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Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) is caused by Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), an infectious diseasecausing huge economic loss in dairy cattle. To keep dairy farming healthy and highly productive, there should be an IBR surveillance programme in dairy cattle, hence a study on the seroprevalence of IBR was undertaken in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands where the density of livestock population was more. A total of 418 cattle serum samples during 2019-20 from 11 villages of two districts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands were screened for IBR antibodies using ICAR-NIVEDI Avidin Biotin ELISA, of which 107 were found positive revealing 25.60% of seropositivity. HF crossbred and Jersey breed showed seropositivity of 24.06% and 33.33% respectively. Cattle of 5-6 years of age showed high seropositivity of 27.65- 38.98%. Hence, it is recommended to test raw fresh semen/frozen semen straws, dairy animals regularly for IBR antigen/ antibodies to avoid the spread of infection.

As for other European countries, IBR is a significant cause of financial losses in cattle in Slovakia. The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic prepared a voluntary IBR control program for cattle farms in 1995, which was implemented in 1996. In subsequent years, 48-119 farms/year enrolled in the voluntary IBR control program. Since the end of 2006, the IBR control program became compulsory by law for all cattle farms in Slovakia. Serology was used to identify infected animals using a conventional ELISA amongst non-vaccinated cattle and a gE specific ELISA in cattle vaccinated with marker vaccine. Eradication is based on culling when the serological prevalence of IBR in a herd is below 15%. When the prevalence is higher than 15%, the culling is combined with the application of a marker vaccine. A radical method where all animals are slaughtered is used with the agreement of the farmer when appropriate, especially for very small herds. Depending upon the selected eradication method, the antibody positive cattle can be gradually replaced in the herds to eliminate financial losses due to the disease. The movement of cattle is under strict control requiring a health certificate issued by the state veterinary authority and the movement must be recorded in the central livestock registry. The next step for herds is monitoring to achieve official IBR-free status. Based on the official figures from The State Veterinary and Food Administration, 60.2% herds were free of IBR in Slovakia in 2020.

In the Netherlands, the feasibility of a national control program for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is discussed. The aim of this program would be to achieve freedom from BoHV1 circulation (the causal agent of IBR), in the Dutch cattle population. When IBR would be eradicated, maintaining the free status is essential and insight in the probability of introduction of IBR through cattle imports is crucial. Values for input parameters such as the number of imports per country of origin, herd level prevalence and probability that a random imported animal per age category was either acutely or latently infected with IBR were quantified. A stochastic simulation model was built to predict the basic risk and the efficacy of four risk mitigating scenarios were evaluated. These scenarios involved testing prior to import, import restrictions and vaccination. The model output predicted that IBR infected animals are imported regularly. In an IBR free situation, 571 (5th and 95th percentile: 431-781) cattle herds will be newly infected. Latent infections account for most newly infected herds (77%). When the virus in the imported latently infected animal does not reactivate, subsequent impact of such infections remains limited. The model predicted that most of the herds infected by introduction of acutely infected animals would be veal herds. The scenario in which imports were only allowed from status 9 or 10 countries combined with testing cattle that originated from status 9 countries was most effective in reduction of the import risk to 70 herds per year. The scenario in which vaccination of calves was combined with testing of older cattle was estimated to reduce the number of newly infected herds to 82 per year. The stakeholders classified the latter scenario as most realistic because this scenario was deemed both feasible and rather effective. This study did not evaluate the impact of introduction of IBR in the cattle population, which might differ depending on the type of infection (acute vs. latent) and the herd type in which the virus is introduced. Moreover, when making the final decision about the optimal intervention, the economic perspective should also be taken into account. This study predicted that introduction of IBR will remain a risk for the Dutch cattle population after virus circulation is eliminated from the Netherlands. The import risk is reduced most in scenarios in which testing and vaccination are combined.

The bachelor thesis on topic "Effect of eradication process (IBR) in selected herd of redspotted cattle (Jasanka s.r.o)" deals with diseases in heard of cattle. Literary overview of the thesis is divided into particular chapters, the first chapter deals with significance of cattle breeding, which introduces thesis issues. Chapter, which separately describes czech spotted cattle as concrete species, follows. Within the chapter of thesis author is focused on the characteristics of this race, its linear description, nutrition and economics of cattle breeding. Next comprehensive chapter deals with specific disease IBR, diagnosis, symptoms and eradication possibilities. Last chapter defines National IBR eradication programme in Czech republic. In second part of the thesis, which is called material and methodology, author devoted to IBR disease in practice. In selected herd of Jasanka s.r.o. company author monitored development of the disease, what are disease consequences and how successful was the eradication performed within National eradication programme.

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) occurs worldwide, requiring significant resources for eradication programs or surveillance purposes. The status of infection is usually detected by serological methods using the virus neutralization test (VNT) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on individual sera. The gE DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccines approach, adopted in order to reduce the virus circulation and prevent clinical signs, have tightened the range of available methods for the serological diagnosis. Different gE blocking ELISA could be performed to detect specific antibodies in sera of infected or whole virus-vaccinated animals but with less sensitivity if applied to bulk milk samples, especially in marker-vaccinated herds. A new rec-gE ELISA was recently developed in Italy and applied with good performances on blood serum samples. The present paper focuses on the application of a rapid protocol for purification/concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from bulk milk and on the use of the new rec-gE indirect ELISA. The study involved three different partners and 225 herds (12,800 lactating cows) with different official IBR diagnostic statuses. The diagnostic specificity of the method was demonstrated closed to 100% while the diagnostic sensitivity was strictly related to the herd-seroprevalence. Considering 2.5% as the limit of detection of within-herd seropositivity prevalence, the diagnostic sensitivity showed by the proposed method was equal to 100%. A single reactivation of a whole strain vaccine in an old cow was detected inside a group of 67 lactating cows, showing the field applicability of the method.

Bu çalışmada, Diyarbakır yöresindesindirim ve solunum sistemi hastalıklarının klinik semptomlarını gösteren hastasığırlarda EBL, BVD, IBR ve BT enfeksiyonlarının rollerinin araştırılmasıamaçlandı. Araştırmada halk elinde bulunan ve belirtilen hastalıklara karşıaşılanmamış 1 yaş ve üstü farklı ırk ve cinsiyette, sindirim ve solunum sistemihastalıklarının klinik semptomlarını gösteren 109 sığırdan elde edilen kanserumları kullanıldı. Serum örnekleri ELISA testi ile belirtilen etkenleryönünden incelendi. Test edilen kan serumu örneklerinde EBL, BVD, IBR ve BTenfeksiyonlarının seropozitiflik oranları sırasıyla % 1.83, % 71.56, % 47.71 ve % 17.43 olarak tespitedildi. Bu enfeksiyon etkenlerinin bölge sığırlarının sindirim ve solunumsistemi hastalıklarında rol aldığı ve bu nedenle bölgede bu hastalıkların önlenmesiiçin kontrol ve eradikasyon çalışmalarının yapılması gerektiği kanaatinevarıldı., In this study, it wasaimed to investigate the roles of EBL, BVD, IBR and BT infections in cattleshowing the clinical symptoms of digestive and respiratory system diseases inDiyarbakır region. The material of studyconstituted;109 cattle blood sera showing the clinical symptoms of digestiveand respiratory system diseases in different races and sexes over the age ofone year which housed in public hands and unvaccinated against the specifieddiseases were used. Serum samples were examined for the agents which mentionedabove by ELISA test. Seropositivityrates of EBL, BVD, IBR and BT infections were determined as 1.83 %, 71.56 %,47.71 % and 17.43 %, respectively in the tested blood sera. It was concludedthat these infectious agents play a role in digestive and respiratory diseasesof the cattle of the region and therefore control and eradication studiesshould be done in order to prevent these diseases in the region.

Two hundred and thirty-nine cattle from Gauteng Province in South Africa were tested for various pathogens causing reproductive diseases including bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD) virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IBR/IPV) virus, Neospora caninum and Brucella abortus using various tests. For BVD/MD virus, 49.37 % tested positive, 74.47 % for IBR/IPV virus, 8.96 % for Neospora caninum and 3.8 % for Brucella abortus. The result for Brucella abortus is higher than the national average, possibly due to the small sample size. A high seroprevalence of antibodies to both BVD/MD virus and IBR/IPV virus was evident. These 2 viruses should be considered, in addition to Brucella abortus, when trying to establish causes of abortion in cattle. The clinical significance of Neospora caninum as a cause of abortion in Gauteng needs further investigation. One hundred and forty-three bulls were tested for Campylobacter fetus and Trichomonas fetus, and a low prevalence of 1.4 % and 2.1 % respectively was found in this study. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) caused by Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) infects cattle and widely spreads in Indonesia. The disease infected cattle in breeding centers, artificial insemination centers and also holderfarmers. This infectious disease may cause economical losses primarily due to reproductive failure of infected animals. Recommended strategy for disease control is step by step control with priorities, started from upper to downstream, from breeding and artificial insemination (AI) centers as the first priority, then village breeding centers as the second priority, and the last priority is in cattle owned by smallholders. In the breeding and AI centers, eradication of the disease is carried out by surveilance, excluding reactors, and applying biosecurity. In the village breeding centers, the use of semen for AI should come from centers that free from IBR, the use of bull that free from IBR, surveilance and application of biosecurity. At the farmer levels, IBR control is bone by using semen from AI centers free from IBR and routine vaccination. The final step is performed after evaluating the successful rate and economic impact of the disease control.

We investigated the effect of vaccination of male beef calves (mean age+/-S.D.: 158+/-31 days) against bovine herpes virus (BHV-1 or IBR virus), bovine respiratory syncitial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus and para-influenza (PI(3)) virus on the incidence of respiratory disease during the first forty days after weaning and entering a feed-lot in Portugal. In May 2003, Mertolenga, Preta and mixed-breed calves from 10 different beef herds, were systematically assigned (by order of entrance in a chute) to two treatment groups, before moving to a common feed-lot. One hundred and twenty five male calves were vaccinated with a quadrivalent vaccine (Rispoval 4) and revaccinated after 21-27 days while 148 herdmates were injected with saline (0.9% NaCl) on the same occasions. The incidence and severity of clinical cases of "bovine respiratory disease" (BRD) were evaluated every day during the first 40 days after entering the feed-lot. Morbidity (3% vs. 14%) and mortality (0% vs. 4%) due to BRD were significantly lower in the vaccinated group. Ten days after revaccination, the calves were treated with an antimicrobial - ending the study - after an outbreak of BRD caused a high incidence of disease in the non-vaccinated group. In conclusion, our results showed that Rispoval 4, a quadrivalent vaccine against respiratory viruses, under field conditions, reduces morbidity and mortality due to BRD in beef calves after weaning.

Background Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) is a member of the viral subfamily of Alphaherpesvirinae that infects various species, including cattle, sheep, and goats. The virus causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), which is included in a European list of diseases that may require control and eradication programs. The lack of confirmatory tests affects the validity of diagnostic tools, especially those used for vaccinated herds. In this study, we report the development and validation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on BoHV1 glycoprotein E, which was expressed as a secreted recombinant antigen in a mammalian cell system. The performance of the new rec-gE ELISA was compared with that of commercially available indirect and/or blocking ELISAs. Results The sample set included blood sera from animals from IBR-positive farms, IBR-free farms, and marker-vaccinated farms. The indirect ELISA proposed in this study is based on antibody reactivity against BoHV1 gE, and showed high sensitivity and specificity (98.41 and 99.76 %, respectively). Conclusions The ELISA performed well, in terms of both its diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and as a confirmatory methodology, and therefore should improve the diagnostic protocols used for IBR surveillance.

A distribuição de anticorpos neutralizantes para o herpesvirus bovino 1 (HVB 1) foi estudada em quatro faixas etárias de bovinos, em 21 rebanhos de leite e de corte. Os resultados da sorologia foram analisados e relacionados com as respostas de questionários aplicados aos responsáveis pelos rebanhos. As taxas de freqüência de anticorpos neutralizantes para o HVB 1 foram comparadas segundo a aptidão e a faixa etária. Fatores como tipo de manejo e idade dos animais influenciaram na distribuição de anticorpos para o HVB 1. The distribution of neutralizing antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1) was studied in 21 beef and dairy cattle herds, in four different age groups. The results were analyzed and related with answers given to a questionnaire proposed to the farmers. The frequency rates of neutralizing antibodies for the BHV 1 were compared according to the dairy or beef herds and age of the animals. The animal husbandry and age influenced the distribution of neutralizing antibodies to this virus.

A distribuição de anticorpos neutralizantes para o herpesvirus bovino 1 (HVB 1) foi estudada em quatro faixas etárias de bovinos, em 21 rebanhos de leite e de corte. Os resultados da sorologia foram analisados e relacionados com as respostas de questionários aplicados aos responsáveis pelos rebanhos. As taxas de freqüência de anticorpos neutralizantes para o HVB 1 foram comparadas segundo a aptidão e a faixa etária. Fatores como tipo de manejo e idade dos animais influenciaram na distribuição de anticorpos para o HVB 1.The distribution of neutralizing antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1) was studied in 21 beef and dairy cattle herds, in four different age groups. The results were analyzed and related with answers given to a questionnaire proposed to the farmers. The frequency rates of neutralizing antibodies for the BHV 1 were compared according to the dairy or beef herds and age of the animals. The animal husbandry and age influenced the distribution of neutralizing antibodies to this virus.

La Rinotraqueítis Infecciosa Bovina (IBR) pertenece a un conjunto de enfermedades virales que causan pérdidas relacionadas con trastornos reproductivos. A objeto de conocer la situación particular de esta noxa y su potencial de riesgo dentro de los municipios Manuel Monge, Veroes y Nirgua del estado Yaracuy, en consideración de los diferentes estratos etarios y unidad de explotación. Para tal fin se realizó un estudio serológico sobre catorce (14) fincas de doble propósito. Para su procesamiento se empleó la técnica de ELISA competitivo en 604 vacunos. Los resultados señalan una prevalencia general de 75,8%, la cual sugiere un proceso de expansión y un alto nivel de riesgo de expresión de la enfermedad. El análisis por municipios señala al municipio Veroes con la mayor prevalencia (87,3%), seguido de Nirgua con un 81%, mientras que Manuel Monge presento un 68,3%, con diferencias significativas (p

La prevalencia del virus herpes bovino 1 (BHV-1) se determinó en bovinos de crianza extensiva, sin historia de vacunación, y mayormente cruzados, en tres distritos de la provincia de San Pablo, Cajamarca. Se colectaron 480 muestras de sangre de bovinos para la detección de anticuerpos contra el BHV-1 mediante la prueba de neutralización viral. Se determinó que el 0.6 ± 0.7% (3/480) de los animales presentaron anticuerpos contra el BHV-1. Las tres vacas serorreactoras fueron Holstein, mayores de 6 años de edad y pertenecieron a un solo hato, y presentaron títulos de anticuerpos de 1:64 (2) y 1:32 (1). Los resultados indicaron que la enfermedad se encuentra poco difundida entre los animales de la zona en estudio, por lo que se deberá evitar el ingreso de animales infectados., The prevalence of the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) was studied in cattle raised under an extensive rearing system andwithout history of vaccination. Herds were located in the province of San Pablo, department of Cajamarca, Peru. Blood samples from 480 bovine were collected for detection of antibodies against BHV-1 by viral neutralization test. The seroprevalence was 0.6 ± 0.7% (3/480). The three positive Holstein cows, older than 6 years, were part of the same herd and the antibody titers were 1:64 (2) and 1:32 (1). The results indicated that the BHV-1 is now widely distributed in cattle of the studied region.

In general, members of the Alphaherpesvirinae use the epithelium of the upper respiratory and/or genital tract as a preferential site for primary replication. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) may replicate at both sites and cause two major clinical entities designated as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis/balanoposthitis (IPV/IPB) in cattle. It has been hypothesized that subtype 1.1 invades preferentially the upper respiratory mucosa whereas subtype 1.2 favors replication at the peripheral genital tract. However, some studies are in contrast with this hypothesis. A thorough study of primary replication at both mucosae could elucidate whether or not different BoHV-1 subtypes show differences in mucosa tropism. We established bovine respiratory and genital organ cultures with emphasis on maintenance of tissue morphology and viability during in vitro culture. In a next step, bovine respiratory and genital mucosa explants of the same animals were inoculated with several BoHV-1 subtypes. A quantitative analysis of viral invasion in the mucosa was performed at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post inoculation (pi) by measuring plaque latitude and penetration depth underneath the basement membrane. All BoHV-1 subtypes exhibited a more profound invasion capacity in respiratory tissue compared to that in genital tissue at 24 h pi. However, at 24 h pi plaque latitude was found to be larger in genital tissue compared to respiratory tissue and this for all subtypes. These similar findings among the different subtypes take the edge off the belief of the existence of specific mucosa tropisms of different BoHV-1 subtypes.

La prevalencia del virus herpes bovino 1 (BHV-1) se determinó en bovinos de crianza extensiva, sin historia de vacunación, y mayormente cruzados, en tres distritos de la provincia de San Pablo, Cajamarca. Se colectaron 480 muestras de sangre de bovinos para la detección de anticuerpos contra el BHV-1 mediante la prueba de neutralización viral. Se determinó que el 0.6 ± 0.7% (3/480) de los animales presentaron anticuerpos contra el BHV-1. Las tres vacas serorreactoras fueron Holstein, mayores de 6 años de edad y pertenecieron a un solo hato, y presentaron títulos de anticuerpos de 1:64 (2) y 1:32 (1). Los resultados indicaron que la enfermedad se encuentra poco difundida entre los animales de la zona en estudio, por lo que se deberá evitar el ingreso de animales infectados. The prevalence of the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) was studied in cattle raised under an extensive rearing system and without history of vaccination. Herds were located in the province of San Pablo, department of Cajamarca, Peru. Blood samples from 480 bovine were collected for detection of antibodies against BHV-1 by viral neutralization test. The seroprevalence was 0.6 ± 0.7% (3/480). The three positive Holstein cows, older than 6 years, were part of the same herd and the antibody titers were 1:64 (2) and 1:32 (1). The results indicated that the BHV-1 is now widely distributed in cattle of the studied region.

A survey of antibody to IBR was performed by serum neutralization test and ELISA in cattle sera supplied on demand sampling in Minas Gerais State, during the period of 1990 to 1999. Out of 5511 tested samples, 3206 (58.2%) were positive and out of 335 evaluated counties, 313 (93.4%) had at least one positive result. It was noted an increasing interest by farmers and practitioners on IBR serological diagnosis since 1995, when the amount of animals and counties submitted to test greatly increased in comparison with past years. The role of serology in adequate diagnosis of IBR is discussed.

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an important bovine pathogen that is responsible for causing respiratory diseases and reproductive failures. The presence of BoHV-1 in an in vitro embryo production system affects fertilization, maturation, and embryonic development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the developmental capacity of oocytes from naturally infected cows with no reproductive history. Moreover, this study investigated the presence of viral DNA in cumulus oophorus complexes (COCs). Experimental groups were differentiated by titrating the antibodies detected through seroneutralization assays, establishing three groups: seronegative animals (titer lower than 2), low titer (2 to 8), and animals with a titer above or equal to 16. COCs were obtained from 15 donors during 22 sessions of ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration. DNA was extracted from a pool of COCs obtained from all aspirations from the same donor as well as from whole blood and nested PCR reactions were performed. Only COCs with a compact layer of cumulus cells, an intact zona pellucida, and homogeneous cytoplasm were selected for in vitro culture and evaluation of nuclear maturation rate. After culturing for 24 hours, the oocytes were fixed and stained to evaluate the meiotic cell cycle stage. Oocytes that showed a chromosomal configuration in metaphase II were considered to have reached nuclear maturation. Compared with the other groups, the oocyte nuclear maturation rate in animals with a titer greater than or equal to 16 (50%) was compromised (P< 0.05). However, the viral titer did not influence the maturation rate of bovine oocytes in animals exhibiting low titration (62.2%) when compared with the control group (76.7%). Viral DNA was not observed in the blood samples but was detected in the COC pool from three seropositive donors. In view of the results obtained, we conclude that natural infections by the BoHV-1 virus can compromise the nuclear maturation rate in cows, depending on the titration levels of antibodies against the virus. Moreover, viral DNA could be present in COCs, contradicting the hypothesis that seropositive animals with no history of clinical symptomatology pose a negligible risk of transmitting BoHV-1 by COCs.