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The preparation, structure, and functional properties of carbon nitride such as its photocatalytic, catalytic, and adsorption activities have been examined. The template synthesis of g-C3N4 allows increasing its dispersion, specific surface area, and spatial ordering, leading to enhanced photocatalytic activity of such materials in the photoreduction of carbon dioxide and larger catalytic activity in the Knoevenagel condensation as well as in the oxidation of betulin (as a support for nanodispersed ruthenium) compared with the bulk analog. Increased adsorption capacity for H2 and CO2 is found in the case of non-stoichiometric carbon nitride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derivatives of betulin obtained by oxidation have broad pharmacological applications, demonstrating anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anticancer activity. Ru supported catalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride or N-doped carbon were prepared via a mild reduction of the initial Ru precursor with hydrazine. These catalysts along with Ru supported on carbon nanofibers and a mesoporous carbon support Sibunit were studied in catalytic oxidation of betulin. Ru/carbon nitride demonstrated catalytic activity in betulin oxidation higher than Ru/N-doped carbon (conversion of betulin up to ca. 70% and 30%, respectively). Selectivity to different oxidation products was dependent on the properties of the carbon supports.Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]