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The article discusses the Bank of England's (BoE) plan to slow down its quantitative tightening (QT) process, which involves reducing the amount of government bonds (gilts) held in the Bank's asset purchase facility (APF). While there is a consensus that the APF rundown can be achieved through redemptions of these gilt holdings, the author disagrees and expects QT to continue at its current pace. The article explores the arguments for and against slowing down the APF rundown, including concerns about losses from gilt sales, the impact on interest rates, and the government's fiscal rules. The BoE is likely to steadily reduce gilt holdings until they reach zero, using short-term repos as an alternative. However, uncertainties remain regarding the smooth expansion of repos and the impact on short-term interest rates. [Extracted from the article]

The overnight money market rate is a key monetary policy tool. In recent years, central banks worldwide have developed new monetary policy strategies aimed at keeping its deviations from the policy rate small and short-lived. This paper describes the main instruments used for this purpose by the US Fed, the ECB and the BoE and also their policy responses to the Great Financial Crisis (GFC). Fractional integration and long-memory methods are then applied to investigate how those affected the persistence of policy spreads (i.e. the difference between overnight rates and policy rates) during different sub-periods. It is found that this increased sharply during the GFC but has fallen back in recent years. In the case of the ECB the introduction of the new €-STR benchmark in particular appears to have made monetary policy more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effectiveness of the banking‐lending channel in the transmission of monetary policy mechanisms in the West African Economic and Monetary Union. We estimated a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model with an incomplete credit market, where the financial system is based on an active banking sector and the central bank follows a fixed exchange rate regime, using quarterly data from 1985Q1 to 2020Q4. Findings reveal that, first, monetary policy induces an expansionary effect in the real economy when the banking sector loosens borrowing constraints. Second, we found that the banking sector is sensitive to the contraction of monetary policy via its effects on lending rates and deposit rates. Third, findings show that the bank‐lending channel amplifies and propagates monetary policy transmission mechanisms into the real economy. The counterfactual analysis demonstrates that the level of financial depth within the currency union enhances the efficiency of the bank‐lending channel of the monetary policy transmission mechanism. The macroeconomic outcomes and the financial implications of monetary policy via bank‐lending channels are more accentuated for the economies of the currency union with more financial depth than for those with shallow financial sector depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explored the impact of bank leverage and financial frictions on the transmission of real and financial shocks. Two new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models, with and without financial frictions, were employed in the context of the Tunisian economy. In the analysis, we considered three types of shocks—productivity, monetary, and adverse bank capital shocks. The findings reveal that, in the model with financial frictions, the response of macroeconomic and financial variables to demand and supply shocks was more pronounced than in the baseline model, where frictions primarily exist at the borrower level. In this study, we underscored the significance of financial shocks, particularly negative bank capital shocks, in triggering substantial macroeconomic and financial fluctuations, especially when banks operate with higher leverage ratios. Additionally, the inclusion of financial frictions in the DSGE model enhanced its ability to capture the empirical features of real and financial shocks, providing valuable insights for effective monetary policymaking. The results provide foundational insights for Tunisian policymakers to assess the impact of financial frictions in the context of the Tunisian economy. This is significant for the Central Bank of Tunisia, which has not yet adopted a specific DSGE model. Therefore, through our analysis, we determined the amplificatory role of financial frictions in the dynamics of macroeconomic and financial variables in Tunisia and examined the main transmission channels of shock propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the role of local banking development, per se, in European SME debt policies, using a cross-country dataset. Moreover, it assesses whether the debt policies of SMEs are mainly driven by local or national banking development. We find that higher levels of local banking development increase the amount of debt used by SMEs. Results suggest that national banking institutions reduce the influence of local banking sectors on SME financial behavior. Several robustness and further tests validate our results, suggesting that whilst the process of international integration and digitalization of financial markets, local banking development is still relevant despite the moderating role of national banking policies. Consequently, policy makers should first and foremost allow headquarters and central banks to better support local banks in integrating national banking policies in order to reduce the financial constraints on SMEs and spur their economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have become increasingly important in central banks' policy-making and monetary policymaking processes. The global financial crisis of 2008-2009, the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as various other episodes of high economic uncertainty since the turn of the millennium have adjusted central banks to a number of serious challenges and have led to the expansion of these mandates and emerging and exploiting new and extensive data. The study briefly notes on this as a big database (big data) and applications of AI/ML-based techniques that can provide support on monetary policy decisions, especially during times of uncertainty in the economy, referring to the latest research in this area. Also, concrete examples based on the creation of big data and AI/ML techniques applied in the activities of the European Central Bank and other central banks in Europe and the rest of the world are considered and analyzed. The analysis reveals that big data and AI/ML methods have demonstrated successful utility in conducting monetary policy by central banks. Although useful as a complement, these tools cannot be regarded as replacements for conventional data and methods due to issues related to statistics, the ability to interpret outcomes and ethical dilemmas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research paper is to examine the impact of monetary policy conditions on bank risk-taking in the Western Balkan countries. The paper tries to identify if monetary policy conditions, especially money interest rates, may induce a greater appetite for bank risk-taking in the Western Balkan countries. The impact of macroeconomic and banking indicators on bank risk-taking will be examined, too. For this purpose, we apply pooled OLS techniques, Fixed and Random effects panel, and Hausman-Taylor Instrumental IV model. The econometric results show a negative correlation between the monetary policy rate and bank risk-taking, rejecting the hypothesis that monetary policy rates indicate bank risk increase. However, expansive credit policies or loan portfolio growth have a positive impact on bank risk-taking in the Western Balkans. The study is original, and its findings will be of value to Central Banks and other policymakers in the Western Balkan countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the increasing size of financial assets and the complexity of monetary patterns, countries around the world are gradually becoming more transparent in their monetary policies, using central bank monetary policy communication as a new type of monetary policy instrument. To measure central bank communication more accurately, this paper proposes a dynamic topic model, LDA-BP, based on branching processes, to construct the central bank communication index. At the same time, this paper does four things: it uses the constructed communication index as a proxy variable for the new monetary policy instrument; it builds a TVP-FAVAR model that can extract potential macroeconomic information from many variables, and its time-varying nature can better reflect the dynamic regulatory effect of monetary policy; it constructs a three-dimensional impulse response diagram; and it conducts a systematic analysis of macroeconomic impact. The experimental results of demonstrate its effectiveness on central bank monetary policy communication, as it captures timely information about conventional monetary policy instruments and immediately responds to changes in interest rates and money supply. All three monetary policy instruments are effective in smoothing output volatility, with monetary policy communication having a longer-term impact on the macroeconomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While climate change has been a public policy issue for decades, central banks have only recently considered it relevant to their objectives. Beginning in 2015, the Bank of England (BoE) was among the first movers to do so. This article illustrates how two institutional features were key in enabling this response. First, the macroprudential framework that developed in the wake of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) has provided the key ideas that central bankers have used to understand climate change in relation to their objectives. Additionally, government support for BoE action on climate change was also essential in empowering the BoE by setting a transition pathway and providing political legitimacy. The result has been BoE policies that not only seek to limit climate-related risks but also actively shift credit toward greener enterprises. However, this article argues that this has not amounted to a green paradigm shift in the BoE's institutional role, but is better understood as a thermostatic mode of policy innovation. While the BoE's hierarchy of goals have not changed, the types of policy problems relevant to those goals has shifted substantially. Finally, this article offers reflections on the scope and durability of the BoE's approach to climate change in this context. This article contributes to the literature on central banking and climate change beyond the BoE by providing a framework for understanding the possibilities and limitations of current central bank approaches to climate change. Financial policymakers face uncertainty about which policies lie within the bounds of their institutional roles and norms as the causes of climate change become increasingly relevant for them to address. Central banks can function as 'thermostats', with relevant policy problems and instrument types changing substantially in order to maintain enduring goals like price and financial stability. While the scope of this type of response is potentially broad, the durability of policy action will be limited in the presence of other events in the economic environment. Governments should be explicit in setting low-carbon transition pathways for central banks to align with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a quarter of a century, the western world has enjoyed a macroeconomic environment characterized by low and stable inflation. Over the last two years, this benign state has dramatically changed. In America and Europe, inflation has resurged with unexpected vigor. Treated at first by central banks and most of their observers as a mere temporary aberration, which would soon fade again without much need for action, it has since assumed a virulence which has forced central banks to tighten their policies much more forcefully than was initially expected. How did all this come about? How are central banks and their monetary policies to be judged? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of an inflationary surge due to war, sanctions and pandemic disruptions, the article argues against dogmatic responses to inflation. Using extant theoretical and empirical literature as well as time-series data, it examines the scope for 'moderate inflation rates', above what is currently targeted. Specifically, it seeks to ascertain the potential developmental gains from moderate inflation (say, 10–15%), the risk of inflation accelerating to harm growth, and the implications of central bank independence during the recent inflation episode and for supporting sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents multifactor Keynesian models of the long-term interest rate. In recent years, there have been a proliferation of empirical studies based on the Keynesian approach to interest rate modelling. These studies evince the connection between the long-term interest rate and the short-term interest rate. However, standard multifactor models of the long-term interest rate in quantitative finance have not been yet incorporated Keynes's insights about interest rate dynamics. Keynes's insights are introduced in two different multifactor models of the long-term interest rate to illustrate how the long-term interest rate relates to the short-term interest rate, after controlling for the central bank's policy rate, expected inflation, the central bank's inflation target, volatility in financial markets, and Wiener processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed analysis investigates whether the type of central banks' monetary policy mandates and their financial stability governance arrangements influence the adoption of climate-related financial policies. The empirical findings confirm a statistically significant relationship between a broader monetary policy mandate and the adoption of climate-related financial policies. However, the hypothesis – informed by existing literature – that a more integrated financial stability governance model would imply a higher adoption of climate-related financial policies is not confirmed. Focusing on G20 countries in 2000–2018, the study reveals that a more complex financial stability governance based on less integrated arrangements is more successful for climate-related financial policy adoption. Other factors, such as the presence of a democratic regime, the independence of the central bank, and being a member of the Sustainable Banking Network, have a positive and (statistically) significant effect across all specifications. Moreover, the materialization of climate-related physical risks such as, e.g., floods, heatwaves, droughts, and storms, and transition risks proxied by – among others – CO2 emissions per capita, climate mitigation policies, and financial readiness to implement climate adaptation plans are also essential. The results are robust after considering a different dependent variable and several alternative model specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Focusing on Asian economies over the period 2006 to 2019, we find that while non-bank finance appears to complement rather than substitute credit provision by the traditional banking sector, weaker regulatory quality is an important driving factor. Moreover, while we find that central bank policy rates countercyclically affect credit provision by non-banks, impulse responses to monetary policy shocks with and without non-bank finance indicate that the effectiveness of monetary policy as a transmission channel to GDP growth, inflation, house prices, and traditional bank credit is weakened in the presence of non-bank finance. Our paper has implications for monetary policy implementation, potentially incorporating non-banks into central bank operations and liquidity provision, as well as for financial supervisors on mitigating regulatory arbitrage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that policy-makers' non-expert or 'folk' ideas can affect policy outcomes in a way that challenges the assumption of economic policy-making being guided by expert ideas emanating from the realm of economics and other sciences. To substantiate this argument, the article invokes literatures on audience costs as well as on economic folk theories to highlight the power of analogies and fallacies in the formulation of policy. While political economists have focused exclusively on the power of the 'household analogy' in the area of fiscal policy, much less is known about its monetary policy equivalent, which the article introduces as the 'bank analogy'. Empirically, the analogy is assessed in the context of what is arguably a least likely case for the power of folk ideas to hold: the European Central Bank's governance of its balance sheet, the most powerful balance sheet in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the response of monetary policy to financial instability in the West African Economic and Monetary Union. Design/methodology/approach: Through annual aggregated data from 1970 to 2019, the empirical strategy is based on the Markov regime-switching model with fixed probabilities. Findings: The results revealed that the monetary policy of the central bank of the West African Economic and Monetary Union is characterized by two regimes (calm and distress) with respect to the trend of financial stability. The authors also found that the occurrence of the calm regime was likely greater than that of the distress regime. In addition, the calm regime is longer than the distress regime. The authors finally revealed that the central bank reacts to financial instability risk by increasing its short-term interest rate when financial instability reaches a threshold. Research limitations/implications: The limitation of this study is the unavailability of monthly or quarterly data that are more suitable for the methodological approach adopted. Originality/value: This study is the one to estimate the response of the Central Bank of West African Countries to financial stress using a novel approach based on the Markov-Switching regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade economists have debated whether a country's exchange rate regime explains how it weathered the Great Recession. As Denmark is the only OECD country with a conventional currency peg, its experience brings unique perspective to the debate. After the collapse of Lehman Brothers in the fall of 2008, the Danish central bank raised the policy rate to defend the euro peg. The spread to the euro area was not normalized until the summer of 2009. Using the synthetic control method, I ask whether Denmark performed worse during 2009-2018 than the synthetic doppelganger, where the doppelganger is made up of comparable OECD countries with flexible exchange rates. I find that Danish real GDP per capita as a percentage of doppelganger ditto has on average been around 95 % to 98 % . Results are consistent across different specifications and samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the chronological impact of South African Reserve Bank (SARB) repo rate announcements on the Financial Times Stock Exchange/Johannesburg Securities Exchange (FTSE/JSE) All Share Index (ALSI) returns and returns volatility. Covering the period 2012–2021, the study employs the 'event study' approach, a risk augmented generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH-in-mean) model, and high-frequency intra-day 1-minute stock quotes during narrow windows to avert (or minimise) data contamination problems – endogeneity bias and coinciding effects of other exogenous variables on the stock market around the repo rate announcement time. In line with a priori expectations, there is an inverse relationship between stock returns and repo rate surprises (or unexpected repo rate changes). And consistent with findings in developed economies, our econometric results show that the reaction of the South African (SA) stock market to repo rate surprises is swift, indicating a high degree of 'mechanical efficiency' in respect to central bank policy rate surprises. But the delayed returns volatility response mirrors that of findings in the scant empirical literature on emerging markets. Evidence of both time-varying risk-return and time-varying degree of 'informational efficiency' is consistent with the adaptive market hypothesis (AMH). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to employ a microeconomic model (industrial‐organization approach to banking) to formalize the concept that banks in an economy may also unilaterally create money, at least initially, rather than passively multiplying the base money exogenously issued by the Central Bank in the money creation process. It shows that in equilibrium, banks may indeed create money (bank deposits) when making loans without relying on the newly issued base money from the Central Bank. Instead, the endogenously created money by banks would cause the Central Bank to endogenously adjust base money to hit the target policy interest rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the impact of monetary policy on industrial production is investigated for Malawi. Using the ARDL bounds testing approach, and VAR models, it is shown that tight monetary conditions negatively affect industrial production both in the short run and in the long run. This is the case whether the central bank's policy rate or reserve money is used as the policy tool. The study further establishes the interest rate channel, and money supply channel as the main mechanisms through which this effect of monetary policy is transmitted to industrial production. Given these results, a recommendation is made that the Reserve Bank of Malawi should refrain from prolonged use of tight monetary policy in their quest to achieve stability of prices as this stifles growth of the industrial sector. Rather monetary policy should be used as a temporary stabilization tool when faced with temporary shocks to the bank's policy objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the impact of central bank regulatory policies on market power in Africa. The study presents a representative sample of 52 African economies over the period 2006–2020. The study shows that the individual regulatory policies of the central bank (i.e. monetary and macro-prudential policies) enhance banks' market power. Also, it reveals that central bank regulatory policies are better coordinated, as complements, in achieving greater market power of banks in countries with strong central bank independence (CBI) framework. However, the coordinated policies are substitutes in determining bank's market power in countries with weak CBI framework. The policy implication is that the right policy mix of coordinated central bank regulatory policy framework is important in determining an optimal outcome of bank's market power in both an inclusive central bank (monetary-prudential) policy targeting economies and an independent policy targeting economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Uluslararasi Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi is the property of Karadeniz Technical University, Depertmant of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inflation expectations of firms affect their micro-decision-making behaviors and therefore impact the macro-economy. Thus, a deep understanding of how firms form inflation expectations benefits the achievement of central bank's policy objectives on macro-economic sustainability and development. In this paper, we focus on the inflation expectations of firms from surveys. Specifically, the Naïve Expectation, Adaptive Expectation, Rational Expectation, VAR, and Heterogeneous Static Expectation formation models are adopted to test the models being used by firms to form inflation expectations. Empirically, this paper reveals the heterogeneity between the formation mechanisms of households and firms. Then, empirical results reject the rational expectation hypothesis of firms' inflation expectations, which means that they are not perfectly rational. Finally, we find that the inflation perception is a non-negligible factor in forming firms' inflation expectations. Therefore, central banks' monetary policies that aiming to formulate firms' inflation perceptions can be a useful tool in regulating their inflation expectations, which are expected to benefit the stability of the macro-economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the effectiveness of central bank policy in influencing intention to use a new payment platform, QRIS (Quick Response code Indonesian Standard). The evaluation is hindered by the contemporaneous emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which acts as a confounding factor in adopting the new payment instrument. To disentangle the effect of those variables, we collected data from 617 respondents consisting of customers and merchants, employed a structural equation model with SmartPLS, asses fourteen hypotheses with demographic factors included as moderating factors. The result of the study successfully disentangles the policy impact from the pandemic impact and separates the risk of a pandemic from common risks. We verify that the pandemic and government intervention had significant direct and indirect effects on the intention to use QRIS, with the habit being the most influential component, outperforming other technology adoption determinants. This study, therefore, contributes to the advancement of the literature on the topic of technology adoption and government intervention and suggests that this measuring approach can be used as a complementary instrument to assess the impact of central bank policy on the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hacettepe University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Hacettepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economic & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In that respect, Bofinger and Haas ([1]) make the point that there is no market failure that would motivate a central bank introduction of either I a separate digital currency to replace cash or a separate payment system to replace the existing e-money and RTGS systems i . If anything, the existing technology underpinning e-money is sufficiently adaptable to meet growing consumer demands for more efficient and cheaper digital payments using the existing e-money systems. References 1 Bofinger, P. and Haas, T. (2021), ' Central Bank Digital Currencies: Can Central Banks Succeed in the Marketplace for Digital Monies?. [Extracted from the article]

We provide a new method to model changes in monetary policy of the Bank of England (BoE) as well as the impact of these changes on UK economy. This is important as central bankers have widened the range of instruments in their monetary policy toolbox. Specifically, we estimate a proxy for the monetary policy stance and then analyse a time-varying parameter vector autoregressive with stochastic volatility model to explain the BoE's trade-offs when making policy decisions and as well as to demonstrate dynamic impacts of monetary policy on inflation and economic growth. The empirical results show that our estimated monetary policy proxy is better at capturing the BoE's policy when the interest rate lower bound becomes binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has been a trouble and deeply affected the economic conditions of countries. Economy administrators and particularly central banks have been tested seriously in this period. In this period, one of the essential tasks of central banks is to provide the need of liquidity of markets. However, the main objective of Central Banks is price stability. Monetary policies should be applied sensitively by central banks, especially in crisis periods. While liquidity needs of markets taking place, central banks intervene and effort to support declining liquidity. This study examined central banks' monetary policies in the fragile five countries (Turkey, Brasil, India, Indonesia, and South Africa). We investigated these countries' central bank policies, including interest rate, inflation, central bank reserve, exchange rate, and fragile states index in the pandemic period. We determined that the most fragile country among the five countries is Turkey according to the fragile states index, inflation, interest rate, and central bank reserve in the pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how expectations influence the determination of the Brazilian benchmark interest rate based on Keynes' views on the relationship between expectations and monetary policy. Then, as empirical methodology, Autoregressive Distributed Lag Models and Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration are used to study, in the short and long-run, the connection between expectations and central bank interest rate. For the period from 2001Q3 to 2017Q4, results show that in the long-run business and consumer confidence, as well as expectations related to market interest rates, GDP, inflation and exchange rate play an important role on monetary policy actions. In the short-run, business and consumer confidence lose importance, while the other mentioned expectations are still statistically significant. The findings of the paper lend credence to Keynes's view on the relation between expectation and money policy in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the global 2007–2009 financial crisis, central banks and policy makers globally, have spearheaded reforms aimed at improving financial stability. At the same time, a lot of effort and resources have been devoted to access and use of quality financial services by both households and firms. Existing literature suggests both positive and negative impact of financial inclusion on financial stability, but this is yet to be empirically validated. This paper investigates the effect of financial inclusion on financial stability in Kenya. Estimation results reveals that financial inclusion enhances financial stability. Therefore, policies that promote greater financial inclusion would boost financial stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the euro area's banking sector regulatory framework, known as the Banking Union. It shows how distressed banks' noncompliance with supervisory, state aid, or central bank lending policies can trigger the application of resolution or liquidation measures. Further, it provides new evidence on large banks distress episodes in the European Union and the United States, suggesting that recapitalization is a more cost‐effective policy instrument than resolution or liquidation. Finally, it argues that the Banking Union lacks an appropriate recapitalization instrument for borderline distressed banks and that a more nuanced and structured stance on regulatory forbearance is probably warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal is the property of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The concerns of macroeconomic policymakers regarding the management of the COVID-19 crisis are reflected by the major, unbending, and brisk interventions they have had, including monetary authorities. The present paper aims at identifying central banks' contributions in managing the pandemic crisis. The approach is based on a comparative analysis at the level of some central banks in the European Union, regarding the measures adopted and the instruments used since the outbreak of the crisis. The results reveal that the central bank's policy stance has switched from an accommodative and preventive one, for strengthen the resilience of the financial sector, to an active and dynamic one, centred on maintaining the financial intermediation. Central bank activism is expected to intensify in the near future, especially through "unconventional" monetary policy, given the rise in inflationary pressures worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has recently sought to activate the role of the Central Bank or the Monetary Agency in supervising commercial banks, in addition to trying to develop the various components of the banking system to the extent that qualifies them to achieve economic development. Based on this role, the main objective of this study is to try to identify the fundamental differences between each of the commercial banks and the Central Bank, and the various mechanisms and methods of banking supervision exercised by the Central Bank on commercial banks, and to evaluate their effectiveness and the reality of their application, especially with regard to prudential control, which is the most recent The most important method of banking supervision. And the extent of the central bank's understanding of the role that commercial banks can play in society if laws encouraging them are found. In achieving its objectives, the research depends on the descriptive analytical approach, and the use of the descriptive approach in exposure to general concepts, and the analytical approach through the analysis and diagnosis of some issues related to central and commercial banks. The research has reached many results, perhaps the most important of which is that the central bank represents a manifestation of economic sovereignty, and although central banks in the world differ in terms of form and functions from one country to another, they are characterized by some general features and characteristi cs that make them a central hub and leader of the monetary market and a supervisor and watchdog. It is organized as the issuing bank, the bank of banks, and the government bank. It undertakes the process of managing reserves and regulating credit. It uses a set of direct and indirect tools and means to perform its functions. There is also confusion between the nature and activity of the central bank with commercial banks. Which requires clarifying the lines between each of them. The study sample also agreed that there is an effective role for central banks in formulating monetary and supervisory policy for commercial banks. Commercial banks must also abide by the supervisory tools decided by the central banks. So achieve customer confidence, and check more warranty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the literature on the relationship between climate change and central bank policies. Central banks conduct monetary policy and are responsible for macroprudential supervision. The article focuses on the consequences of transition and physical risks for financial stability and price stability. It also asks what role central banks can play in slowing climate change and what implications climate change has for the future strategy and for the monetary policy framework of the Eurosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to provide insights into the lending against crop receipts mechanism. Crop receipts emerged as promising financial instruments creating an additional type of collateral for agricultural producers that pledge their future agricultural production in order to finance ongoing production activities. At the same time, they offer an alternative investment opportunity to banks through the creation of a new asset class. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development supported Serbia in establishing a crop receipt system with the aim to serve as a pilot project for Europe. This is the first analysis of the crop receipts system in Serbia. The methodology applied consists of interviews with bank representatives, extensive literature research, descriptive statistics and comparative analyses. Results are indicating that the main shortcomings in the crop receipts system include the lack of specialised shareholders' knowledge, the absence of subsidization of interest rates on loans against crop receipts followed by the lack of appropriate Central bank policy, standardization and securitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that financial inclusion policy in Pakistan has been subsumed by the regulatory needs of the central bank, opening a divide between the 'development approach' of donors and the 'regulatory approach' of the central bank. This shift is identified in an emerging macro turn in central bank discourse and policy, which is steering the National Financial Inclusion Strategy away from the person-centred donor-driven agenda towards the imperative of shoring up rupee governance amidst burgeoning informal markets, low levels of bank intermediation and high levels of currency-in-circulation. The article argues that this rerouting of financial inclusion policy is ultimately a consequence of the central bank's failure to grasp effective policy control over the rupee following rapid economic liberalization in the 1990s. The article explores why growing informality in money and markets is a problem for monetary governance; how financial inclusion answers to this predicament; and why the shift from poverty alleviation to monetary control remains unforeseen by donors. The article shows why inflation targeting – itself core to the wider liberalization project – hinges on the success of financial inclusion, thus revealing an important new driver propelling the financial inclusion agenda forward amidst implicit and unforeseen conflict between donors and the national leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the financial soundness of the Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs) is crucial for protecting the interests of its depositors and other stakeholders. The capital adequacy ratio is considered an internationally recognized benchmark for measuring bank solvency. This has been popularized by the Basel Committee for Banking Supervision. The regulatory framework including the recent amendments has been designed with commercial bank operations in mind. In order to establish global standards in the capital structure of UCBs, India's central bank has recently issued prudential norms on capital adequacy to safeguard the interest of major stakeholders including the depositors. It has delineated a structured approach for defining the capital instruments and giving thrust on keeping core capital to absorb unexpected business losses. This article provides a comprehensible description of the new norms for capital recognition and risk weights estimation, its essence, and policy implications for the Banking and Financial Services sector. The new prudential standard is expected to encourage UCBs to strengthen their financials and enhance solvency positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider a monetary DSGE model featuring a borrowing constraint such that the amount of debt cannot be larger than a fraction - the debt-to-income (DTI) limit - of borrowers' labor income and the DTI limit is endogenous. The coexistence of financial amplification mechanisms warranted by this model provides a role for a specific macroprudential tool: a countercyclical DTI limit. Conditional on the pre-crisis sample and in a more recent out-ofsample period, our ex-post normative analysis shows that when this policy is implemented the cooperation between central bank and macroprudential authority in pursuing the "two instruments for two goals" strategy delivers an efficient performance in terms of macroeconomic stabilization, significantly outperforming the central bank's policy of "leaning against the wind". This implies that a central bank should only be focused on its standard objectives (inflation and output stabilization) while financial stability be monitored by a macroprudential authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Section One: - Introduction 1. 1 Preface Banks are vital to any healthy economy due to their crucial role in society. Nowadays, they provide a wide range of services and products. Their principal function is to transfer surpluses into deficit units by taking deposits from the community and giving them back to the community through lending (Paddy, 2012) as providers of financial resources and information to the economy. They even play a more critical function in developing economies. Borrowers, "individuals and businesses," have no easy access to capital markets. Therefore, well-functioning commercial banks accelerate economic growth, while poorly functioning ones hinder economic development and thus increase poverty (Muye and Muye, 2017).Lending is one of the principal types of banking activity, which is essential for meeting the ever-growing consumer needs and taking part in the production and socio-economic development of the country. Various forms and types of banking credits demonstrate that lending is the core of banking as a source of profit, while there is a constant demand from individuals and business entities (Yanenkova et al., 2021).On the other hand, these banks face different risks that need intervention with various protection ways to decrease these risks. Risk management (RM) is the procedure for identifying, monitoring, and measuring risk (Spucháková & Adamko 2015). One of these risks is CR, which these banks face due to lending and credit processes. CR is associated with the businesses of financial institutions as the financial position of a borrower deteriorates (Afriyie et al., 2018). Banks have developed credit scoring models to improve evaluating creditworthiness process during the credit evaluation process to reduce CR and promote lending quality (Paddy, 2012). 1.2 The Importance of the research: - Could be summarized as the following: - Managing CR allows commercial banks to understand the behavior of their customers to pre-assess their degree of the risk - The research reveals how important CRM is in financial institutions and how they cannot possibly be stable, achieve their future objectives and survive. - CRM improves the performance of commercial banks and secures a competitive advantage. - Advanced CRM prevents such banks from losses and the possibility of bankruptcy. 1.3 Objectives of the research: - They are explained as follows: - - To clarify CRM in selected banks. - The research aims to demonstrate the impacts of various CR policies implemented by such banks in Erbil city. - To determine whether the policies implemented as precautions contributed to risk reduction. - To assess the Central Bank's and monitory authorities' roles in controlling banking CR. - To evaluate the role of these banks' management in CRM. - To evaluate the CRM technology and software used by these banks. - To explain whether or not any other related factors affect CR. - To help researchers and bank decision-makers design and develop a proper, robust, and advanced CRM policy. - To add additional research in this field for interested people and to know more about CRM. 1.4 Research Problem: - According to the financial and banking literature, credit risks are the real threat to commercial banks' safety, stability, and survival. As a result, CR issues and the need for research and studies to offer specific ways and tools to mitigate their effects are needed. On the other hand, mismanagement of risks, particularly credit risks, and an improper study of risks scientifically and realistically have disastrous consequences on commercial banks' safety, stability, and survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of the Central Bank's policies on the bank performance in Thailand as one of the emerging countries by exploring the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the banks' returns. Several financial ratios measuring the bank performance and stock price were analyzed. The data were gathered during 2017-2021 from 10 listed banks in Thailand. General linear regression analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between the Central Bank's policies and the bank performance. The result revealed that the Central Bank's policies had a negative relationship with the bank performance; however, each policy showed different impacts on the banks' performance indicators. Banks that embraced more policies had more significant influence on its ratios than others. Credit reduction policy and liquidity improvement policy had a negative effect on the bank performance at different significance levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introductory piece, the authors reminisce on the role played by the late Eugenia Correa in both Mexico and internationally in developing a counter-hegemonic economic thought that matured in her writings and that was sown in the thinking of a whole generation of students over the last three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]