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The cashew peduncle has a high nutritional value and contains a wide variety of phenolic compounds. Among these, anacardic acids (AnAc) are biologically active components; however, they influence the cashew juice flavor and, consequently, its acceptance. This study validates a high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantifying the AnAc present in cashew peduncles, using a C18 reverse-phase column and a diode-array detector. The calibration curve obtained showed satisfactory precision for intraday (CV = 0.20%) and interday (CV = 0.29%) quantification, linearity (y = 2333.5x + 2956.2; r2 = 0.9979), repeatability with respect to retention time (CV = 0.45%) and area (CV = 0.30%), and selectivity, and possessed detection and quantification limits of 0.18 and 0.85 µg·mL−1, respectively. Different cashew clones containing AnAc were extracted and analyzed using the proposed method. A recovery of >90% was achieved using two sequential extractions. The total AnAc content ranged from 128.35 to 217.00 mg·100 g−1 in peduncle samples obtained from five different cashew clones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its high nutritional content, delectable flavor, and advantageous health effects, cashew production has recently expanded significantly on a global scale. Massive quantities of cashew by-products (nut shell, testa shell, nut meal, and bagasse) are produced during cashew industrial processing, with adverse environmental and economic effects. These residual biomasses still contain relevant content of bioactive or functional compounds, making their recovery an excellent opportunity to increase the sustainability and profitability of cashew production chains. Generally, these waste materials are disposed of incorrectly; however, if they are valorized for more adequate and complete uses, they can generate different products depending on the recovery routes. This review addresses this subject by covering significant studies and presenting the state-of-the-art strategies for extracting compounds with high-value-added from cashew by-products. The main idea is to use the biorefinery and circular economy concept using sequential extraction techniques to obtain several valuable products with prospects for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) contains phenolic lipids with aliphatic chains that are of commercial interest. In this work, a chromatographic method was developed to monitor and quantify anacardic acids (AnAc) in CNSL. Samples containing AnAc were analyzed on a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a diode array detector, equipped with a reversed phase C18 (150 x 4.6mm x 5 µm) column using acetonitrile and water as the mobile phase both acidified with acetic acid to pH 3.0 in an isocratic mode (80:20:1). The chromatographic method showed adequate selectivity, as it could clearly separate the different AnAc. To validate this method, AnAc triene was used as an external standard at seven different concentrations varying from 50 to 1,000 µgmL-1. The Student's t-test and F-test were applied to ensure high confidence for the obtained data from the analytical calibration curve. The results were satisfactory with respect to intra-day (relative standard deviation (RSD) = 0.60%) and inter-day (RSD = 0.67%) precision, linearity (y = 2,670.8x - 26,949, r² > 0.9998), system suitability for retention time (RSD = 1.02%), area under the curve (RSD = 0.24%), selectivity and limits of detection (19.8 µg mg-1) and quantification (60.2 µg mg-1). The developed chromatographic method was applied for the analysis of different CNSL samples, and it was deemed suitable for the quantification of AnAc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved an attempt to totally or partially replace maltodextrin DE10 (MD10) by cashew tree gum (CTG) as a drying aid agent in spray drying of cashew apple juice. The objective was to evaluate the impact of drying aid/cashew apple juice dry weight ratio (D/C, ranging from 3 to 5) and degree of replacement of MD10 with CTG (CTGR, ranging from 0% to 100%) on ascorbic acid retention (AAR), hygroscopicity, flowability and water solubility of spray dried cashew apple juice powder. AAR was increased from 72.90% to 95.46% by increasing D/C from 3 to 5. CTG was shown as a promising maltodextrin replacer, being more effective than the latter to decrease powder hygroscopicity. The most adequate drying conditions (D/C = 5, CTGR≥50%) resulted in more than 90% of AAR, and produced a powder with good flowing properties and water solubility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ana o 3 is an immuno-dominant cashew nut allergen. Four monoclonal antibodies to Ana o 3 (2H5, 6B9C1, 19C9A2, and 5B7F8) were characterized by ELISA and in silico modeling. The 2H5 antibody was the only antibody specific for cashew nut extract. In addition to cashew nut extract, the 6B9C1 and 19C9A2 antibodies recognized pistachio extract, and the 5B7F8 recognized pecan extract. All four antibodies recognized both recombinant Ana o 3.0101 and native Ana o 3. ELISA assays following treatment of purified Ana o 3 with a reducing agent indicated that the 6B9C1 and 19C9A2 antibodies likely recognize conformational epitopes, while the 2H5 and 5B7F8 antibodies likely recognize linear epitopes. In silico modeling predicted distinct epitopes for each of the anti-Ana o 3 antibodies. Screening extracts from 11 Brazilian cashew nut cultivars using all four antibodies showed slight differences in Ana o 3 bindings, demonstrating that these antibodies could identify cultivars with varying allergen content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cashew agroindustry generates substantial by-products that are often improperly used. Cashew nut testa shell (CNTS) has attracted interest due to its elevated fatty acid contents and phenolic compounds, raising the relevance of environmentally friendly extraction techniques for its recovery. CNTS was submitted to high-pressure (supercritical fluid extraction, SFE; pressurized liquid extraction, PLE; and subcritical water extraction, SWE) methods compared to traditional low-pressure (Soxhlet and maceration) techniques. Supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 as solvent was selective to recover fatty acids, such as palmitate (12.63 mg g−1), linoleic (39.03 mg g−1), stearic (29.65 mg g−1), and oleic (25.61 mg g−1) acids, as well as behenic (46.42 mg g−1) and erucic (28.00 mg g−1), quantified by GC–MS. In contrast, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, by pressurized liquid and subcritical water extraction, presented polyphenols like catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin identified by UPLC-PDA-ESI-QDa, known for their high antioxidant potential and biological activities. In addition, fractions of proteins and sugars were also recovered. Considering the different compounds in the raw material, sequential extraction routes were conducted to fractionate the CNTS and provide different products from an underestimated raw material. This novelty increases the value of the cashew processing chain, enhancing further applications of the extracts in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries.Graphical Abstract: The cashew agroindustry generates substantial by-products that are often improperly used. Cashew nut testa shell (CNTS) has attracted interest due to its elevated fatty acid contents and phenolic compounds, raising the relevance of environmentally friendly extraction techniques for its recovery. CNTS was submitted to high-pressure (supercritical fluid extraction, SFE; pressurized liquid extraction, PLE; and subcritical water extraction, SWE) methods compared to traditional low-pressure (Soxhlet and maceration) techniques. Supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 as solvent was selective to recover fatty acids, such as palmitate (12.63 mg g−1), linoleic (39.03 mg g−1), stearic (29.65 mg g−1), and oleic (25.61 mg g−1) acids, as well as behenic (46.42 mg g−1) and erucic (28.00 mg g−1), quantified by GC–MS. In contrast, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, by pressurized liquid and subcritical water extraction, presented polyphenols like catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin identified by UPLC-PDA-ESI-QDa, known for their high antioxidant potential and biological activities. In addition, fractions of proteins and sugars were also recovered. Considering the different compounds in the raw material, sequential extraction routes were conducted to fractionate the CNTS and provide different products from an underestimated raw material. This novelty increases the value of the cashew processing chain, enhancing further applications of the extracts in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study's motivation and novelty are related to the potential of raw (RCNS) and pressed (PCNS) cashew nutshell residues for producing bioenergy and renewable chemicals through their physicochemical characterization and pyrolysis processing (multicomponent kinetic analysis, thermodynamic study, and volatile product analysis). A thermogravimetric analyzer and an analytical pyrolyzer coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS) were used to perform the pyrolysis reactions. The pyrolysis behavior of RCNS and PCNS was accurately modeled with the help of the Asym2sig deconvolution function through five and four parallel devolatilization events, respectively. The average activation energies for the pyrolysis of RCNS and PCNS fell in the ranges of 63.8 − 249.3 and 91.1 − 167.4 kJ mol−1, respectively, as determined by four isoconversional methods (Friedman, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, and Starink). Pre-exponential factors ranging from 4.2 × 108 to 6.9 × 1016 min−1 (RCNS) and 4.8 × 108 to 3.2 × 1011 min−1 (PCNS) were estimated from the kinetic compensation effect. The master plots method evidenced that the most likely reaction models involved in the pyrolysis pertain to the nucleation-growth and n -order reaction mechanisms. Based on the multiple kinetic triplets acquired, the verification step of the summative rate expressions indicated excellent agreement between the simulated behavior and the experimental data, with a minimum quality of fit of 93.1%. The pyrolysis route can valorize both cashew nutshell residues to obtain renewable chemicals promoting the circular economy, as verified by Py-GC/MS analysis. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were the dominant components of the condensable volatile products at 650 °C, while reaction temperatures of 450 and 550 °C favored the production of oxygenated compounds. Due to the low potential energy barrier, the thermodynamic study attests to the viability of converting the studied residues into valuable products. The present results play an essential role in the utility of both cashew nutshell residues as inexpensive feedstocks for pyrolysis, possibly leading to bioenergy and biobased chemicals, which fall under the principle of valorization of lignocellulosic residues. [Display omitted] • A multicomponent kinetic description can help design and optimize the pyrolysis of cashew nutshell residues. • Deconvolution of devolatilization rates of cashew nutshell residues components (extractives, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin). • Higher activation energies for the pyrolysis of raw cashew nutshell compared to pressed cashew nutshell. • Up to 47.4% of aliphatic hydrocarbons were obtained in the condensable fraction of volatile products. • Results support pyrolysis in circular economy, converting cashew nutshell residues into bioenergy and renewable chemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]