Search

Bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs), a pioneer class of material research for catalysis, were intensively explored. We report a versatile catalyst, core–shell (CS)@Ir–Cu bimetallic nanoparticles for organic oxidation reactions. (CS)@Ir–Cu BMNPs of Ir–Cu with a 1 : 1 ratio were synthesized by modified polyol reduction method from the solution of iridium trichloride and copper chloride in ethylene glycol (EG) as reducing agent and stabilized using polyvinylpyrrolidone surfactant (PVP). The synthesized (CS)@BMNPs were characterized using various analytical techniques. UV–Vis spectra and XRD analysis confirmed the formation of metallic precursor salts in nanoparticles. XRD also confirmed a FCC structure of the nanoparticles and their amorphous nature. Particle size distribution was determined by TEM and XRD; surface morphology was studied by FE-SEM techniques. Elemental composition of resultant particles was analyzed by EDX technique. Data from TEM and EDX confirmed that the resultant particles have a core–shell (CS) structure with Ir(0) shell on Cu(0) core (Ir–Cu BMNPs). As synthesized (CS)@Ir–Cu BMNPs were explored as catalyst for the oxidation of Congo red dye by HCF(III) ion in an aqueous alkaline medium. In terms of catalytic performance, the (CS)@Ir–Cu BMNPs are better catalyst as compared with Ir as well as Cu nanoparticles.

In this paper, platinum–copper (Pt–Cu) alloy colloid was prepared using the microwave-assisted polyol reduction method with chloroplatinic acid and copper chloride as precursors. During the preparation, the metal particles were loaded on the nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) using the sol–gel method. Catalysts with different metal proportions were prepared to investigate the activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and commercial Pt/C catalyst was used as control. A series of characterizations including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to study the morphology and composition of the catalysts. The results revealed that the Pt–Cu alloy can be well loaded on NCNTs and displayed good ORR catalytic activities, especially CuPt–NCNT1:3 with the mass activities as 0.12A/mgPt; Ik was 0.56 mA/cm2Pt, which was better than those of the commercial Pt/C catalyst. It was also found that the half-wave potential and diffusion-limited current curves were close to those of the commercial ones, which demonstrate a simple and effective way to prepare the catalyst for fuel cell.

MCM-41-supported ZnO-Cu(OH)Cl nanoparticles were synthesized via an incipient wetness impregnation technique using zinc chloride and copper chloride salts as well as water at room temperature. The catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and TGA, whereas surface and morphological studies were performed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The above studies revealed the incorporation of metal species into the pores of MCM-41, leading to a decrease in surface area of the nanoparticles that was found to be 239.079 m2 /g. The substituents attached to the ketone determine the rate of the reaction, and the utilization of the green solvent 'water' astonishingly completes the hydrogenation reaction in 45 minutes at 40 °C with 100% conversion and 100% selectivity as analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Hence, ZnO-Cu(OH)Cl/MCM-41 nanoparticles with 2.46 wt% zinc and 6.39 wt% copper were demonstrated as an active catalyst for the reduction of ketones without using any gaseous hydrogen source making it highly efficient as well as environmentally and economically benign.

Different benzylic compounds were efficiently oxidized to the corresponding ketones with aqueous 70% tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and the catalytic system composed of CuCl2.2H2O and 2,2’-biquinoline-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid dipotassium salt (BQC). The catalytic system CuCl2/BQC/TBHP allows obtaining high yields at room temperature under organic solvent-free conditions. The interest of this system lies in its cost effectiveness and its benign nature towards the environment. Benzylic tertbutylperoxy ethers and benzylic alcohols were observed and suggested as the reaction intermediates. Analysis of organic products by atomic absorption did not show any contamination with copper metal. In terms of efficiency, CuCl2/BQC system is comparable or superior to the most of the catalytic systems described in the literature and which are based on toxic organic solvent.

A new and efficient nanocatalyst was identified, synthesized and introduced and its catalytic activity was investigated in the Suzuki coupling reaction. This nanocatalyst can be synthesized by sulfonating natural asphalt as a high-carbon, cost-effective and accessible substrate using high-concentration sulfuric acid. After being neutralized by NaOH, it was transformed into sodium natural asphalt sulfonate (Na-NAS). Ultimately, the nanocatalyst was synthesized through a displacement reaction of sodium natural asphalt sulfonate with copper chloride. The solid derived (NAS@Cu) was identified using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), N2 sorption isotherms, Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and Fourier-transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). NAS@Cu is a heterogeneous catalyst with advantages such as having a high specific surface area, being environmentally friendly and economically sound and simple purification and separation from the reaction mixture. Moreover, the nano-catalyst was recycled several times without any significant changes in its catalytic properties.

Cu(II)Cu(I)/activated carbon (AC) catalysts with different copper chloride and cuprous chloride impregnation orders were firstly prepared. The effect of the Cu(II) additive on the catalytic performance of Cu(I)/AC catalysts for gas-solid acetylene dimerization was assessed, and the catalysts were characterized using XRD, TEM, TPR, TPD, TGA, BET, XPS and ICP-AES. The optimal catalytic performance is obtained using the Cu(II)0.3Cu(I)1/AC catalyst with an average acetylene conversion of 70.0% (reaction conditions: temperature: 100°C; acetylene gas hourly space velocity: 120 h-1). This value is an increase of 33.0% compared with the average acetylene conversion of 37.0% when the Cu(I)1/AC catalyst is used under the same reaction conditions. The results demonstrated that the addition of Cu(II) promoted the dispersion of the active components, inhibited copper loss on the catalysts, and enhanced the adsorption of reactant acetylene on the catalysts. Consequently, the results indicate that a suitable Cu+/Cu2+ mo...

The exploration of novel nanocomposite about two-dimensional (2D) nanoporous graphene (NPG) is of great significance for the further investigation of their outstanding properties and potential applications. Thus, an exceptionally facile and rapid strategy named combustion-reduction synthesis is reported. 2D NPG/cuprous oxide (NPG/Cu2O) nanocomposite can be obtained via combustion of graphene oxide (GO) and copper chloride in an oven at 450 °C for only one minute. By simply washing away Cu2O with acid, NPG was obtained. By burning away graphene, Cu2O nanoparticles were also obtained. As a new kind of hybrid materials, NPG/Cu2O nanocomposite presented much more excellent catalytic activity than the reduced GO/Cu2O nanocomposite, free GO, NPG and Cu2O nanoparticles. The outstanding catalytic property can be ascribed to the hybridization of Cu2O and 2D NPG architectures. With this new hybrid material, a chemiluminescence sensing platform was firstly constructed for fast, excellently sensitive and highly selective determination of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) with a detection limit of 3.5 nM. The as-established approach was successfully applied for quantitative determination of NADH in human serum and cell lysates. This strategy may open up a valuable avenue to fabricate a diversity range of nanocomposites containing nanoporous graphene and metal oxides with various potential applications.

An efficient method was developed for the synthesis of unsymmetrical N-arylsulfamides using sulfamoyl azides and arylboronic acids in the presence of 10 mol% of copper chloride as the catalyst. The reaction was facilitated in MeOH in an open flask at room temperature. Unlike the coupling of sulfamides and boronic acids, the use of sulfamoyl azides was found to be beneficial with respect to the yield and reaction time.

High surface area and heteroatom doping are crucial factors for porous carbon when it is used in supercapacitors. However, it still remains a huge challenge to integrate high surface area and rich heteroatoms into one material. Herein, we develop new type of N, O and S co-doped porous carbon with a highly porous structure derived from silkworm cocoons via facile carbonization and copper chloride activation. The silkworm cocoon-derived porous carbon (SC-PC) possesses both a high specific surface area (2826 m2 g−1) and a rich heteroatom weight percentage up to 21.9 wt%, including N (7.3 wt%), O (13.0 wt%) and S (1.6 wt%). Benefiting from the synergistic effects of the high surface area contributing to a large amount of ion absorption and rich heteroatom doping improving the pseudocapacitance, the SC-PC electrode displays a high specific capacitance of 435 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and an excellent capacitance retention of 93.4% after 10 000 cycles in a 6 M KOH electrolyte. Moreover, the symmetric supercapacitors can deliver a high energy density of 23.0 W h kg−1 using 1 M Na2SO4 aqueous solution, demonstrating that SC-PC developed here is promising for application in supercapacitors.

Cu as an active phase represents a great alternative in heterogeneous catalysis for biomass feedstocks. New Cu/KIT-5 catalysts were synthesized by varying the metal precursor in aqueous solution. Copper chloride, nitrate or sulfate were impregnated to three-dimensional mesoporous KIT-5 material and the catalysts were characterized. The catalysts were tested in hydrogenation of palmitic acid. We found that the catalytic activity trend as a function of the salt precursor is: NO3− > Cl− = SO42−. The catalyst prepared with CuSO4 resulted in high quantities of linear alkanes and alkenes, while the other two materials prefer the hydrogenation reaction to the alcohol. The hydrocarbon molecules produced over these Cu/KIT-5 materials point out the possibility of tuning their selectivity to desired products. Those features might be exploited for cleaner catalysts applied to biomass transformation.

The poly(acrylic acid) was functionalized with 1,2,3- triazole ring as chelate ligand and used for the modification of the surface of magnetic nanoparticles coated with silica layer to provide Fe3O4@MAPTMS@PAA@Triazole. Afterwards, copper chloride (I) was introduced to the aforementioned prepared core-shell for the preparation of Fe3O4@MAPTMS@PAA@Triazole@Cu(I). This nano-composite was fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microanalysis, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and FT-IR spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of the above-mentioned composite was examined in the selective oxidation of differently substituted benzyl alcohols using hydrogen peroxide as a commercially available and environmentally benign oxidant in acetonitrile at 60 °C, to obtain the corresponding aldehydes and ketones, selectively in high yields. Mild reaction conditions, ease of catalyst separation using an external magnet bar, short reaction time, and high conversions in the presence of low loading of catalyst were merits for the use this novel catalyst.&nbsp

Alumina-supported copper chloride serves as an industrial catalyst for ethylene oxychlorination, resulting from its high activity and selectivity. A better understanding of the detailed active site structure and reaction mechanism is highly desired. The present work aims to explore the dependence of the structure of active sites and the adsorption of ethylene on differently sized (CuCl2)n (n = 1–4) clusters supported by γ-Al2O3. The effect of the support facets (i.e., (110) and (100) surfaces) on the interface structures between the active component CuCl2 and the support was also investigated. The stronger CuCl2–support interaction was found on the (110) surface compared to the (100) surface, which is attributed to the stronger Lewis acidity of Al of the (110) surface. The adsorption strength of (CuCl2)n) (n = 1–4) clusters becomes weak with the increment of cluster size on the (110) surface. The cluster size has a profound influence on the interaction between ethylene and the clusters. Ethylene binds to a copper atom on the small clusters (i.e., CuCl2 and (CuCl2)2), while it extracts two chlorine atoms to form dichloroethane from the large clusters (i.e., (CuCl2)3 and (CuCl2)4), which explains the high activity of catalysts with high loadings upon exposure to ethylene. The effects of cluster size and alumina facets on the short d-band center and the Bader charge of the active sites result in the distinct formation energy of the chlorine vacancy and the interaction energy between C2H4 and the clusters. Thus, an improved catalyst could be achieved by the modification of the surface electronic structure via fine-tuning the support or adding promoters.

The absorption of oxygen by the styrene epoxy - CuCl2 - ionol system in methanol solution has been studied. The expression of the rate of oxidation in terms of the concentration of reagents and the form of the Arrhenius dependence of the effective rate constant of oxidation indicate its complex mechanism. The O2 uptake rate is directly proportional to the ionol concentration. The reaction orders with respect to epoxide and catalyst, copper chloride, are fractional, 0.4 and 0.5, respectively. The rates of consumption of ionol, epoxide and oxygen absorption are in a ratio of 1: 2: 5. Based on the consumed epoxide, the yield of free-radical particles during oxidation reaches ~ 40% (VO2/VSE) ≈ 0.4. It was shown for the first time that the absorption of O2 is characteristic of analogous ternary systems containing epoxides of a different structure.

In this work, the Al-magadiite is synthesized by the hydrothermal method. It is then used to prepare three copper exchanged materials using copper nitrate, copper chloride, and copper sulfate salts. The materials obtained were characterized and applied as antibacterial and antifungal agents against pathogen strains. The characterization methods showed the presence of four coordinated aluminum atoms in the magadiite framework. The presence of aluminum leads to the total exchange of interlayer sodium cations. Otherwise, the copper exchange rate is influenced by the nature of the counter-ion used. Indeed, the exchanged rate increased in the sense of copper nitrate > copper chloride > copper sulfate. The chemical analysis shows that the ion exchange of Al-magadiite with copper salts is accompanied with dehydration of Cu-exchanged materials. This result was confirmed by XRD diffraction, chemical analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy. This dehydration depends on the nature of the counter ion increase also in the sense of copper nitrate > copper chloride > copper sulfate. Tested as antibacterial and antifungal materials against pathogens strains, all the copper exchanged materials exhibited a good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria which increased with increasing the copper content of a sample. The best activity was observed in the exchanged sample prepared from copper nitrate. However, a low or no activity is observed against Gram-negative bacteria.

In the present study, three kinds of copper/titania-silica mixed oxides (Cu/TS) catalysts were prepared using copper chloride, copper nitrate, and copper acetate as copper precursors by the sol-gel method. The catalytic performance was tested in the vapor phase carbonylation of methanol free of halide. The characterization results showed that the interaction between copper and support was the strongest on the 10Cu/TS (Cl) catalyst, leading to the highest copper dispersion and the most surface Cu+ species. As a result, the 10Cu/TS (Cl) catalyst obtained the largest absorption capacity of CO and the maximum amount of Lewis acid sites. The catalytic performance results showed that the space time yield (STY) of methyl acetate (MA) was positively correlated with the content of surface Cu+ species and the specific surface area of the Cu+ cations (SCu(I)). Therefore, the 10Cu/TS (Cl) catalyst obtained the highest STYMA of 1.619 mol/h.kgcat. Moreover, the STYMA per Cu+ site was inversely proportional to the copper particle size, indicating that the carbonylation of methanol to MA is a structure-sensitive reaction. And the methanol conversion was positively correlated with the amount of surface acid sites. Furthermore, the active sites for the synthesis of methyl formate and dimethyl ether were also studied.

Vanadium-titanium-based catalysts are the most widely used industrial materials for NOx removal from coal-fired power plants. Owing to their relatively poor low-temperature deNOx activity, low thermal stability, insufficient Hg0 oxidation activity, SO2 oxidation, ammonia slip, and other disadvantages, modifications to traditional vanadium-titanium-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts have been attempted by many researchers to promote their relevant performance. This article reviewed the research progress of modified vanadium-titanium-based SCR catalysts from seven aspects, namely, (1) improving low-temperature deNOx efficiency, (2) enhancing thermal stability, (3) improving Hg0 oxidation efficiency, (4) oxidizing slip ammonia, (5) reducing SO2 oxidation, (6) increasing alkali resistance, and (7) others. Their catalytic performance and the influence mechanisms have been discussed in detail. These catalysts were also divided into different categories according to their modified components such as noble metals (e.g., silver, ruthenium), transition metals (e.g., manganese, iron, copper, zirconium, etc.), rare earth metals (e.g., cerium, praseodymium), and other metal chlorides (e.g., calcium chloride, copper chloride) and non-metals (fluorine, sulfur, silicon, nitrogen, etc.). The advantages and disadvantages of these catalysts were summarized. Based on previous studies and the author's point of view, doping the appropriate modified components is beneficial to further improve the overall performance of vanadium-titanium-based SCR catalysts. This has enormous development potential and is a promising way to realize the control of multiple pollutants on the basis of the existing flue gas treatment system.

Carbon nanofibers composite catalyst (Cu/CNFs) were developed by homogeneous polymeric solution based electrospinning and high temperature carbonization process in situ. The newly developed catalyst was thoroughly characterized through a series of characterization methods. The catalyst was carried out Ullmann coupling of N-heterocyclic compounds, N-arylationreaction and a wide range of aryl halides, and the catalyst performed excellent catalytic activity, selectivity and recyclability.

A copper-tartrate, [Cu2(Tart)2(H2O)2]·4H2O, was synthesized at room temperature in aqueous media using copper chloride and d -tartaric acid. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system P21 space group and was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, X-ray powder diffraction and the results are in good agreement with the single crystal structure. Catalytic properties for allylation of aldehydes were investigated at different solvents, and the best conditions obtained were using a mixture of CH2Cl2:H2O. The copper-tartrate obtained showed good performance as catalyst for different substrates and yields were between 62% and 95%.

The simultaneous decomposition of organic template and incorporation of copper ions into the zeolite were investigated during the heating mixture of copper chloride hydroxide and TEA-β zeolite under static air atmosphere. Detailed characterizations of the samples during calcination and subsequent copper removal treatment were performed with the aid of TG/MS, IR, XRD, pyridine-IR, XPS, 27 Al and 29 Si MAS-NMR. It was evidenced that the zeolite detemplation process facilitated the copper ions reduction and migration, inducing the solid ion exchange of copper species with TEA-β zeolite at lower temperature. These reduced copper ions migrated into the zeolite to occupy BrOnsted acid sites, and acted as catalysts to accelerate the oxidative decomposition of organic molecules significantly. The result showed that the virtually complete removal of organic template and incorporation of copper ions were obtained in one step by calcination at 350 °C for 3 h, and these ingoing copper species could be easily removed by re-exchanging with ammonium solution. After detemplation and copper removal, the purified H-β zeolite could still retain a well-defined structure and BrOnsted acid sites, showing a higher catalytic activity on the alkylation of benzene with ethylene compared with the conventionally prepared H-β zeolite.

A one-step preparation method for indenone and quinone derivatives via rhodium-mediated [5 + 2 − 2] and [5 + 2 − 1] decarbonylative cycloadditions of 1H-indene-1,2,3-triones and alkynes has been achieved. A rhodium(I) complex, [Rh(COD)Cl]2, with a bisphosphine rac-BINAP ligand was the most efficient catalytic system for this decarbonylative cycloaddition transformation. The [5 + 2 − 2] and [5 + 2 − 1] transformation processes can be enhanced by respectively adding copper chloride or hexacarbonyl chromium as an additive. This reaction is suitable for a broad range of alkynes and 1H-indene-1,2,3-triones and a variety of fused indenone and quinone derivatives were obtained in medium to high yields. More importantly, this work provides a new model for the direct activation of C–C bonds in less strained ketones without auxiliary groups.

The development of new heterogeneous Cu-based solid catalysts for hydroxyl radical (∙OH) generation plays a crucial role in degradation of pollutants at neutral pH circumstance. In this work, a Cu-doped graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) complex was synthesized in one-step pyrolysis process using copper chloride dihydrate and dicyandiamide as precursors. The results reveal that after Cu doping, the bulk structure of g-C3N4 was destroyed with fragmentary morphology formation. Besides, Cu0 and Cu+ were successfully embedded in g-C3N4 sheet. Moreover, amoxicillin (AMX) removal by heterogeneous electro-Fenton process was performed to evaluate the catalytic activity of the Cu-doped g-C3N4. 99.1% AMX removal efficiency was obtained after 60 min electrolysis under neutral pH condition when the current density was 12 mA cm2 and the catalyst dosage was 0.3 g L−1. Both Cu0 and Cu+ were stably retained in the Cu-doped g-C3N4 catalyst and AMX removal efficiency reached 91.1%, even after 5 cycles, manifesting the remarkable stability of Cu-doped g-C3N4. Also, Cu-doped g-C3N4 possessed excellent catalytic activities for AMX removal in various waterbodies. According to the catalytic mechanism analysis, the ∙OH was proved to be the primary reactive species for AMX removal in heterogeneous electro-Fenton process. Based on the identification of sixteen different intermediate products, the possible degradation pathways were proposed. This work provides a simple method to synthesize a Cu-based solid catalyst containing stable Cu0 and Cu + for degradation of pollutants in wastewater.

Catalysts CuCl2/13X were prepared from the combination of 13X zeolite and copper chloride, and they exhibited excellent stability and vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) selectivity in acetylene hydrochlorination. The effects of copper chloride loading amount, reaction temperature, acetylene space velocity and pretreatment temperature on CuCl2/13X catalyst’s catalytic performance were investigated. It was found that after pretreatment under 300 °C, 25CuCl2/13X displayed the best catalytic performance at reaction temperature of 220 °C and acetylene space velocity of 30 h−1, and its acetylene conversion and VCM selectivity was higher than 78% and 99%, respectively, and the catalyst’s reactivity slightly increased after 16-h reaction. Different techniques including low temperature physical adsorption of nitrogen, breakthrough experiment, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (XRD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize the catalysts. The results demonstrated that the strong HCl adsorption ability of CuCl2/13X catalyst and the enhancement between 13X and copper chloride explained why the catalytic performance of CuCl2/13X was better than that of CuCl2/AC.

Supported perovskite-type catalyst La2AlCoO6–CuCl2–γ-Al2O3 was synthesized by impregnation–sol–gel–mechanical-mixing methods and characterized by means of XRD, BET, H2-TPR, XPS, O2-TPD and TG-DSC techniques. It is found that there is a strong interaction between La2AlCoO6 and CuCl2. The catalyst La2AlCoO6–CuCl2–γ-Al2O3 reduces the reduction activation energy of Cu2+ → Cu+ and increases the amount of surface adsorbed oxygen species, which are advantageous to the transition of redox group Cu2+/Cu+, therefore promote the catalytic performance. The catalyst La2AlCoO6–CuCl2–γ-Al2O3 shows a superior catalytic activity for ethane oxychlorination with the C2H6 conversion of 100% and the C2H3Cl selectivity to 43.8%.

Four inorganic chlorides were introduced into hydrochloric acid hydrolysis to extract cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from microcrystalline celluloses (MCC) under hydrothermal conditions. The as-prepared CNCs were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The role of inorganic chlorides including ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O), copper chloride dihydrate (CuCl2·2H2O), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), and manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O) in the extraction and properties of high quality CNCs was determined. It is observed that the introduction of inorganic chlorides obviously enhanced the hydrolysis process through faster degradation of the disordered region of cellulose. Compared with those for pure hydrochloric acid hydrolysis, smaller diameter and a larger length to diameter ratio of CNCs could be obtained through salt-catalyzed hydrolysis, which could contribute to greater enhancemen...

The copper chloride catalyzed and iodine-mediated oxidative annulation of N-furfuryl-β-enaminones, generated in situ from reactions of furfurylamines with ynones, provides a practical access to polyfunctionalized pyrroles under mild conditions. This protocol expands the synthetic application of furans, which are readily available and can be sustainably sourced.

Two new mixed-metal clusters {CuM2(H2O)2[Cu(C14H16N2O3)Cl]6}·H2O (M = Mn 1, Zn 2) based on Schiff-base ligands were designed and synthesized by the reaction of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N′-bis-(3-carboxylsalicylide), copper chloride and zinc chloride or manganese chloride under solvothermal conditions. They were characterized by various techniques including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction (XPRD), elemental analysis, TG analysis, IR and UV-visible spectroscopy. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural, and display an interesting windmill-type structure built from a trinuclear mixed-metal center [CuM2(CO2)6(H2O)2] (M = Mn 1, Zn 2) linked with six [CuLCl] (L = C14H16N2O3) units. The oxidation of cyclohexene catalysed by 1 and 2 as heterogeneous catalysts was investigated and showed high activity. In addition, a magnetic study indicates that antiferromagnetic interactions exist in compound 1.

We present a comprehensive characterization of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by a polyol method, combining ethylene glycol, copper chloride, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium citrate and ascorbic acid. This simple and low cost synthesis results in a colloid containing nearly-monodispersed metallic NPs. Our investigation enabled two important stages to be distinguished during the growth reaction: (1) the first, revealed by in situ time resolved dispersive X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), corresponds to a fast reduction/nucleation and early growth of metallic NPs, later corroborated by ex situ XAS measurements. The resulting Cu nanoparticles have a mean diameter of 1.5 ± 0.8 nm, as determined by TEM; (2) the second stage, monitored by TEM, HRTEM and XRD measurements, corresponds to a slow aggregation growth where the mean volume grows linearly with time with a rate of 2.1 ± 0.3 nm3 per day – proceeding while the NPs are kept in the colloidal solution. Such slow growth rate allows the aging time to be used for tuning the NP size; nevertheless, we show that size dispersion also increases with time following a similar rate.

Isotherms of copper cation sorption by H-ZSM-5 zeolite from aqueous and aqueous ammonia solutions of copper acetate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate are considered in terms of Langmuir’s monomolecular adsorption model. Using UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and temperatureprogrammed reduction with hydrogen and carbon monoxide, it has been demonstrated that the electronic state of the copper ions is determined by the ion exchange and heat treatment conditions. The state of the copper ions has an effect on the redox properties and reactivity of the Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with propane and in N2O decomposition. The amount of Cu2+ that is sorbed by zeolite H-ZSM-5 from aqueous solution and is stabilized as isolated Cu2+ cations in cationexchange sites of the zeolite depends largely on the copper salt anion. The quantity of Cu(II) cations sorbed from aqueous solutions of copper salts of strong acids is smaller than the quantity of the same cations sorbed from the copper acetate solution. When copper chloride or sulfate is used, the zeolite is modified by the chloride or sulfate anion. Because of the presence of these anions, the redox properties and nitrogen oxides removal (DeNO x ) efficiency of the Cu-ZSM-5 catalysts prepared using the copper salts of strong acids are worse than the same characteristics of the sample prepared using the copper acetate solution. The addition of ammonia to the aqueous solutions of copper salts diminishes the copper salt anion effect on the amount of Cu(II) sorbed from these solutions and hampers the nonspecific sorption of anions on the zeolite surface. As a consequence, the redox and DeNO x properties of Cu-ZSM-5 depend considerably on the NH4OH/Cu2+ ratio in the solution used in ion exchange. The aqueous ammonia solutions of the copper salts with NH4OH/Cu2+ = 6–10 stabilize, in the Cu-ZSM-5 structure, Cu2+ ions bonded with extraframework oxygen, which are more active in DeNO x than isolated Cu2+ ions (which form at NH4OH/Cu2+ = 30) or nanosized CuO particles (which form at NH4OH/Cu2+ = 3).

An air-stable highly efficient reusable CuCl2-cryptand-[2.2.Benzo] catalyst is reported first time for coupling reaction of terminal alkynes with different acyl chlorides in the presence of triethylamine acting both as base and solvent at room temperature to give the corresponding ynones. Easy-going, short reaction time, cost-effective, palladium-, phosphorus- and solvent-free, high yield and recyclability up to 5th times make this method green procedure for ynones’ synthesis with wide substrate variety.

Copper ion is a common catalyst in the industrial process, where solvents are known to affect its catalytic efficiency. In this work, we studied the form and distribution of CuCl2 clusters in 1-hexanol and 3-hexanol for 2,3,6-trimethylphenol oxidation. Our results reveal that copper aggregation occurs in both solvents under relatively high CuCl2 concentration. But in low concentration, aggregation only exists in 1-hexanol. Besides, the aggregation is dominated by the competition between Cu-Cl electrostatic and van der Waals interactions of the solvents. Our results may provide a fundamental insight for understanding the product selectivity of phenol oxidation in hexanol solutions.

The effects on the stability of catalysts for the oxidative chlorination of methane due to evaporation of the active component (copper chloride) of the catalyst are studied. The volatility of copper chloride is shown to depend mainly on the catalyst composition and temperature. At a moderate 350°C in the reactor, the evaporation of copper chlorides after 5 h is 0.45% on a catalyst containing copper and potassium chloride and 0.72% on a catalyst containing lanthanum chloride. The stability of catalyst operation can be effectively maintained not only by decreasing the volatility of copper chloride, but also by feeding hydrochloric acid with dissolved copper chloride isolated from the reaction gas of methane oxychlorination at the outlet of the reactor (for the removal of reaction heat and the recycling of unconverted hydrogen chloride) back into the reactor.

A new and mild synthetic approach for the N-arylation of 2-pyridones with diaryliodonium salts has been developed. Most reactions proceed readily at room temperature in the presence of 10 mol % of copper chloride. As a result, a wide range of N-arylpyridine-2-ones were synthesized in yields of 23% to 99%. With this method, an antifibrotic drug, Pirfenidone, was successfully synthesized in 99% yield within 30 min at room temperature.

The paper describes the production of copper nanoparticles through the reduction of copper chloride (CuCl 2 ·2H 2 O) by hydrazine in the aqueous cetyle trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) solution. The copper nanoparticles were then supported on chemically activated Montmorillonite clay (MMT). The native and modified clays as well as synthesized Cu-nanoparticle-clay were structurally and texturally characterized by XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM and TEM in addition to the estimation of exchange capacity parameters. BET surface characterization revealed a decrease in surface area of the clay support after the incorporation of Cu nanoparticles. Cu/clay was then utilized as a catalyst for the degradation of aqueous solutions containing methylene blue (MB) over a wide pH range. Diverse kinetics models were employed to examine the degradation process revealing a better fit with pseudo-first-order model. The present study offers a novel modified clay based catalysts for the degradation of methylene blue dye contaminant from wastewater.

The Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by different copper precursors were used for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO x with NH3. The Cu/ZSM-5 catalyst prepared by the copper nitrate (Cu/ZSM-5-N) presented the best performance among the Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts and showed above 90 % NO x conversion at 225–405 °C. The average particle size of CuO was 5.82, 9.20, and 11.01 nm over Cu/ZSM-5-N, Cu/ZSM-5-S (prepared by copper sulfate), and Cu/ZSM-5-C (prepared by copper chloride), respectively. The Cu/ZSM-5-N catalyst showed the highly dispersed copper species, the strong surface acidity, and the excellent redox ability compared with the Cu/ZSM-5-C and Cu/ZSM-5-S catalysts. The Cu+ and Cu2+ existed in the Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts and the abundant Cu+ over Cu/ZSM-5-N might be responsible for the superior SCR activity.

Copper chloride catalysis is a well-established field in organic and inorganic chemistry. However, in most cases a detailed mechanistic understanding of the individual reaction steps and identification of reactive intermediates are still missing. The present study reports the results of spectroscopic and spectrometric measurements that support formation of copper agglomerates during catalytic processes. The composition of CuCl2·2H2O in several coordinating solvents and the influence of basic coreagents such as NaO(t)Bu and K2CO3 on the structure in the solid state as well as in solution were investigated. Several experiments involving crystal structure determination, IR spectroscopy, and ultra-high-resolution cryospray-ionization mass spectrometry were performed. The crystal structures of [CuCl2(H2O)]·0.5(CH3)2CO (1), [Cu2(CH3CN)2Cl4] (2), [Cu3(CH3CN)3Cl6] (3), [Cu3Cl6(THF)4] (4), [Cu(DMSO)2Cl2] (5), (H2N(CH3)2)2[CuCl3] (6), and [Cu4OCl6(THF)(urea)3]·3THF·urea (8) are reported herein. It can be clearly demonstrated that μ4-oxido copper clusters of the formula [Cu4OCl6(solvent)4] are the main product from the reactions of CuCl2·2H2O and basic coreagents. As a final result of these experiments, it can be stated that μ4-oxido copper clusters most likely play an important role in the mechanism of copper chloride-catalyzed reactions.

The Hg 0 adsorption and oxidation sites on the CuCl 2 -MF catalyst as well as the role of atomic Cu and Cl in Hg 0 removal were identified by a temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiment. The reaction mechanism with the participation of O 2 and HCl was investigated. The changes in surface chemistry of fresh, spent and in situ pretreated catalyst with O 2 and/or HCl were investigated by EPR and XPS to better understand the intermediate reaction products and steps. The results suggested that different mercury adsorption sites are existed on the catalyst: Cl adsorption sites and Cu adsorption sites. The binding energy of mercury on the Cu adsorption sites is higher than that on the Cl adsorption sites. O 2 and HCl significantly affected the state of Cu and Cl on the spent catalyst. The interaction between Hg 0 and CuCl 2 with the participation of O 2 and/or HCl follows three steps mechanism: (1) the reduction of CuCl 2 to CuCl for the interaction with Hg 0 , (2) the reoxidation of CuCl for the interaction with O 2 forming an intermediate copper oxygen chloride species, (3) the rechlorination of oxychloride species resulting in the restoration of CuCl 2 . This demonstrated that the interaction between Hg 0 and CuCl 2 is a cycle when O 2 and HCl are contained in the reaction system.

By using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a methylenating reagent, the copper-catalyzed CH activation of indole was demonstrated as an efficient and facile protocol for synthesizing 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) and its derivatives. The results indicate that copper chloride was the best catalyst among the investigated transition metal salts, which affords an excellent regioselectivity and good yield when tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was used as an oxidant.

A precursor mediated route is developed for the synthesis of a porous CuO nanostructure based on the hydrothermal method using copper chloride dihydrate and urea, followed by calcination at 400 °C for 4 h. The structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized oxide are examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and BET surface area analyses. The CuO nanostructure is utilized for the catalytic oxidative degradation of both cationic (methylene blue) and anionic (methyl orange) dye pollutants, respectively. It exhibits excellent catalytic performance with good reusability up to the fourth cycle of the degradation reaction. It also provides a new route for promising dye degradation in wastewater treatment.

We continue to consider some general patterns in the formation of chloroorganic byproducts during the process of ethylene oxychlorination in a fluidized catalyst bed. Based on the literature data, some conclusions are drawn as to chloroorganic byproducts generally resulting from the secondary conversion of 1,2-dichloroethane via the reactions of its dehydrochlorination and partial oxidation. An rise in process temperature increases the yield of byproducts. It is shown that the use of catalysts containing chlorides of alkali or alkali-earth metals along with copper chloride reduces the share from side reactions. When the process is performed under industrial conditions, it is best to use catalysts with low contents of copper on the outer surfaces of the grains. The penetration of iron into a catalyst due to the erosion of industrial reactor walls results in both a slowdown in the rate of oxychlorination and an increase in the yield of chloroorganic byproducts.

The studies were focused on the influence of various factors on the stability of catalysts for oxidative chlorination of methane due to evolution of the active catalyst components (copper chlorides). The volatility of copper chlorides was shown to depend mainly on the catalyst composition and temperature. When the average temperature in the reactor was 350 °C, 0,45 % and 0,72 % of copper chlorides escaped, respectively, the catalyst containing copper and nickel oxides and the catalyst containing lanthanum chloride as the activating impurity after 5 hours. Another way to improve the catalyst stability, apart from diminishing the copper chloride volatility, is to feed hydrogen chloride bearing copper chloride solutes isolated from the outlet reaction gas in order to abstract the reaction heat and to feed back the unreacted hydrogen chloride.