atlântica (floresta estacional semidecidual) e de Cerrado (cerradão) dividindo a paisagem com formações savânicas. Diante do novo cenário ambiental de aquecimento global e levando em consideração as projeções futuras, espécies florestais podem estar sendo desfavorecidas pelo aumento da temperatura, já que em períodos quentes e secos espécies florestais não são capazes de avançar sobre sobre áreas savânicas. O presente estudo objetivou comparar a termotolerância de espécies arbóreas do cerrado típico e de duas formações florestais (cerradão e floresta estacional semidecidual) expostas à altas temperaturas e quais aspectos morfológicos e fenológicos (perenes x decíduas) dessas espécies poderiam estar relacionados a termotolerância, testando se espécies típicas de savanas seriam mais termotolerantes que as espécies presentes em formações florestais, o que ajudaria a conter a expansão florestal dentro de ambientes savânicos. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que espécies de formações de cerrado típico e de cerradão não diferem na sua capacidade de termotolerância (49,80±0,49°C e 49,71±0,71°C, respectivamente), porém o hábito foliar está fortemente relacionado a capacidade de tolerar altas temperaturas. Espécies perenes, independentemente de sua origem (cerrado típico x cerradão), se mostraram mais termotolerantes que as espécies decíduas. As espécies tropicais de floresta estacional apresentaram a mesma termotolerância que espécies de cerrado típico (47,78±0,51°C e 49,36±0,59°C, respectivamente), indicando que somente a temperatura não afetará as dinâmicas de fronteira desses dois ecossistemas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo fornecem informações importantes sobre a ecofisiologia de espécies do sistema savânico e florestais frente às elevações na temperatura média global impostas pelo aquecimento global. According to the IPCC data, temperature increases due to climatic changes are affecting the structure and functioning of tropical ecosystems. Increases in the average temperature of the tropics demonstrates that the plants in these systems will be exposed to temperatures above the optimum range for certain physiological functions, such as photosynthetic rates, leading to significant decrease of species performance, especially in those lacking traits that confirm thermotolerance. The Cerrado is a diverse tropical ecosystem, where savanna vegetation have been subjected to the invasion of typical forest species of adjacent vegetation. In transitional areas, such as those of São Paulo state, it is possible to find forest vegetation of the Atlantic Forest (semideciduous seasonal forest) and Cerrado (cerradão) side by side in the landscape with typical open savannas (typical cerrado). In view of the scenario of global warming, and taking into account the IPCC future projections, forest species may be disadvantaged by the increase in temperature, since in hot and dry periods forest species are not able to advance over savanna areas. The present study aimed to compare leaf thermotolerance of tree species from typical cerrado and from two forest formations (cerradão and semideciduous seasonal forest) exposed to high temperatures, testing whether the typical savanna species were more thermotolerant than those species present in forest formations. Additionally, we tested which aspect are more related to thermotolerance, plant origin or phenology The results showed that typical cerrado and cerradão species do not differ in their thermotolerance capacity (49,80±0,49°C e 49,71±0,71°C, respectively), however the leaf habit (evergreen x deciduous) is strongly related to the ability to tolerate high temperatures. Perennial species regardless of their origin (typical cerrado x cerradão) are more thermotolerant than deciduous species. The tree species of semideciduous forest have similar leaf thermotolerance as the typical savanna species (47,78±0,51°C e 49,36±0,59°C, respectively), suggesting that temperature alone will not affect the frontier dynamics of these two ecosystems. The results obtained in this study provide important information about the ecophysiology of species in the Cerrado and forest systems in view of the increases in the average global temperature imposed by global warming. CAPES: 001

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2021

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