Search

The field of planetary mapping and cartography builds almost exclusively on remote-sensing data and can be defined by three distinct concepts: systematic imaging as performed through spacecraft surveying, reference mapping as performed through the compilation of reference maps, i.e., regional to global image and topographic maps, and thematic mapping, which aims at abstracting and contextualizing spatial information to generate complex thematic maps, such as geologic or geomorphologic maps. While thematic mapping represents the highest form of abstraction of information that is provided through systematic mapping, thematic mapping also provides scientific reasoning in support of systematic mapping and exploration through spatially contextualized knowledge. For the development of knowledge, it is paramount to manage and exploit the value of thematic maps as research products, and to design a reliable and transparent development process from the beginning of the mapping phase as there is almost no validation for thematic maps. A key element in accomplishing these objectives is well-designed structures and metadata which are maintained within spatial data infrastructures (SDI) and shared as a coordinated process in research data management through data models. In this contribution, we focus on the need to transfer planetary thematic maps into findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable (FAIR), as well as transparent research data assets to facilitate improved knowledge extraction and also to compensate for limitations caused by the lack of conventional validation options. We review the current status of planetary thematic mapping, and we discuss the principles and roles of mappers and publishers in the process of creating and stewarding digital planetary maps and associated data products. We then present and discuss a set of recommendations that are closely tied to the FAIR concepts in research data management to accomplish such tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scientific work aims to highlight the use of analog topographic and cadastral maps in digital format, in order to have a better perception of the entire territory, but also to have an overview of all the geographical elements existing on it. This work contains the stages of its realization in which we have, the digitization of maps and topographic plans from analog format to digital format, in order to create a thematic map of the entire territory of the Eftimie Murgu Commune in Caraș-Severin County but also to observe its geographical elements plus territorial limits. Autocad 2013 and Raster Design 2013 were used to create this map for the entire territory. Mainly to introduce the maps and plans in these programs, we established the limits of the commune. With its help, it was possible to arrange the 1:5.000 cadastral plan of the entire County. Then, following also with the help of the territorial limit, the grid of the entire territory is made, discovering the nomenclature of each map belonging to the Eftimie Murgu Commune in Caraș-Severin County. For this, 1:5.000 military maps were used, which were attached according to the grid that was made. The entire work was done in Autocad 2013 and in Raster Design 2013 resulting in a digitized map and plan of the entire territory of the Eftimie Murgu Commune in Caraș-Severin County. Thus, we ended up having a well-established cadastral plan in which we can observe all its geographical and cadastral elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the work is to analyze, digitize and transform analog maps into digital format in order to modernize road infrastructure and land improvement networks. In this work, was pursued the analysis and digitization of analog maps at a scale of 1:25000 in digital format - L-34-78-D-b (Cărpiniş, Iecea Mică, Beregsău Mic) and L-34-79-C-a (Săcălaz, Beregsău Mare, Becicherecu Mic and Dudești Noi). The work presents the following stages in the realization of the project: the organization stage necessary for the transformation of the maps into digital format, the materials and methods used, the data processing in order to transform the analog maps into digital format necessary for the achievement of thematic maps that include the localities within the territorial administrative units Săcălaz, Cărpiniș, Becicherecu Mic, Iecea Mică, Beregsău Mic and Dudesti Noi. After analyzing the maps, it was concluded that, in order to digitize and transform the maps from analog to digital format, the following specialized programs are needed: AutoCAD 2013, Raster Design 2013 and TransDatRO 4.06. In order to digitize and transform maps from analog to digital format, the following methods are required: georeferencing, vectorization and data interpretation. After establishing the methods, this whole transformation process was carried out in the AutoCAD program through several stages, resulting maps in digital format in order to interpret the data and create the thematic maps necessary for the updating, modernization and acheievement on a modern basis of the infrastructure that connects the component localities of the 4 administrative territorial units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), represented by OpenAI's Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT), has brought up new opportunities across various industries and disciplines. These cutting-edge technologies are transforming the way we interact with information, communicate, and solve complex problems. We conducted a pilot study exploring making maps with ChatGPT, a popular artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot. Specifically, we tested designing thematic maps using given or public geospatial data, as well as creating mental maps purely using textual descriptions of geographic space. We conclude that ChatGPT provides a useful alternative solution for mapping given its unique advantages, such as lowering the barrier to producing maps, boosting the efficiency of massive map production, and understanding geographical space with its spatial thinking capability. However, mapping with ChatGPT still has limitations at the current stage, such as its unequal benefits for different users and dependence on user intervention for quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early modern Low Countries, narrative cartography was a thriving new medium aimed at disseminating information about events concerning the Dutch Revolt. News maps combined spatial and narrative information in order to tell the story of a recent event to a large audience, representing actions, moments, and (spatial) change. They were in essence temporal products. To keep the maps topical, map publishers released new map states by modifying their copperplates and adding the latest news, sometimes multiple times. This article analyses the 'updated' map series by the Amsterdam publisher Claes Jansz Visscher that reported on events in the Scheldt river area between Bergen op Zoom and Antwerp (such as the 1631 Battle of the Slaak). The central question is how and why Visscher incorporated temporal information into his news maps. First, it shows the tools and strategies how Visscher, in comparison to other Northern and Southern Netherlandish news map publishers, added temporal information to his maps. Then, the rhythm of mapping and the map narratives are put in the context of real-time events and news culture, and the circulation and use of the maps are interpreted in the context of memory culture and historical consciousness. The article shows how news maps imply specific narratives of events and invite contemporary and later users to engage with and 'navigate' the past, present, and future in ways that transcend the limiting idea of time as a linear progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communicating data has become vital in an increasingly data-dependent society. Because data are often communicated graphically, many colleges and universities are offering courses that teach the principles of data visualisation. In this article, the author reflects on his experience of teaching such a course at a liberal arts college. The course introduced students to the tidyverse suite of packages for the programming language R, including the data visualisation package ggplot2, which implements Wilkinson's (2005) 'grammar of graphics'. The packages sf and tmap were used to extend the capabilities of the tidyverse packages for analysing geospatial data and producing thematic maps. This article provides insights into effective teaching strategies, including intended learning outcomes, the core syllabus, pedagogy and assessment. Sample tasks and visualisations are also presented to demonstrate how essential cartographic skills were imparted to students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I used the 30 Day Map Challenge as a framework to structure my Spring 2023 Cartography and Visualization community college course. Students were tasked with a new mapping assignment following the themes of the Map Challenge to complete during each class meeting throughout the semester, as an alternative to a more traditional project-based lab structure. I sequenced lecture topics to accompany and elucidate the Map Challenge prompts, and used Socratic prompts on Google Jamboard slides to spur collaborative class discussions. As a whole, the ten-student class completed 80% of submissions for 27 required mapping prompts, submitting a total of 218 maps that fulfilled the prompts. Short, thematic mapping activities entailed greater repetition of software workflows as well as more opportunities for independent problem solving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of planetary mapping constitutes different activities within different contexts. Much like the field of cartography, it is an amalgamation of science, techniques, and artistic disciplines. It has undergone considerable changes over the last decades to cope with increasing demands related to data management, analysis, and visualization. Planetary mapping employs abstraction, which involves simplifications and generalizations. It aims to produce accessible visualization of planetary surfaces to gain insights and knowledge. Here, we show that different manifestations of this concept are interdependent and we discuss how different mapping concepts relate to each other semantically. We reason that knowledge gain can only be achieved through thematic mapping. The reasoning for systematic mapping and exploration is an intellectual product of thematic mapping. In order to highlight these relationships, we (a) develop in-depth definitions for different types of planetary mapping, (b) discuss data and knowledge flow across different mapping concepts, and (c) highlight systemic limitations related to data that we acquire and attempt to abstract through models. We finally develop a semantic proto-model that focuses on the transformation of information and knowledge between mapping domains. We furthermore argue that due to compositionality, map products suffer not only from abstraction but also from limitations related to uncertainties during data processing. We conclude that a complete database is needed for mapping in order to establish contextualization and extract knowledge. That knowledge is needed for reasoning for planning and operational decision making. This work furthermore aims to motivate future community-based discussions on functional semantic models and ontologies for the future development of knowledge extraction from thematic maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues related to the creation and use of digital (computer) territory models are extremely important in solving a number of problems in the field of urban and extra-urban territorial development, cadastral and thematic maps, architecture, engineering geodesy, cartography and in all the areas of investment design. This paper examines issues related to the nature of digital territory models (DTM) and their content, identifies certain problems in their use for specific practical purposes and points out appropriate solutions to these very same problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye movement is a new type of data for cartography and geographic information science (GIS) research. However, previous studies rarely built eye movement datasets with geospatial images. In this paper, we firstly proposed a geospatial image-based eye movement dataset called GeoEye, a publicly shared, widely available eye movement dataset. This dataset consists of 110 college-aged participants who freely viewed 500 images, including thematic maps, remote sensing images, and street view images. In addition, we used the dataset for geospatial image saliency prediction and map user identification. Results demonstrated the scientific benefits and applications of the proposed dataset. GeoEye dataset will not only promote the application of eye-tracking data in cartography and GIS research but also intelligence and customization of geographic information services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tactile cartography has always been a niche topic, but even among tactile cartographers, little attention has been paid to thematic tactile maps. Thematic maps are used in education and the lack of such materials makes it difficult to fulfill particular subjects' curriculums. In this research, we propose a methodology for automatic compilation of legible and cartographically sound educational thematic tactile maps that bases on the concept of anchor layers and uses unequivocal parameters for generalization operators. Using such an approach we were able to automate the most complicated parts of the procedure that deal particularly with the generalization of geospatial data. We verify the proposed methodology by preparing a sample case study 3D printed map that is later evaluated by students with visual impairments. We also evaluate a novel approach of hybrid map production that consists of both graphic and tactile content. Our results suggest that the proposed methodology can be used for fast and repeatable production of fully fledged thematic tactile maps and that it forms a significant step toward completely automatic tactile maps development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we examine best practices and future opportunities for the design of coastal web atlases (CWAs) supporting adaptive management. Coastal zones face significant challenges, and CWAs have emerged as a resource to organize maps and geospatial data in support of education, exploration, and decision-making about coastal issues. Our research is motivated by the Wisconsin Coastal Atlas ()—one of several U.S. state-based CWAs that are members of the broader International Coastal Atlas Network (ICAN: ). Specifically, we conducted a needs assessment that bridges adaptive coastal management user needs with three tenets of interactive cartographic design relevant to CWAs: map representation, interaction, and usability. The needs assessment included two stages: a competitive analysis of 10 state CWAs and a user survey with stakeholders from those states about their experiences with and opinions on CWA design. In addition to characterizing design patterns and values, the needs assessment identified important gaps informing future CWAs, such as: inclusion of a wider range of thematic maps; provision of hybrid basemaps providing context about the land and water sides of the coastline; implementation of spatial calculations and temporal sequencing for analysis and exploration; use of story maps to support CWA learnability; improved responsiveness between mobile and non-mobile devices; and customization of advanced analytical tools that support decision making about the most pressing issues facing our coasts. This research serves coastal managers, planners, researchers, educators, outreach specialists, and related stakeholders who benefit from findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) data and effective decision tools to guide management of coastal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence and rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), represented by OpenAI’s Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT), has brought up new opportunities across various industries and disciplines. These cutting-edge technologies are transforming the way we interact with information, communicate, and solve complex problems. We conducted a pilot study exploring making maps with ChatGPT, a popular artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot. Specifically, we tested designing thematic maps using given or public geospatial data, as well as creating mental maps purely using textual descriptions of geographic space. We conclude that ChatGPT provides a useful alternative solution for mapping given its unique advantages, such as lowering the barrier to producing maps, boosting the efficiency of massive map production, and understanding geographical space with its spatial thinking capability. However, mapping with ChatGPT still has limitations at the current stage, such as its unequal benefits for different users and dependence on user intervention for quality control.

Quantile, equal interval, and natural breaks methods are widely used data classification methods in geospatial analysis and cartography. However, when applied to data with skewed distributions, they can only reveal the variations of either high frequent values or extremes, which often leads to undesired and biased classification results. To handle this problem, Esri provided a compromise method, named geometric interval classification (GIC). Although GIC performs well for various classification tasks, its mathematics and solution process remain unclear. Moreover, GIC is theoretically only applicable to single-peak (single-modal), one-dimensional data. This paper first mathematically formulates GIC as a general optimization problem subject to equality constraint. We then further adapt such formulated GIC to handle multi-peak and multi-dimensional data. Both thematic data and remote sensing images are used in this study. The comparison with other classification methods demonstrates the advantage of GIC being able to highlight both middle and extreme values. As such, it can be regarded as a general data classification approach for thematic mapping and other geospatial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work in data visualization has demonstrated that small, perceptually-distinct color palettes—such as those used in categorical mapping—can connote significant affective qualities. Data that are mapped or otherwise visualized are also often emotive in nature, either inherently (e.g., climate change, disease mortality rates), or by design, such as can be found in visual storytelling. However, little is known about how the affective qualities of color interact with those of data context in visualization design. This article describes the results of a crowdsourced study on the influence of affectively congruent versus incongruent color schemes on categorical map-reading response. We report both objective (pattern detection; area comparison) and subjective (affective quality; appropriateness; preference) measures of map-reader response. Our results suggest that affectively congruent colors amplify perceptions of the affective qualities of maps with emotive topics, affective incongruence may cause confusion, and that affective congruence is particularly influential in maps of positive-leaning data topics. Finally, we offer preliminary design recommendations for balancing color congruence with other design factors, and for synthesizing color and affective context in thematic map design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space as an epistemological category has a long history within the humanities in general and has attracted increasing attention more recently in translation studies. It has come to be understood predominantly as a discursive category (e.g., cultural spaces in a figurative sense) and the product of social interactions (cf. the relationship between agents). This contribution focuses for the first time on the physical movement within an eminent translatorial project at the beginning of the 19th century in Russia. Where do these translators come from, where do they move to and where do they leave after finishing the translation? In addressing those questions, this case study brings to the fore the relevant spatial relations of translators, translations and other agents engaged in a translation. Several thematic maps are produced, which are helpful for visualizing these movements in space and for situating a translation space in the context of its physical surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated geophysical mapping benefits from visualizing multi-source datasets including gravity and satellite altimetry data using 2D and 3D techniques. Applying scripting cartographic approach by R language and GMT supported by traditional mapping in QGIS is presented in this paper with a case study of Iranian geomorphology and a special focus on Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt, a unique landform of the country affected by complex geodynamic structure. Several modules of GMT and 'tmap' and 'raster' packages of R language were shown to illustrate the efficiency of the console-based mapping by scripts. Data sources included high-resolution raster grids of GEBCO/SRTM, EGM-2008, SRTM DEM and vector geologic layers of USGS. The cartographic objective was to visualize thematic maps of Iran: topography, geology, satellite-derived gravity anomalies, geoid undulations and geomorphology. Various cartographic techniques were applied to plot the geophysical and topographic field gradients and categorical variations in geological structures and relief along the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt. The structures of Elburz, Zagros, Kopet Dag and Makran slopes, Dasht-e Kavir, Dasht-e Lut and Great Salt Desert were visualized using 3D-and 2D techniques. The geomorphometric properties (slope, aspect, hillshade, elevations) were modelled by R. The study presented a series of 11 new maps made using a combination of scripting techniques and GIS for comparative geological-geophysical analysis. Listings of R and GMT scripting are provided for repeatability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the potential use of Nuovo soggettario, the semantic indexing tool adopted by the National Central Library of Florence (Biblioteca nazionale centrale di Firenze), for indexing cartographic resources. Particular attention is paid to the treatment of place names, the use of formal subjects, and the different ways of constructing subject strings for general and thematic maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an integrated mapping of the georeferenced data is presented using the QGIS and GMT scripting tool set. The study area encompasses the Bolivian Andes, South America, notable for complex geophysical and geological parameters and high seismicity. A data integration was performed for a detailed analysis of the geophysical and geological setting. The data included the raster and vector datasets captured from the open sources: the IRIS seismic data (2015 to 2021), geophysical data from satellite-derived gravity grids based on CryoSat, topographic GEBCO data, geoid undulation data from EGM-2008, and geological georeferences' vector data from the USGS. The techniques of data processing included quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the seismicity and geophysical setting in Bolivia. The result includes a series of thematic maps on the Bolivian Andes. Based on the data analysis, the western region was identified as the most seismically endangered area in Bolivia with a high risk of earthquake hazards in Cordillera Occidental, followed by Altiplano and Cordillera Real. The earthquake magnitude here ranges from 1.8 to 7.6. The data analysis shows a tight correlation between the gravity, geophysics, and topography in the Bolivian Andes. The cartographic scripts used for processing data in GMT are available in the author's public GitHub repository in open-access with the provided link. The utility of scripting cartographic techniques for geophysical and topographic data processing combined with GIS spatial evaluation of the geological data supported automated mapping, which has applicability for risk assessment and geological hazard mapping of the Bolivian Andes, South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Official statistics are statistics produced within a national statistical system which includes statistical organizations and authorities within a country that collect, process and disseminate official statistical data on behalf of the national government. Statistics Poland (Polish: Główny Urząd Statystyczny) is such a body in the Republic of Poland. Official statistics are usually collected within a legal framework, and in accordance with basic principles which ensure minimum professional standards, such as independency and objectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The applications of the machine learning and programming approaches in cartography has been increasing in recent years. This paper presents a case study of the scripting techniques used for cartographic mapping using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) and R language (raster and tmaps packages). The aim of the study is environmental mapping of Ghana. The materials include high-resolution raster grids: topography by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), climate and environmental datasets (TerraClimate) and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for geomorphometric analysis (slope, aspect, hillshade and elevations). The methodology includes code snippets commented and explained with details of scripts. It is argued that using consolebased scripting tools for mapping is effective for cartographic workflow due to the logical structure and repeatability of scripts. The results include eight new thematic maps of Ghana performed using scripting approach inGMTscripting toolset and R language for quantitative and qualitative environmental assessment. Maps show correlations between the landforms of Ghana and certain environmental variables (drought index and soil moisture) showing the effects of the topographic relief on the distribution of the continuous geographic fields. These varied in several geographically distinct regions of Ghana: Ashanti (Kumasi), Volta, Savannah, coastal and northern regions. Demonstrated maps show that scripting method works effectively on a wide range of geosciences including environmental, topographic and climate studies. In such a way, this paper contributes both to the regional studies of Ghana and development of cartographic techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thematic accuracy assessment (EETM), in thematic mapping, constitutes an indicator of the reliability of the product generated by recognizing the biophysical environment. However, although there are several investigations and developments around the EETM, especially oriented to the cartography of coverage and land use, there are other topics such as geomorphology that requires a deeper analysis of this type of assessment. In this research, a methodological proposal for the EETM of geomorphological cartography was developed, which comprised two general components Thematic and Statistical, which included several processes such as the review and selection of inputs from remote sensors. and thematic mapping at 1: 25 000 scale, the activation of the quality control environment for the geomorphology layer, the performance of the statistical sampling design, the verification of thematic accuracy, and the generation and analysis of a matrix of confusion. The results obtained in this initiative provide an alternative to carry out the thematic verification of the products that are generated based on statistical variables and provide a metric of the reliability of the geomorphological maps that guarantees the end users (internal and external) their quality and usability, it also facilitates the verification processes of geomorphological cartography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated mapping is essential in geological studies to assess risks of earthquake hazards. Cartographic techniques have become a commonplace approach to visualizing data in the continuous geologic and geophysical fields. However, traditional GIS mapping is a manual process with a time-consuming workflow that can lead to mistakes and misinterpretation of data. This study applied two mapping approaches to address this problem: Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) used for automated cartographic workflow employing scripts and QGIS used for traditional geologic mapping. The study area includes Ethiopia, notable for its complex geologic setting. The study aimed to analyse the relationships between the geophysical, geological, topographic and seismic setting of the country by presenting six new thematic maps: 1 topography based on the GEBCO/SRTM15+ high-resolution grid; 2 geological units with consistent lithology and age from the USGS database; 3 geological provinces with major Amhara Plateau and Somali Province using USGS data; 4 geoid based on the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM-2008) grid; 5 free-air gravity anomaly model using satellite-based remote sensing data; 6 seismicity showing earthquakes and volcanos from 05/03/1990 to 27/11/2020. The comparison of the topography, seismicity, geophysics and surface geology of the Afar Depression and the Great Rift Valley was based partly on extant literature on the geologic setting of Ethiopia which primarily focuses upon discussing tectonic processes that took place in the East African Rift System in the past. The current study contributes to the previous research and increases cartographic data on the geology and geophysics of Ethiopia. The outcomes can be implemented in similar regional projects in Ethiopia for geophysical and geological monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geosaberes: Revista de Estudos Geoeducacionais is the property of GEOSABERES - Revista de Estudos Geoducacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the face of the confusion and uncertainty that COVID-19 has caused over the last year, Geography has proven to be a useful aid in the interpretation of the spatial dynamics that explain the transmission of the virus. Applied cartography and GIS analysis of epidemiological data have been consolidated as essential tools for interpreting the health crisis. This paper explores the usefulness of maps for the study of the evolution of the pandemic in Castile and Leon, one of the Spanish regions with the highest levels of infection and mortality. Based on the statistical variables of sick and dead people at the scale of the Basic Health Area (BHA), a first analytical approach is carried out by means of a sequence of dynamic maps during the first wave. Afterwards, a systematic study is carried out using thematic mapping for the period of the three waves, a period between March 2020 and March 2021. The analysis unravels the differential impact of the disease between rural and urban areas and reveals the problems of the mismatch between the functional divisions of the territory (BHA, as units of health analysis) and the scale of administrative management (municipalities, as the effective scale of action). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Metropolitan District of Quito (DMQ) does not have all the information needed to design wildfire management strategies based on models and simulations. This work evaluated the use of information related to wildfires in the DMQ obtained from governmental and free sources, using the case study of the Atacazo Hill wildfire (09/29/2018). Topographic, meteorological and fuel data from different sources were processed. The topographic information was obtained from the topographic sheets of the Military Geographical Institute; the meteorological information was obtained from Guamaní station of the Metropolitan Network of Atmospheric Monitoring of Quito, and the fuel and vegetation cover information was estimated based on vegetation and alteration level categories of the coverage and land use map of the Thematic Cartography at Scale 1:25000 of Ecuador Project, executed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Aquaculture, and Fisheries. The major paths and the fire arrival times were simulated on FlamMap for two different cases. In Case 1, the simulation included fire barriers based on OpenStreetMap data. Additional information gathered during field visits was included in Case 2. Satellite imagery was used to compare the real wildfire extent with the simulated extent using Sorensen and Cohen's kappa coefficients, obtaining 0.81 and 0.85 for Case 1, and 0.78 and 0.81 for Case 2, respectively. These results showed great similarity between the behavior of the model and the real wildfire. After the model was validated, it was applied to estimate the wildfire behavior in various scenarios of interest; it was found that the design of fire barriers based on simulations has great potential to reduce the affected area of a wildfire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of thematic cartography in earth sciences is a frequent task for researchers when publishing. When creating a map, researchers intend to communicate important spatial information that enhances, supplements or replaces textual content. Not only visual but substantial requirements exist for those who create maps. Cartographic visualisation has several well-established rules that must be taken into account during compilation, but not all researchers apply them correctly. The present study aims to identify the factors determining the quality of geoscientific maps and what needs to be improved during a map compilation process. To get to know the tendencies, we have investigated maps in designated journals - one Hungarian and one international per earth science branch: geography, cartography, geology, geophysics, and meteorology. A system of criteria was set up for evaluating the maps objectively; basic rules of cartography, quality of visual representation, and copyright rules were investigated. The results show that better map quality is connected to journals with strict editorial rules and higher impact factors. This assessment method is suitable for analysing any kind of spatial visual representation, and individual map-composing authors can use it for evaluating their maps before submission and publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of choropleth maps is to display or even to emphasize special relationships or patterns in the spatial distribution of attribute values. However, because classification methods commonly used and implemented in software packages (such as equidistance, quantiles, Jenks, etc.) are data-driven, a preservation of such spatial patterns is not guaranteed. Instead of such a data-driven approach in the following a task-oriented procedure is pursued: For typical patterns (local and global extreme values, large value differences to neighbours, spatial clusters, hot/cold spots) specific algorithms have been developed, implemented and tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For various reasons statistical mapping is receiving increased interest within the technological shift towards service-oriented web cartography. At the same time new teaching approaches are required at universities which combine both, the motivating of students to get a grip on active programming while learning also about less common thematic mapping methods. The paper points to those cartographic representation methods of visualizing areal distributions of quantitative area characteristics which are often overlooked either due to not being readily available in GIS software or because they are simply not known. Of the nine methods discussed in regard to their abilities and limitations, five are not readily implemented or supported by the ArcGIS Pro software. Within the new teaching course on web processing services (WPS) as part of the International Geomatics master programme at Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, the students learn how to conceptualize, program and publish a WPS by gaining a solution for those less common methods. The alternate band map method serves as teaching example, but students are asked to independently work on other methods, too. The WPS course acts here as an eye-opener for the students to the wider pool of cartographic visualization options, of how to get around the limitations of GIS software, and of how to automate processes including making them available to others. With that we hope to contribute to automatically rendered thematic maps becoming more versatile again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic property of all map projections is the distribution of inevitable distortions. Conic projections with one or two standard parallels are mentioned in the literature. These are parallels with the property that the distortion of length, area and angles equals zero at each of their points. It turns out that there are conic projections with no standard parallels, as well as those with more than two standard parallels. Such projections exist not only in theory, but examples of such projections can also be constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current volume, National Atlas of Hungary – Society, is Part 3 of the series. It presents the special world of Hungarian society and, according to the availability of data, also that of the Carpatho–Pannonian Area. By combining the tools of statistics, geography and cartography, the maps present the spatial structure accompanied by numerous graphs, photos, texts and infographics.The present volume of the National Atlas, Society, contributes to a much deeper understanding of processes and a better understanding of the relationships between phenomena through the presentation of the spatial diversity of demographic and social processes in historical perspective. This is a significant record of the period also showing the challenges that Hungarian society faces at the end of the second decade of the 21st century. This addition to the National Atlas of Hungary – with its extensive body of knowledge presented in this work – is an important document of great benefit not only togeographers but also to historians, economists, politicians, and all other interested parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probably by dint of seductive appearances and overflowing passion for cartography, by dint of instant accessibility to all kind of maps and any graphic representations commonly called 'maps' and finally by dint of confusions between what is an IMAGE and what is a DATA, everyone forgets that, at the dawn of a cartographic project, 'THE MAP STILL DOESN'T EXIST'. For it to exist, a scope of collective work and essential skills are necessary. First of all, the aim of a mapping project must be identified. Its specifications, statement of requirements, its schedule of conditions must be sealed by a contract between an orderer and a cartographer.The objective of this presentation is to recall how a keyboard is neither a magic thought nor a magic wand. Clicking on it will never finalize our work without us, cartographers, but engages us to follow series of timeless execution process over the entire duration of the cartographic production, in anticipating each action.Our work consists in making every effort, by all the necessary technical and human means, to gather the knowledge of a subject (or several) to 'Map-draw' with the ultimate goal of returning this acquired knowledge to the readers. Their eye has to find at first glance the information sought. Indeed, the more beautiful and easier to grasp the map is, the more it will be consulted with pleasure.Through a range of cartographic memories, the following characteristic examples of out-of-standard cartographic productions will detail the pertinence of this meticulous cartographical articulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowaday, water is threatened by pollution due to a similar degradation of hydric resources. The knowledge about water quality is an essential condition allowing the establishment of a management system, that will contributeto guarantee water supply in the future. The purpose of this work is to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of spring water, takenfrom the sub-basin level of the Kallewadi in El Tarf region, located in the extreme north east of Algeria. In order to monitor its water quality, we have chosen four sampling sources distributed in the Kallewadi sub-basin. The sampling was carried out during a period of four months extending from February to May 2019. The results show that all physicochemical parameters meet the current standards. As for the bacteriological analyses, they show the absence of all pathogenic germs. The calculation of microbiological contamination index confirms the absence of degradation in water quality in which contamination is null. The results are visualized by using GIS via the realization of thematic map, which were elaborated to have an idea about the quality of the studied spring water; these maps show an excellent quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dela is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Philosophy / Univerza v Ljubljani, Filozofska Fakulteta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2018, 100 years had passed since the Central Statistical Office of Poland (since 2017: Statistics Poland – GUS) was established. This anniversary was considered an opportunity for preparation of a series of cartographic publications, i.e. 16 statistical atlases of Polish voivodships (first order administrative units) and the Statistical atlas of Poland. Publication of such a series of atlases is a new undertaking in the history of Polish statistics – it involved both the employees of the head office of Statistics Poland in Warsaw and the staff of statistical offices in 16 voivodships.

In 1569, the Dutch cartographer Gerard Mercator published a projection that revolutionized maritime navigation. While the current literature notes the significance of the Mercator projection, it does not cover how it became a dominant projection for world maps in thematic and reference cartography. The institutionalization of the Mercator projection in western European and U.S. cartography was the result of the roles played by navigators, scientific societies and agencies, and the producers of popular reference and thematic maps and atlases. The data are pulled from the publication record of world maps and world maps in atlases for content analysis and are compared and contrasted with complementary historical sources. The results reveal that the misuse of the Mercator projection began after 1700, when it was connected to scientists working with navigators and the creation of thematic cartography. During the eighteenth century, the Mercator projection was published in journals and reports for geographic societies that detailed state-sponsored explorations. In the nineteenth century, the influence of well-known scientists using the Mercator projection filtered into publications for the general public. The use of the Mercator projection for world maps in reference and thematic cartography was a choice that was the result of the projection being indirectly validated by the scientific and academic communities from the eighteenth century into the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 took a firm grip on human life in the year 2020. The global spread of the virus and the impacts of the associated disease COVID-19 are being tracked by numerous institutions, experts, and lay people. Thematic maps are widely used to visualize the many available metrics, including case counts, hospitalization rates, and fatalities. Despite coordination efforts at different jurisdictional levels (including global), data collection is partially inconsistent, delayed, or unfocused, and maps may exacerbate the issues of the underlying data. Numerous published maps also conflict with established cartographic guidelines and include design choices that exaggerate the spread of the coronavirus and the threat of COVID-19. This article highlights some of these issues and illustrates alternative representations that keep the pandemic in proportion. The distinction between using maps for data exploration and answering specific questions is examined, and the challenges to mapping the pandemic are related to standards of professional ethics in the GIS field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scripting cartographic technique is a new method of geospatial data visualization - especially with thematic mapping such as geomorphological models. The purpose of this study was to explore the use of Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) and R for geomorphological and topographic mapping of Serbia using free open datasets (DEM, SRTM/GEBCO, OpenStreetMap). Current trend in education and research of distance-based and online-based education suggests that application of free high-resolution data for modelling and mapping by open source cartographic toolsets are more likely to result in deep geospatial analysis of the geomorphology of Balkans with associated geographic phenomena: hydrology, soils, vegetation, geology. Presented fragments of scripts aim to demonstrate the technical usage of R and GMT coding in cartographic workflow with a case study on Serbia. Using qualitative descriptive cartographic approach to visualize the slope, aspect and terrain elevations over the country and the 'raster' package provided by R, it was found that the geomorphology of Serbia spatially differs in southern and northern parts of the country resulting in regional geologic evolution and tectonic dynamics of the Balkan formation. The presented maps portrayed general distribution of the landforms in Serbian region of Balkans. The research contributes to the methodological development and testing of the cartographic techniques as well as geomorphological and environmental studies of Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical data from open sources are widely used as support of integrated analysis in regional geologic studies in seismically active areas, such as Mexico. High seismicity with repetitive earthquakes occurs in areas of the subduction zones formed during the tectonic evolution and correlates with geophysical anomalous fields. This paper investigates the correspondence between the geophysical, topographic and seismic setting of Mexico using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) scripting toolset for data processing. The approach for automated mapping using GMT console and shell scripts is presented as an advanced cartographic method aimed to get insights into in the geology and geophysics of Mexico. The data were obtained from open source high-resolution datasets: GEBCO, EGM-2008, satellite-derived gravity, EMAG2 magnetic anomaly and IRIS seismic database. The correspondence between the geological and geophysical data of Mexico has been verified through the comparison between the thematic maps, regional distribution of gravity anomalies and locations of earthquakes. Seven new maps are performed on geologic, geophysical, topographic and seismic data. Seismic mapping is presented for the period of 2007-2021 demonstrating events with magnitude from 1.5 to 7.2. The impact of tectonic processes that formed Middle American Trench and active Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt on high regional seismicity with intensive earthquakes is explored. The study finds that GMT is an effective tool for high-quality mapping and cartographic analysis. The IRIS data can be used for geologic analysis of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing narratives of the history of cartography placed indigenous and ancient maps together in a preliminary section as precursors of cartography per se and ignored East Asia's mapping traditions. Ultimately, the object of Thrower's intellectual passion was not the science of cartography, but the graphic map designed by human ingenuity and crafted by the human hand. By contrast, when Thrower came to write his own summary of map history - I Maps and Man i (1972) - he included a separate chapter on East Asian cartography, and he discussed indigenous mapping as only suggestive of how and why prehistoric peoples would likely have made and used maps. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka / Glasnik Šumarskog Fakulteta Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The hydrogeological environment of the Saharan North East region of Tindouf is of utmost interest, particularly in agriculture. In fact, exploitation and exploration processes must be analysed to ensure sufficient water production. This study demonstrates the value of spatial processing and exploitation of geoelectric and geological data in the study area and facilitates interpretation. The results of the electrical survey and the spatial analysis of the data allowed us to design a complete model that met the needs of hydrogeology. The applied methodology consists in breaking down our subject into three (3) classes of entities: geomatics, geophysics and hydrogeology. Synthetic mapping based on continuity is the result of studying two sites (Hassi Naga and Hassi Khebi) for geological analysis. Knowing that the electrical resistivity is between 0 and 3000 Ohm-meter, we were able to construct thematic maps showing the spatial distribution of the facies and the probable positions of the boreholes. The study provided with a geo-spatial model highlighting the impact of measurements in hydrogeology of the area considered that was called SIHE (Information System for Environmental Hydrogeology). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: With the improvement of the standardization and informatization of the emergency response process, the emergency management departments have higher requirements for the initiative and adaptability of the emergency mapping geographic information support services. As an important part of emergency mapping geographic information service, emergency mapping is also faced with the urgent need to improve the mapping speed and cover the whole process of emergency response. Taking geological disaster as an example, we explore the structure of emergency mapping model using the whole process geographic scene modeling technology, user interest modeling method based on hierarchical representation and "scenario mapping" technology. Methods: First of all, using the whole process of geographic scene modeling technology, we propose seven geographic scene models and 33 examples related to mapping in the whole process of geological disasters from the birth to occurrence, development to extinction, by selecting four dimensions of "information""scope""temporal" and "carrier". According to the characteristics of map use, the users of geological disaster emergency mapping are divided into four categories: Decision maker, executor, disaster acceptor and bystander. Then the emergency mapping requirements of these four categories of users are analyzed by using the hierarchical representation method, and the corresponding relationship between these four categories of users and 33 examples of geographical scene model is established. Finally, according to the generation of thematic information of cartography, three types of cartography models, data cartography, model cartography and expert cartography, are designed by using "scenario cartography" technology. Results: According to the design Results of the mapping model, the geological disaster emergency mapping system is developed. In the data mapping process, the disaster element distribution map is selected as an example. After the thematic information is accessed in the system, the disaster element distribution map can be obtained through the mapping engine. In the process of model mapping, the early warning and prediction map is selected as an example. After the real-time data of early warning and prediction is accessed in the system, the thematic information of mapping can be obtained through model calculation and then the early warning and prediction map can be obtained through the mapping engine. In the process of expert mapping, the disaster situation sketch system is selected as an example. After the initial mapping thematic information is accessed in the system, the preliminary disaster map is made by the mapping engine, and then the final disaster situation sketch is obtained by overlaying the on-site expert knowledge. Conclusions: Compared with the traditional passive mapping mode, we construct the geological scene model and user demand model for the whole process of geological disaster's preparation, occurrence, development and extinction, and put forward the emergency mapping model for different visual variables, thus realizing a set of multi scene geological disaster thematic mapping solutions to meet the application needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Those who follow the course of development in cartography clearly notice the rapid escalation of applied work in many fields of geographical research in general, cartography in particular, and statistical applications accurately, and this study is one of them, as it confirms that statistical maps are a type of objective maps that can be used to solve a number of Problems and complications in our daily life . As statistical analyzes were adopted to reveal the pattern of geographical distribution of primary schools in the city of Al-Zubayr in the province of Basra in Iraq, the density of these schools, the pattern of their spread, and the scope of service they perform for the population in the city's neighborhoods and their output in the form of objective maps, through which it was found that the distribution of these schools was defective. It is clear that this calls for a review of future plans for the expansion of the city and real solutions to current and future problems in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]