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Background and Aims: Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) pose a major health challenge for cattle in Indonesia. GIP infections affect the production and reproductive performance of cattle, resulting in economic losses. However, the prevalence and distribution of infections have not been comprehensively profiled at the national level. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of GIP infections in cattle in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Overall, 667 articles were identified from six databases in English and Bahasa Indonesia. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts based on the inclusion criteria (i.e., GIP prevalence in cattle in Indonesia), 67 articles were included in the data review. Data were pooled using a random-effects model in STATA software. Heterogeneity was tested using Cochran’s Q-value and I2 statistics, whereas publication bias was assessed using Egger’s regression test. Results: The overall pooled prevalence of GIP in Indonesia was 46% (95% confidence interval 37%–55%), with a total population of 17,278 cattle screened. The I2 value was 99.59%, Cochran’s Q-value was 15,957.25, and p = 0.001. The results of the regional meta-analysis based on the provinces in the three zones of Indonesia showed estimated prevalence rates of 54.0%, 52.7%, and 53.7% in Western, Central, and Eastern Indonesia, respectively. The parasite with the highest prevalence was Eimeria spp. (37.7%), followed by nematodes (34.4%) and trematodes (Fasciola spp., 21.4%). Conclusion: The findings reveal a high prevalence of GIPs in cattle across Indonesia, with significant variability across regions and parasite types. Eimeria spp., nematodes, and trematodes represent the most prevalent infections and underscore the urgent need for region-specific control strategies, including improved livestock management practices, routine screening, and integrated parasitic control programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Bovine eimeriosis is a disease caused by apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria. It is one of the most important and widespread bovine illnesses in the world. Some of the identified species of bovine eimeriosis have morphologically similar oocysts that are difficult to differentiate. For the identification of particular Eimeria spp., diagnostic laboratories are increasingly turning to DNA-based technology. This study aims to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) technique based on the internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) gene for the simultaneous identification of pathogenic Eimeria spp. in cattle from Sulawesi Island, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted by the DNAzol reagent from the purified Eimeria oocysts. Speciesspecific primers targeting the ITS-1 region were used to amplify the distinct Eimeria spp. Results: Using PCR ITS-1, this study showed that 36 of 120 fecal samples (30%) were infected by Eimeria spp. The multiplex PCR assay allowed for the simultaneous identification of six major Eimeria spp. in a single-tube reaction. The proportion of mixed Eimeria spp. infections was 100% (36/36). The maximum number of Eimeria spp. was five, and the minimum number was two. Conclusion: Identification of six pathogenic Eimeria spp. in cattle was successfully carried out by nested multiplex PCR using ITS-1 gene. In the future, a procedure to detect pathogenic Eimeria spp. in one tube reaction will offer economical and save diagnostic time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Eimeria spp. are gastrointestinal protozoans that affect animal productivity, thereby causing symptoms that range from bloody diarrhea to death. These symptoms cause economic losses to farmers. The distribution of Eimeria spp. in cattle has, therefore, been reported to have spread widely, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Indonesia is a tropical country at high risk of Eimeria infections. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and risk factors related to the levels of eimeriosis in beef cattle originating from different geographic areas in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Here, 817 fecal samples were collected from beef cattle in Indonesia, including 282 calves, 535 adults, 530 males, and 287 females. In addition, 156 semi-intensively and 661 intensively managed cattle were randomly collected. Then, fecal samples were analyzed by parasitology examinations. Results: Screening examination using the sugar flotation modification method showed that Eimeria spp. were prevalent in Indonesia, as 65.4% of the bacterial strain was detected. The prevalence of identified Eimeria spp. in Indonesia was highest in North Maluku (Maluku Island) (94.1%), whereas the lowest levels were observed in West Java (24.0%) (Java Island). The prevalence was also found to be higher in males (79.3%) than females (51.9%). Similarly, levels in semi-intensively managed cattle (66.7%) were higher than those subjected to intensive management (65.9%). However, its prevalence in calf and adult cattle was similar. Conclusion: Bovine eimeriosis spp. were detected at high prevalence in Indonesia, and high-level risks were observed in infected males, including those under the semi-intensive management. In addition, although the results from oocyst examinations were based on qualitative analysis, the endemicity levels of Eimeria spp. among farms in Indonesia should be considered because Eimeria spp. were distributed in most parts of Indonesia. Based on the results of this study, we provide the first information about the prevalence of bovine eimeriosis from different geographical locations in Indonesia, which have differing climates associated with the level of the existing risk factors. Hence, farmers are advised to pay more attention to strict biosecurity techniques on their farms, thereby favoring the early control of bovine eimeriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal parasites including Eimeria spp. are known to affect domestic animal productivity causing watery or lethal bloody diarrhea. However, there are few reports on the detailed distribution of bovine Eimeria spp. in cattle, particularly in developing tropical and sub-tropical areas. Using a total of 289 fecal samples collected from beef cattle on Java Island, one of the five main islands of Indonesia, fecal examinations by the Whitlock and sugar flotation methods and molecular surveys were conducted to reveal the prevalence of 6 Eimeria spp. As a result of morphological screening using Whitlock methods and sugar flotation, Eimeria spp. prevalences of 9.4% and 52.3% were confirmed, respectively. The prevalence was higher in younger cattle [under 1 year (63.9%), 1–2 years (75.0%) and more than in 2 year old cattle (42.3%)]. The prevalences of identified species were as follows: 10.4% for E. bovis, 2.8% for E. ellipsoidalis, 2.1% for E. alabamensis, 1.4% for E. zuernii , 1.1% for E. auburnensis, and 0.4% for E. cylindrica. Moreover, prevalences of 12.8% for Strongyloides papillosus , 7.3% for Trichuris globulosa , and 0.3% for Capillaria bovis were detected. Although the average number of oocysts per gram of feces was <100 among the positive samples, and cases of heavy infection were limited, the endemicity of these pathogenic Eimeria species among farms in Indonesia should be noted. Unlabelled Image • In our fecal examinations of Eimeria spp., all of examined 14 districts in Java Island were positive for Eimeria spp. • The prevalence was higher in young cattle under 2 years than those of over 2 years. • By PCR analyses, E. bovis was found to be predominant among the detected species. • The endemicity of the pathogenic Eimeria species among farms in Indonesia should be noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]