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In this paper an approach for analysing the potential for implementation of different technology pathways for the European pulp and paper industry (PPI) is presented. The approach is based on detailed technical research and aggregates the knowledge from previous studies to incorporate the whole European PPI. Thus, the potential for different technology pathways can be estimated on a European level whilst still considering important characteristics of individual mills. The usefulness of the approach was exemplified by applying it to a case study of the potential for introduction of carbon capture and storage (CCS) within the European PPI. The results from the case study show that for the European PPI, CCS has an up-hill road in order to be a viable, large scale alternative for reduction of CO2 emissions. If CCS is to be introduced in large scale within the European PPI, large biomass-based point sources of CO2 emissions need to be included when planning for CCS infrastructure and also the infrastructure needs to be built out for clusters emitting <20 MtCO2/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The foundation industries in the UK were responsible for emitting 42 Mt CO2eq in 2020, which is approximately 10% of the yearly territorial greenhouse gas emissions. The UK government decarbonisation roadmap issued in 2015 predicted that high-tech strategies such as carbon capture and utilisation, hydrogen and biofuels, as well as electrification of processes are key for achieving the climate mitigating targets by 2050. In this study, a critical assessment was performed on the limitations to achieve these high-tech strategies such as biomass availability, capital investment, and technology readiness. The study is the first to use the UK carbon budget values as the resource limit for the high-tech decarbonisation strategies. The findings show that the significant uncertainty associated with the high-tech scenarios limits their decarbonisation potential by 2050. More importantly, to stay within the mid-century carbon budget for the foundation industries, 20–40% reduction in production, through circular economic strategies such as material efficiency and/or changes in product specifications, is required in order to achieve the decarbonisation targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is written in response to the paper "How green is blue hydrogen?" by R. W. Howarth and M. Z. Jacobson. It aims at highlighting and discussing the method and assumptions of that paper, and thereby providing a more balanced perspective on blue hydrogen, which is in line with current best available practices and future plant specifications aiming at low CO2 emissions. More specifically, in this paper, we show that: (i) the simplified method that Howarth and Jacobson used to compute the energy balance of blue hydrogen plants leads to significant overestimation of CO2 emissions and natural gas (NG) consumption and (ii) the assumed methane leakage rate is at the high end of the estimated emissions from current NG production in the United States and cannot be considered representative of all‐NG and blue hydrogen value chains globally. By starting from the detailed and rigorously calculated mass and energy balances of two blue hydrogen plants in the literature, we show the impact that methane leakage rate has on the equivalent CO2 emissions of blue hydrogen. On the basis of our analysis, we show that it is possible for blue hydrogen to have significantly lower equivalent CO2 emissions than the direct use of NG, provided that hydrogen production processes and CO2 capture technologies are implemented that ensure a high CO2 capture rate, preferably above 90%, and a low‐emission NG supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zhejiang Electric Power is the property of Zhejiang Electric Power Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) plays an important role in promoting developing countries to reduce carbon emission and meet the requirement for carbon reduction under carbon neutral and carbon peak targets. To evaluate the incentive effect of subsidization mechanisms on CCS investment, the paper incorporates two incentives into the model, considers the effects of the carbon trading price, electricity price, and other uncertain factors on the investment behaviors for CCS projects under uncertainty and explores incentive intensity of two policies on investment based on the real option method. The results show that even in the case of full operating cost subsidies and double electricity price subsidies, the power plant still delays CCS investment due to the imperfection of carbon market. The most appropriate policies for supporting immediate investment in CCS project are identified in the paper by considering the critical carbon price and electricity price in different scenarios. Additionally, the findings show that it is more efficient for the electricity price subsidy than cost subsidy with same subsidy proportion under single policy condition, while the minimum subsidy amount required to invest immediately is 32.86 million CNY in the combination of the two policies. This provides environmental policymakers with valuable insights on promoting CCS deployment under the context of carbon reduction. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) industry has announced an ambitious decarbonization roadmap to 2050 to keep its place as a reference product in the future market of building materials. AAC raw materials are contributing to a large share of the CO2 footprint of AAC and need to be carefully assessed. Lime is today an essential raw material in the production of AAC and will remain so in the future as, unlike some other raw materials, it cannot be interchanged by a less carbon‐intensive alternative. Lime is essential in the formation of Tobermorite and provides the alkaline conditions required for the formation of the hydrogen bubbles structuring the mineral foam. Lime is produced by the calcination of limestone (CaCO3) releasing carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 footprint of lime is considerable, and the production process is considered hard‐to‐abate. Today roughly two‐thirds of the CO2 is inherent to the production process while only one‐third of the CO2 is due to the required fuel. Lhoist has developed a Carbon Action 2030 plan with a range of low‐carbon and carbon‐neutral lime solutions. The approach is based on the principle of three pillars: Avoiding, Reducing, and Compensating with a pipeline of effective carbon reduction initiatives behind each pillar. The paper will provide a status update on the key projects in Belgium, France, and Germany. The transformation to low‐carbon lime has triggered projects in energy improvement, sustainable fuels, the usage of hydrogen, kiln electrification, oxyfuel kilns, carbon capture, and storage as well as CO2 utilization. Once the CO2 is captured during the production of lime, the carbonation of the AAC will lead to a carbon‐negative building material. Our roadmap will position Lhoist as a preferred partner for the AAC industry in the future. Our lime product portfolio ranging from Level|Blue™ to Level|Green™ will support the AAC industry to consolidate and develop its referential position in the building materials industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that the π-calculus with implicit matching is no more expressive than CCSγ, a variant of CCS in which the result of a synchronisation of two actions is itself an action subject to relabelling or restriction, rather than the silent action τ. This is done by exhibiting a compositional translation from the π-calculus with implicit matching to CCSγ that is valid up to strong barbed bisimilarity. The full π-calculus can be similarly expressed in CCSγ enriched with the triggering operation of Meije. I also show that these results cannot be recreated with CCS in the rôle of CCSγ, not even up to reduction equivalence, and not even for the asynchronous π-calculus without restriction or replication. Finally, I observe that CCS cannot be encoded in the π-calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies anticipate that carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) will be essential to decarbonizing the U.S. economy. However, prior work has not estimated the time required to develop, approve, and implement a geologic sequestration site in the United States. We generate such an estimate by identifying six clearance points that must be passed before a sequestration site can become operational. For each clearance point (CP), we elicit expert judgments of the time required in the form of probability distributions and then use stochastic simulation to combine and sum the results. We find that, on average, there is a 90% chance that the time required lies between 5.5 and 9.6 y, with an upper bound of 12 y. Even using the most optimistic expert judgements, the lower bound on time is 2.7 y, and the upper bound is 8.3 y. Using the most pessimistic judgements, the lower bound is 3.5 y and the upper bound is 19.2 y. These estimates suggest that strategies must be found to safely accelerate the process. We conclude the paper by discussing seven potential strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a dead-beat control algorithm for Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) applications of single-phase inverters. The proposed control method requires the measurement of capacitor current and output voltage in order to keep the output voltage sinusoidal ensuring high dynamic performance even under load changes. The dead-beat controller optimizes the behavior of the system by eliminating the error between the output and the reference voltage without increasing the number of current sensors, which are costly, and eliminates load voltage distortions and restores the system state in the event of external shutdown-loop road interference. In this paper, we propose a capacitor current estimation based on the Luenberger observer. Processor-In-the-Loop (PIL) is a test method that allows us to create and evaluate controllers by running built-in C code on the DSP scheduled for the controller during simulated PSIM power phase control. It can be seen that the simulation results match the PIL test results, which proves the validity of the proposed controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work suggests that horizontal injectors are a safe way to keep CO2 trapped in the storage site and reduce/prevent any unexpected event associated with leakage through the caprock since the horizontal well minimizes or avoids CO2 contact with the caprock. This study used numerical simulations of CO2 storage to identify the benefits of horizontal wells for geological carbon storage, such as enhancing CO2 trapped in porous media due to relative permeability and capillary hysteresis. Two injection schemes were tested: one using a vertical injector and the other employing a horizontal well. The results revealed two main findings. Firstly, the horizontal injection well effectively prevented or minimized CO2 penetration into the caprock across various sensitivity scenarios and over a thousand years of CO2 redistribution. Secondly, horizontal wells provided a safe approach to trapping CO2, increasing its entrapment as a residual phase by up to 19% within the storage site. This, in turn, reduced or prevented any unexpected events associated with CO2 leakage through the caprock. Additionally, the paper proposes a practical method for designing the optimal length of a horizontal well. This method considers a combination of two parameters: the additional CO2 that can be trapped using a horizontal well and the gravity number. In the case of the reservoir model of this study, a horizontal branch with a length of 2000 m was found to be the most effective design in enhancing CO2 entrapment and reducing CO2 buoyancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU considers carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology as an option for achieving climate goals, but its cost remains appreciable. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the implementation of a ton-based incentive system for CCS in the EU using Croatia as an example based on an analysis of the existing legislative framework in the EU and relevant tax credit provisions in the USA. A novel methodology for the design of the incentive system is presented in the form of partial allocation of the state's auction revenues from the EU emissions trading system (ETS) into the CCS fund for five years. The CCS fund assets then incentivize the capture site for 10 years. The incentives are determined for each emitter in cement, electricity, paper and pulp, glass, oil refining, and petrochemical sectors based on varying European Union allowance (EUA) prices, CCS fund sizes, and CO2 emission scenarios. In addition to designing the methodology, a novel method for forecasting CO2 emissions is applied using geometric Brownian motion. The calculated incentives are categorized as underperforming, optimal, or overperforming, with upper and lower limits set to 80 and 10 EUR/t. The results are optimistic, since all sectors can be efficiently incentivized within the defined boundaries, meaning that the incentive system can be applied to all member states. The contracting of the incentives is proposed through carbon contracts for difference to avoid irregularities. Also, regulatory amendments are proposed so that emitters with emissions higher than 100 kt would have to consider CCS. Finally, the contributions are presented by proving the feasibility of the incentive system together with demonstrating its applicability to all member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to achieve greenhouse gas neutrality, hydrogen generated from renewable sources will play an important role. Additionally, as underlined in the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), new technologies to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere are required on a large scale. A novel concept for hydrogen production with net negative emissions referred to as HyBECCS (Hydrogen Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) combines these two purposes in one technological approach. The HyBECCS concept combines biohydrogen production from biomass with the capture and storage of biogenic carbon dioxide. Various technology combinations of HyBECCS processes are possible, whose ecological effects and economic viability need to be analyzed in order to provide a basis for comparison and decision‐making. This paper presents fundamentals for the techno‐economic and environmental evaluation of HyBECCS approaches. Transferable frameworks on system boundaries as well as emission, cost, and revenue streams are defined and specifics for the application of existing assessment methods are elaborated. In addition, peculiarities concerning the HyBECCS approach with respect to political regulatory measures and interrelationships between economics and ecology are outlined. Based on these considerations, two key performance indicators (KPIs) are established, referred to as levelized cost of carbon‐negative hydrogen (LCCNH) and of negative emissions (LCNE). Both KPIs allow deciding whether a specific HyBECCS project is economically viable and allows its comparison with different hydrogen, energy provision, or negative emission technologies (NETs). Carbon‐negative hydrogen production referred to as HyBECCS (Hydrogen Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) combines hydrogen production from biomass with the capture and storage of biogenic carbon dioxide. Various technology combinations of HyBECCS processes are possible, whose ecological effects and economic viability need to be analysed. This paper presents fundamentals for the techno‐economic and environmental evaluation of HyBECCS approaches. Transferable frameworks on system boundaries as well as emission, cost and revenue streams are defined and specifics for the application of existing assessment methods are elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the potential role of bioenergy coupled to carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (BECCS) in long-term global scenarios. We first validate past insights regarding the potential use of BECCS in achieving climate goals based on results from 11 integrated assessment models (IAMs) that participated in the 33rd study of the Stanford Energy Modeling Forum (EMF-33). As found in previous studies, our results consistently project large-scale cost-effective BECCS deployment. However, we also find a strong synergistic nexus between CCS and biomass, with bioenergy the preferred fuel for CCS as the climate constraint increases. Specifically, the share of bioenergy that is coupled to CCS technologies increases since CCS effectively enhances the emissions mitigation capacity of bioenergy. For the models that include BECCS technologies across multiple sectors, there is significant deployment in conjunction with liquid fuel or hydrogen production to decarbonize the transportation sector. Using a wide set of scenarios, we find carbon removal to be crucial to achieving goals consistent with 1.5 °C warming. However, we find earlier BECCS deployment but not necessarily greater use in the long-term since ultimately deployment is limited by economic competition with other carbon-free technologies, especially in the electricity sector, by land-use competition (especially with food) affecting biomass feedstock availability and price, and by carbon storage limitations. The extent of BECCS deployment varies based on model assumptions, with BECCS deployment competitive in some models below carbon prices of 100 US$/tCO2. Without carbon removal, 2 °C is infeasible in some models, while those that solve find similar levels of bioenergy use but substantially greater mitigation costs. Overall, the paper provides needed transparency regarding BECCS' role, and results highlight a strong nexus between bioenergy and CCS, and a large reliance on not-yet-commercial BECCS technologies for achieving climate goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the overconsumption of fossil carbon resources, resulting in a large amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, caused by global climate change has become one of the major challenges facing all mankind. At the same time, the development and utilization of coal resources will produce a large amount of coal-based solid wastes containing calcium and magnesium, such as fly ash, desulfurization gypsum and other solid wastes. How to realize efficient CO2 capture and sequestration is a very challenging issue nowadays, as well as the large-scale comprehensive utilization of fly ash, coal gasification slag, and other large-scale heavy polluting industrial solid wastes is still in need of a breakthrough. Under the goal of “double carbon”, CO2 mineralization from coal-based solid waste is a potential strategy to effectively address global warming, and mineral carbonation of coal-based solid wastes containing calcium and magnesium has great prospects for carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) as well as for the resource-based disposal of solid waste. However, the industrial application bottleneck of CO2 mineralization in coal-based solid waste is still unable to break through. This paper reviews the current development of CO2 mineralization from fly ash (FA), desulfurization gypsum (FGDG), and coal gasification slag (CGS), with the aim of exploring the reasons for their technical limitations. Firstly, this paper briefly elaborates on the pathways for CO2 mineralization of coal based solid waste, revealing the reaction process and principles of CO2 mineralization of coal based solid waste. Secondly, the mineralization potential and process of typical coal-based solid waste were summarized and compared to clarify the mechanism of the regulation of the process parameters on the product properties during CO2 mineralization process. Finally, the performance of CO2 mineralization products from coal-based solid waste was summarized, and the feasibility of the mineralization process and its environmental impact were elucidated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This paper will provide optimization suggestions on the process technology of coal-based solid waste CO2 mineralization to promote the strategic goal of low-carbon transformation in the coal industry.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) appears to be essential for lowering emissions during the necessary energy transition. However, in Australia, it has not delivered this result, at any useful scale, and this needs explanation. To investigate the reasons for this failure, the paper undertakes a historical and social case study of the Gorgon gas project in Western Australia, which is often declared to be one of the biggest CCS projects in the world. The Gorgon project could be expected to succeed, as it has the backing of government, a practical and economic reason for removing CO2, a history of previous exploration, nearby storage sites, experienced operators and managers, and long-term taxpayer liability for problems. However, it has run late, failed to meet its targets, and not lowered net emissions. The paper explores the social factors which seem to be disrupting the process. These factors include the commercial imperatives of the operation, the lack of incentives, the complexity of the process, the presence of ignored routine problems, geological issues (even in a well-explored area), technical failures, regulatory threats even if minor, tax issues, and the project increasing emissions and consuming carbon budgets despite claims otherwise. The results of this case study suggest that CCS may work in theory, but not well enough under some contemporary forms of social organisation, and the possibilities of CCS cannot be separated from its social background. Social dynamics should be included in CCS projections to enhance the accuracy of expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the main technologies that can achieve fossil energy emission reduction, so the realization of the dual-carbon goal may require the promotion of CCS technology. For any country in the world, public support is one of the prerequisites for the commercial development of CCS technology. In order to identify the current acceptance of CCS technology in China, this paper conducts a questionnaire survey on the Internet from September to December 2021, recovering 302 valid questionnaires, as well as statistical analysis and hypothesis verification. We utilize the structural equation to quantify the impact of public awareness, benefit perception, risk perception, public trust, climate change awareness, and environmental awareness on CCS acceptance. We found the following facts: (i) In terms of cognition, 58% of the respondents have heard of CCS, and 10% know it better. (ii) As for acceptance, the total number of respondents who basically agreed, agreed and strongly agreed was 53%. (iii) Climate change awareness, public awareness, public trust, and interest perception have a significant positive impact on the degree of acceptance. Risk perception has a significant negative impact on acceptance. Public trust can adjust the relationship between interest and risk perception and acceptance. Public awareness affects the acceptance of CCS with interest and risk perception as intermediary variable. (iv) Lack of risk disclosure and research on CCS projects may lead to blind acceptance by the public. Given this, this study proposes that the government and researchers should strengthen their exploration of the benefits and risks of CCS to identify its advantages and disadvantages as a relatively new emission reduction technology, so as to provide support to the achievement of China’s carbon neutrality goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At COP28, Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage was declared a removal technology whose application must be accelerated. In 2017, the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) published the CO2 Storage Resource Management System (SRMS) as a framework for stakeholder communication. The SRMS guidelines were designed to support the creation of reports that inform readers regarding the contingencies that must be overcome to obtain project approval, uncertainty in the mass of CO2 that can be stored, and the commerciality of the project. However, working examples where the SRMS has been used to communicate project status in the public domain are limited. In 2023, the authors of this paper referred to the SRMS as the standard for completing an expert report, termed a Competent Persons Report (CPR), for the Viking Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) development in the United Kingdom. During the application of the SRMS framework, challenges were identified in conveying the progress made by the project proponent in identifying and addressing technical risks. This paper describes innovations developed to supplement the SRMS guidelines and improve communication with stakeholders. First, a flowchart was developed to explain a vital interpretation of the SRMS. Next, a defined framework of technical milestones was designed to assess the maturity of a given technical topic within the SRMS. This framework was combined with radial data visualization. The combination allowed multiple storage sites to be compared simultaneously and allowed stakeholders to quickly identify the maturity of technical analysis for any given site. We conclude that improving the consistency and clarity of CCS reporting to stakeholders can help build trust in this emerging industry.

Considerable efforts are made in order to reduce the power sector's carbon footprint. Paired with a realization that thermal power plants are likely to play a significant role during the transitional period towards a 100% sustainable energy system, carbon capture and storage (CCS) retrofit is becoming a growingly important consideration for a number of power plant operators. This paper analyzes the possibility of retrofitting a coal-fired power plant based in Croatia. A techno-economic model of the proposed unit is built setting up key elements of the technological solution and determining their capital and operational costs. Both a sensitivity analysis and a market analysis are conducted in order to best evaluate the feasibility of the CCS retrofit project. Particularities of South East Europe power sectors are considered utilizing an optimization software. Special consideration is given to the influence of the EU emission trading scheme (ETS) on CCS projects. Further research focuses on the main factors influencing the potential implementation of CCS. Key recommendations that might aid CCS deployment are outlined signaling stronger government support, stable regulatory framework, and market incentives as crucial factors able to foster CCS development. Considering the project in the study, analyses showed that, although technically feasible, CCS retrofit is currently not a financially viable option. Without a stable regulatory framework able to guarantee an adequate supporting scheme, the project is not market competitive. It is important to note that the economic gap of CCS retrofit has been considerably reduced during the past years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a workflow for delineating a risk‐based area of review (AOR) to support a US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Class VI permit for a carbon dioxide (CO2) storage project. The approach combines semianalytical solutions for estimating formation fluid leakage through a hypothetical leaky wellbore with the results of physics‐based numerical reservoir simulations. The workflow is demonstrated using a case study for a hypothetical 180,000‐metric‐ton‐per‐year storage project located in the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership region, which includes all or part of 10 states in the United States and four Canadian provinces. Under the scenario where the leaky wellbore is open to a saline aquifer (thief zone) between the overlying seal (cap rock) and the underground sources of drinking water (USDW), the risk‐based AOR is no larger than the areal extent of the CO2 plume in the storage reservoir because the pressure buildup in the storage reservoir beyond the CO2 plume is insufficient to drive formation fluids up a hypothetical leaky wellbore into the USDW. However, even under the conservative assumption that the leaky wellbore is not open to a thief zone, the incremental leakage beyond the areal extent of the CO2 plume is less than 400 m3 over 20 years. The approach outlined in this paper is designed to be protective of USDWs and comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act requirements and provisions for the EPA Class VI Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program (Class VI Rule) and North Dakota Administrative Code Chapter 43‐05‐01. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An equation of state (EOS) of CH4-N2 fluid mixtures in terms of Helmholtz free energy has been developed by using four mixing parameters, which can reproduce the pressure-volume-temperature-composition (PVTx) and vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) properties of CH4-N2 fluid mixtures. The average absolute deviation of all the PVTx data available up to 673.15 K and 1380 bar from this EOS is 0.38%. Combining this EOS of CH4-N2 fluid mixtures and the EOS of CH4-CO2 and CO2-N2 fluid mixtures in our previous work, an EOS of CO2-CH4-N2 fluid mixtures has been developed, which is named ZMS EOS. The ZMS EOS can calculate all thermodynamic properties of ternary CO2-CH4-N2 fluid mixtures and the average absolute deviation of the PVTx data from the ZMS EOS is 0.40% for the CO2-CH4-N2 system. The ZMS EOS can be applied to calculate excess enthalpies of CO2-CH4-N2 fluid mixtures, predict the solubility of CO2-CH4-N2 fluid mixtures in brine and water, and quantitatively estimate the impact of the impurities (CH4 and N2) on the CO2 storage capacity in the CO2 capture and storage (CCS) processes. The ZMS EOS can also be applied to calculate the isochores of CO2-CH4-N2 system in the studies of fluid inclusions. All Fortran computer codes and Origin drawing projects in this paper can be obtained freely from the corresponding author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shortage of urban water caused by CCS retrofitting over coal-fired power plants has become an emerging issue, especially in China where water resources are scarce. In this study, we quantified the impact of CCS retrofitting on water resources and analyzed the increased water pressures due to CCS retrofits in 234 cities of China. We identified 54 cities with 165 power plants that would face water pressure due to CCS retrofitting for achieving 2 °C targets. The results show that the average water withdrawal and water consumption of power plants in 234 cities would increase by 1.63 times and 1.49 times, respectively, involving 480 million people in China. The ratio of freshwater withdrawal to available water (WTA) and the ratio of freshwater consumption to available water (CTA) at the city-level increased by 0.2 and 0.06 under 2 °C constraints respectively, involving a population of 84 million people. Moreover, CO2-EWR technology does not provide relief from urban water stress. This paper assesses the water demand for carbon capture technologies and provides a basis for siting future large-scale deployment of carbon capture technologies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the modeling and simulation of an industrial-scale chemical looping combustion (CLC) power plant, including all process units (reactors, flue gas treatment units, heat integration, steam cycle, and CO2 compression train). A model of a 525 MWth CLC power plant was built using a rigorous representation of the solid fuel and oxygen carrier. Petcoke was considered the main fuel of interest in this study, and it is compared with other solid fuels. The flue gas compositions obtained with the model show that cleanup units are mandatory to comply with CO2 quality requirements. High levels of flue gas treatment, including 97.1% deNOx and 99.4% deSOx, are needed to achieve typical specifications for captured CO2. This is mainly due to the high level of contaminants in the fuel, but also to the absence of nitrogen in the CLC flue gas, thus resulting in higher concentrations for all substances. The high level of flue gas treatment is thus one of the important challenges for solid fuel combustion in CLC. The overall CO2 capture efficiency of the plant is estimated to be as high as 94%. Regarding the energy balance, a process net efficiency of 38% is obtained. Comparing the results with other available technologies shows that CLC exhibits one of the highest net plant efficiencies and carbon capture rates. CLC is thus a promising technology to produce clean energy from solid fuels. Finally, based on a sensitivity analysis, it is shown that process efficiency is mainly affected by the design and performance of the CLC furnace, the steam injection rate in the fuel reactor, the char separation efficiency, and the excess oxygen in the air reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Norwegian policy to reduce emissions in the short term and the strategies proposed to promote technology switching and facilitate Norway's transition to a climate-neutral society by 2050. Relying on European tradable emissions permits and domestic emission taxation is not regarded as sufficient to meet the ambitious long-term target of becoming a low-carbon society by 2050. The key policy recommendations from our analysis are: First of all, Norway should carefully reconsider the goals and policies in place aimed at sectors already covered by the EU ETS. Second, although subsidising electric vehicles has been a good policy in the past, the time may have come to gradually phase out these supports. Finally, establishing new 'green' industries in Norway should be based on sound economic principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) could be an effective measurement for carbon emission reduction in China. This paper summarizes the development of power sector in 2020, 2030, and 2050, and it classifies 18 scenarios including with and without CCS, respectively, in G1:low, G2:middle, and G3:high in 2020, 2030, and 2050. It adopts China's input-output table (IO table) and analyzes the different mitigation strategies for power sector. In particular, this paper builds a new China's input-output table based on aggregating the sectors in IO table and disaggregating the power sector into 11 different technologies which are coal-fire power, coal-fire power with CCS, natural gas power, natural gas power with CCS, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, solar power, biomass power, geothermal power, and ocean power. Through input-output model, this paper estimates gross value added (GVA) and employment effects of different scenarios of different technologies in power sector in China. It finds that the differences of GVA and employment effects among different scenarios are large. In CCS scenarios, the coal-fire power with CCS contribute 1.48–1.63 × 1010 RMB in 2020, 1.09–1.55 × 1010 RMB in 2030, and 0.85–1.20 × 1010 RMB in 2050 for gross value added. Meanwhile, the employments of coal-fire power with CCS can add the jobs of 11,966–17,159 in 2020; 10,419–16,228 in 2030; and 8977–12,571 in 2050. CCS sector contributes the higher employment than in the renewable power sectors. Meanwhile, coal mining industry, equipment manufacturing industry, and metallic industry take main contribution to the employment of CCS sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]