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This study investigated the in vitro antimicrobial and anthelmintic effect of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) against the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila, the monogeneans Dactylogyrus minutus, Dactylogyrus extensus, Gyrodactylus cyprini, and the cestode Schyzocotyle acheilognathi, as well as their toxicity to Cyprinus carpio Koi. In the antimicrobial in vitro test, the inhibition zone method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were performed. In order to determine the time and efficacy of monogenean parasite mortality, the parasites were exposed to CuNP concentrations of 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 mg L−1, and a control group with tank water and one with copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) at a concentration of 0.3 mg L−1, performed in triplicate. The parasites were observed every 10 min for 300 min, and mortality was recorded. For the cestodes, parasites were immersed in CuNP concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 300 mg L−1. At the end of the in vitro tests, the anthelmintic efficacy of each treatment was calculated. To assess the tolerance and toxicity in fish, they were exposed to CuNP concentrations of 0.6, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L−1 for 12 h. The MIC demonstrated that CuNPs effectively inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila up to a dilution of 12,500 mg L−1 and showed an inhibition zone of 14.0 ± 1.6 mm for CuNPs. The results of anthelmintic activity showed a dose‐dependent effect of concentration for both groups of parasites, with the most effective concentration being 300 mg L−1 in 120 min. In the toxicity test, the carps showed tolerance to lower concentrations. The study indicated that CuNPs were effective against the studied pathogens. However, it proved to be toxic to fish at high concentrations. The use of low concentrations is recommended still requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) is an ornamental fish with a high selling value because of its attractive colors, color patterns, body shape, and swimming motion. Koi fish is extensively traded in the international fish market because of their popularity among hobbyists from numerous countries worldwide. This review discusses various aspects of Koi fish cultivation, including genetic involvement, selective breeding strategies, and management systems. By examining crucial factors such as water parameters, technological innovations, and evolving cultivation methods, this review explored their influence on the quality of Koi fish. Breakthrough technologies, such as ornamental fish warehousing and recirculation aquaculture systems, enhance breeding efficiency and profitability. Molecular sexing, feed optimization, and color enhancement strategies are central to pursuing superior Koi fish. Reproduction management, disease prevention, and risk reduction during transport underscore ongoing efforts to ensure their survival. Despite notable progress, several challenges remain, including limited genetic studies, gaps in disease research, and unexplored herbal alternatives. The active involvement of hobbyists and breeders in research initiatives is a pivotal force in unlocking the untapped potential. The holistic approaches to enhance production efficiency and improve care standards require further exploration, paving the way for a sustainable future in the evolving management of Koi fish cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative dermatitis (UD) is common in ornamental fish collections and is typically associated with a wide range of bacterial aetiologies. Clinical reports describing Shewanella xiamenensis‐associated UD are limited, however, despite growing attention to pathogenic Shewanella species in fish. Two out of 95 koi carp with UD were presented for clinical assessment by a commercial collection (n = 3000 fish) and subsequently killed on welfare grounds for necropsy. Both specimens exhibited extensive cutaneous ulcers and coelomic fat necrosis with petechial haemorrhages on post‐mortem examination. Shewanella xiamenensis was cultured from ulcerated skin tissues taken from both fish, with consistent intralesional gram‐negative rod‐like bacteria seen on skin scrape cytology. Histology also confirmed intralesional gram‐negative rod‐like bacteria within multiple ulcerative and erosive dermatitis lesions, plus myofibre necrosis and necrotising coelomic steatitis, in both specimens. Features associated with impaired generalised osmoregulation secondary to UD were detected within the striated muscle underlying the ulcers, the gills, and the caudal aspects of the kidneys. Additional histological features suggestive of sepsis were also seen in one of the fish. In the interim period, morbidity had increased from 3.2% to around 30% of the entire stock. Following culture results, increased pond water changes were implemented (q.2‐3d) and the remaining stock was treated with florfenicol, resulting in complete resolution of UD in the collection (as per client). This article highlights the first description of S. xiamenensis‐associated UD in koi carp/diseased ornamental fish in the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Captive fish populations, such as those encompassing aquarium and pet fish, offer significant economic value and are integral to conservation, research, and education. However, these ornamental fish exhibit a reduced ability to protect their ocular surfaces, and our understanding of the ocular diseases that affect them remains limited. Although corneal neoplasms in carp are uncommon, identifying their distinct characteristics is crucial in selecting appropriate therapeutic interventions that aim to preserve vision, prevent the ocular loss, and ultimately ensure the survival of the affected fish. This study provides clinical and histopathological details of various proliferative corneal masses in Cyprininae species, including five koi (Cyprinus carpio) and four goldfish (Carassius auratus). It discusses a spectrum of neoplasms, including soft tissue sarcoma, spindle cell sarcoma, chromatophoroma, and papilloma, in addition to conditions like exuberant granulation tissue and proliferative carp pox. These findings bear significant implications for clinical decision‐making and treatment, offering valuable insights into the incidence and characteristics of corneal tumors in captive fish, which could inform further studies in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture's role in addressing food security has grown, with a spotlight on Asian carp species. Polyculture, i.e. cultivating multiple fish species in a single system, is being increasingly adopted for its resource efficiency and economic benefits. This practice for Asian fish for food and ornamental purposes is gaining traction in Europe despite their invasive potential. Rising temperatures due to climate change offer an opportunity for thermophilic Asian carps (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis). Using GIS modeling (Maxent), we identified the possible settlement of Asian carp in Northern Europe amidst climate change. We analyzed carp global distribution centers, assessed the potential carp spread in Europe, and evaluated their potential suitability for polyculture systems. By 2050, H. molitrix may extend its range to 58–62° N latitude, with a potential 1.7-fold habitat increase, while A. nobilis, which are more heat-tolerant, may move north to 52–58° N latitude, with a 1.3-fold potential increase. Despite the slight ecological differences in their native habitats, niche modeling indicates that these carp can occupy similar niches in Europe (proven statistically). The eventuality of using Asian species for polyculture in Europe presents both opportunities and challenges in the face of a changing climate as long as invasion risks are prevented. Envisaging such polyculture, yet very carefully for the protection of ecosystems, can help food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hazardous effect of the pesticide chlorpyrifos and its detoxification in selected organs of common carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus L.) fed diets supplemented with probiotics was investigated. For the toxicity test, C. rubrofuscus weighing 8.50±1.20g were exposed to various concentrations of chlorpyrifos (1ppm, 1.5ppm, 2ppm, 2.5ppm, 3ppm, 3.5ppm and 4ppm) with ten fishes for each concentration and the 42-hour LC50 value was determined as 2.5ppm. Further, to assess the effect of chlorpyrifos, experimental fishes were fed diets containing concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40% and 60% of the 42-hour LC50 (0.25 ppm, 0.5ppm, 1ppm and 1.5ppm) incorporated feed for a period of 21 days in 20 L glass tanks. A control group was also maintained and fed a normal diet devoid of chlorpyrifos. During the experimentation, fishes were fed control and experimental diets at 10% of body weight twice a day, with 50% water exchange made. After the experimentation, two fishes from each experiment, including the control group were taken out and used for gut toxicity study through histopathological analysis. Then, the remaining experimental fishes were reefed with probiotic-supplemented diets and allowed to grow for two weeks to assess the detoxification potential of probiotics. During this refeeding experiment, probiotic-supplemented feed (0.25g/100g) was offered at 10% of body weight. After refeeding, histopathology of the gut was studied for both control and experimental fishes, revealing the recovery process of damaged gut tissues. The present investigation evidenced that probiotic bacteria can alleviate the toxification caused by the pesticide chlorpyrifos, and it was found to be dependent on the density of probiotic bacteria used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin represents an indicator of an animal's health status. Causes of cutaneous diseases in fish most often trace back to biological agents. However, fish skin diseases can also arise from a complex interaction of infectious and non‐infectious causes, making it more difficult to identify a specific aetiology. In the period between April and September of the years 2019–2022, four koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) from two European countries presented with multifocal, irregularly round, few mm to 1 cm, variably raised cutaneous reddened areas. The fish displayed good general condition. Cutaneous samples, investigated by microbiological and molecular methods and microscopy, did not indicate a primary pathogenic agent. Gross and histological findings of the cutaneous biopsies were consistent with a multifocal/reactive process centred on dermal vessels. The histological features were reminiscent of angiomatosis, a benign proliferative condition affecting the dermal vessels of mammals, including human patients. The clinical–pathological presentation and the dermatologic condition that affected the koi carp are discussed and compared with the veterinary and human literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lymphatic neoplasia may occur in various types, such as lymphoma, lymphosarcoma, lympholeukemia, and plasmacytoid leukemia. Lymphoma, defined as a malignant tumour of lymphoid tissue, has been found in a number of fish families including Esocidae and Salmonidae. However, the occurrence of lymphoma is rare in those belonging to the Cyprinidae. A final diagnosis of ocular and testicular T-cell lymphoma in the present study was based on the clinical signs, morphology, and texture of the tumour masses in the macroscopic and microscopic examinations. In addition, histopathological and immunohistochemical findings corresponded to T-cell lymphoma characteristics. Case presentation: A 2-year-old hermaphrodite koi carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 1758) with a large ocular mass and severe exophthalmia in the right eye was referred to the Ornamental Fish Clinic in October 2020. Under anesthesia, enucleation was performed. 57 days after enucleation of the right eye, exophthalmia in the left eye was discovered. 221 days after surgery, the fish was discovered to be dead. At necropsy, a large soft tissue mass attached to the left testis was discovered. There were also small whitish nodules on the surface of the liver. Histopathology revealed a hypercellular ocular mass with scant connective tissue. The sections also revealed multifocal hemorrhages, round to ovoid neoplastic cells, mild-to-moderate anisokaryosis and anisocytosis, and mitotic figures. Basophilic neoplastic cells were found in blood vessels within the testicular mass, raising the possibility of systemic spread. The liver showed microscopic metastasis with morphologic similarities to the ocular and testicular tumors. The neoplastic cells infiltrating the left and right eyes as well as the testicular mass were immunohistochemically positive for CD3 but negative for CD20. The masses were diagnosed as T-cell lymphoma based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings. Conclusions: This case report provides the first evidence of clinical, histopathological, morphological, and immunohistochemical findings of an ocular and testicular T-cell lymphoma in a hermaphrodite koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Surrogate broodstock technology can increase the production efficiency of commercially important fishes that are difficult to breed in confinement and aid the propagation and recovery of endangered populations. In this study, we report the application of germ cell (GC) transplantation (GCT) for increasing the numbers of progeny produced by small-bodied ornamental fishes by using sexually mature adult fish as recipients. The GCs isolated from prepubertal male goldfish (Carassius auratus) donors (n = 5) were transplanted through the genital papilla into the gonads of adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) recipients. The endogenous GCs of the recipient were depleted using busulfan (40 mg/kg body weight [BW]; in five doses at 2-week intervals) and high-temperature (38 °C) treatments. Within 4 months after GCT, the donor GCs recolonised the recipients' gonads and resumed gametogenesis. The presence of donor-derived gametes was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in all the surrogate common carp males and females. Artificial fertilisation and induced spawning between surrogate males and females yielded pure goldfish progeny; the fertilisation and hatching rates were similar to those of the controls. These results suggest that GCT could also be potentially applied in commercial aquaculture, mainly to increase the numbers of progeny obtained from small-bodied fishes those having low gamete counts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Koi carp, an ornamental fish derived from the common carp Cyprinus carpio (CC), is characterized by beautiful skin color patterns. However, the mechanism that gives rise to the characteristic vivid skin coloration of koi carp has not been clarified. The skin coloration of many teleosts changes in response to differences in the background color. This change in skin coloration is caused by diffusion or aggregation of pigment granules in chromatophores and is regulated mainly by sympathetic nerves and hormones. We hypothesized that there would be some abnormality in the mechanism of skin color regulation in koi carp, which impairs skin color fading in response to background color. Methods: We compared the function of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), noradrenaline, and adrenaline in CC and Taisho-Sanshoku (TS), a variety of tri-colored koi. Results and Discussion: In CC acclimated to a white background, the skin color became paler and pigment granules aggregated in melanophores in the scales compared to that in black-acclimated CC. There were no clear differences in skin color or pigment granule aggregation in white- or blackacclimated TS. The expression of mch1 mRNA in the brain was higher in the white-acclimated CC than that in the black-acclimated CC. However, the expression of mch1 mRNA in the brain in the TS did not change in response to the background color. Additionally, plasma MCH levels did not differ between white- and black-acclimated fish in either CC or TS. In vitro experiments showed that noradrenaline induced pigment aggregation in scale melanophores in both CC and TS, whereas adrenaline induced pigment aggregation in the CC but not in the TS. In vitro administration of MCH induced pigment granule aggregation in the CC but not in the TS. However, intraperitoneal injection of MCH resulted in pigment granule aggregation in both CC and TS. Collectively, these results suggest that the weak sensitivity of scale melanophores to MCH and adrenaline might be responsible for the lack of skin color change in response to background color in the TS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platinum Ogon, an ornamental variant of the common carp Cyprinus carpio, is one of the most expensive and sought-after pet fish. Multiple parasite species from Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus were recovered from Platinum Ogon specimens during an ongoing nationwide study of the monogenoidean parasites that infect ornamental fish imported into India. The morphological examination, combined with a DNA-sequencing analysis of the 18S-ITS 1 and 28S rRNA genes, identified Dactylogyrus minutus as one of these parasites, establishing this species' presence in India for the first time. This finding is significant for two reasons. First, D. minutus has been associated with high death rates in carp fry. Second, Cyprinus carpio, its host, has established itself in Indian riverine waters. The nucleotide sequence of the 28S rRNA gene of D. minutus was phylogenetically compared to that of 19 other Dactylogyrus species from three fish families: Cyprinidae (10 species), Leuciscidae (six species), and Xenocyprididae (three species). The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed the monophyletic lineage of Dactylogyrus species from goldfish and common carp, which is likely due to the genetic relatedness of their hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic species have become an integral part of human culture. As an internationally important food fish species, the common carp Cyprinus carpio accounted for over 7% of global aquaculture production in 2020. In addition to serving as a food source, common carp varieties are used as ornamental fish and valued in recreational fisheries. The continuously updated reference genome of common carp has recently served as a foundation for both basic genetic studies and evolutionary studies. With the recent emphasis on the allotetraploid signature of common carp, researchers have begun to focus on how hybridization and polyploidization affect the successful speciation and advantageous behaviour of common carp. In this review, we survey current and emerging research topics on common carp, including genomic and genetic tools, germplasm resources, genetic diversity, genetic mechanism and improvement of economic traits, as well as multiple breeding technologies employed in common carp. We also provide an overview of recent trends in genetic studies and improvements in common carp and encourage researchers to monitor the allotetraploid signature of common carp. Understanding the genetic basis of economically important traits and the mechanisms of allopolyploidization in common carp will be important for genetic improvement and germplasm innovation in agronomically important fish species, although the road ahead will be challenging for this widely domesticated allotetraploid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish are frequently anesthetized to reduce stress and injury during various procedures, particularly surgery. Nonetheless, the majority of chemical fish anesthetics have some negative effects on both fish and humans. 2-Phenoxyethanol (2-PE), for example, which is normally used as an anesthetic for ornamental fish, can cause neuropsychological syndromes in humans. To reduce toxicity, some herbal essential oils have been applied as an anesthetic to fish. However, essential oils must be dissolved in ethanol, which has side effects such as disrupting gas exchange in fish. This study aimed to develop mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) oil as a nanoemulsion without ethanol and determine their optimal concentrations to use as an anesthetic for surgery on koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to examine the chemical compositions of mugwort oil. The droplet size of mugwort oil nanoemulsion was measured by the dynamic light scattering method. The results revealed that mugwort oil consisted of three major active compounds which were b-pinene (11.7%), 1,8-cineole (10.34%), and a-pinene (8.29%). The average diameter of mugwort oil nanoemulsion droplets was 22.08 ± 0.70 nm. The lowest effective concentrations were 0.6 ml/L for mugwort oil and 12.5 ml/L for mugwort oil nanoemulsion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Aeromonas veronii shows virulency on koi carp. • Bacillus inhibits A. veronii growth in vitro. • Bacillus probiotic diet improves fish gut morphology. • Bacillus diet control A. veronii infection in koi carp. Bacterial diseases are the chief constraint in the aquculture industry. Among them Aeromonads causes majority of production loss in fresh water ornamental fish farming. Trend of application of probiotics in any aquaculture farm is being increasing to reduce the environmental degradation caused by chemical treatment methods. In this study, Aeromonas veronii was isolated from diseased koi carp and its virulency was re-confirmed with mortality rate of 73.33 % in koi carp. Susceptibility of A. veronii to commercial probiotic mixture of Bacillus species was proved by in vitro assay where zone of inhibition of 22.67 ± 0.6 mm diameter was observed at 108 CFU mL−1. Bacillus probiotic mixture at 108 CFU g−1 maintained the gut morphology with good goblet cell count against A. veronii infection in koi carp. Thus, severe production loss due to A. veronii in ornamental fish farms can be controlled by probiotic dietary supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeromonas spp. are opportunistic pathogens which cause diseases in ornamental fish. But the degree of infection and the severity of disease caused by various Aeromonas spp. are generally being reported to be strain specific. Therefore, the present study focused on the disease induction ability of previously isolated Aeromonasveronii XhG1.2 in Xiphophorushellerii in comparison with A. hydrophila (MTCC 1739). Further, the ability of A. veronii XhG1.2 to cause disease in other selected ornamental fish such as Poeciliasphenops (molly), Carassiusauratus (goldfish) and Cyprinuscarpio (common carp) has also been studied. Here, the intramuscular injection of A. veronii XhG1.2 was observed to cause disease incidence and increased mortality in all the selected ornamental fish. The mortality observed was 100, 100 and 88.3%, respectively, for P. sphenops, C. auratus and C. carpio within the 48‐h period. Histopathological analysis of gill, liver and intestine of all the XhG1.2 treated fish further confirmed its role in fish disease. The results of the study are indicative of emergence of Aeromonas spp. with the ability to cause disease in wide range of ornamental fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of Ptecticus tenebrifer and Tenebrio molitor (PTM), as alternative fishmeal, on the growth performance, haematological values, biochemical and immune response and gut microbial diversity of Cyprinus carpio L. were investigated. Two hundred and forty hatchery‐reared juvenile C. carpio were divided among four experimental diet groups, formulated with the insect replacements: Control—30% fishmeal; Treatment 1—20% fishmeal + 10% PTM; Treatment 2—10% fishmeal + 20% PTM; Treatment 3—30% PTM. C. carpio fed 30% PTM had the highest final length and the largest increase in length. The red blood cell count was the highest in 10% PTM (0.92 M/µL) and lowest in the control group (0.23 M/µL). Fusobacteria was the dominant gut bacterial phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Cetobacterium somerae was the dominant gut bacterial species, and its relative abundance was significant in the 10% and 30% PTM treatments. The relative abundance of Bacteroides massiliensis was the highest in the control group while there was decline in the treatments with PTM. These results suggest that P. tenebrifer and T. molitor as a fishmeal replacement lower the biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand in the culture tanks and increase the length and change the gut microbiome of C. carpio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previously, a homodiploid goldfish-like fish (2 n = 100; GF-L) was spontaneously generated by self-crossing a homodiploid red crucian carp-like fish (2 n = 100; RCC-L), which was in turn produced via the distant hybridization of female koi carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus , KOC, 2 n = 100) and male blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala , BSB, 2 n = 48). The phenotypes and genotypes of RCC-L and GF-L differed from those of the parental species but were similar to diploid red crucian carp (2 n = 100; RCC) and goldfish (2 n = 100; GF), respectively. We sequenced the complete mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of the KOC, BSB, RCC-L, GF-L, and subsequent generations produced by self-crossing [the self-mating offspring of RCC-L (RCC-L-F2) to the self-mating offspring of RCC-L-F2 (RCC-L-F3) and the self-mating offspring of GF-L (GF-L-F2)]. Paternal mtDNA fragments were stably embedded in the mtDNAs of both lineages, forming chimeric DNA fragments. In addition to these chimeras, several nucleotide positions in the RCC-L and GF-L lineages differed from the parental bases, and were instead identical with RCC and GF, respectively. Moreover, RCC-L and GF-L mtDNA organization and nucleotide composition were more similar to those of RCC and GF, respectively, compared to parental mtDNA. Finally, phylogenetic analyses indicated that RCC-L and GF-L clustered with RCC and GF, not with the parental species. The molecular dating time shows that the divergence time of KOC and GF was about 21.26 Mya [95% highest posterior density (HPD): 24.41–16.67 Mya], which fell within the period of recent. The heritable chimeric DNA fragments and mutant loci identified in the mtDNA of the RCC-L and GF-L lineages provided important evidence that hybridizations might lead to changes in the mtDNA and the subsequent generation of new lineages. Our findings also demonstrated for the first time that the paternal mtDNA was transmitted into the mtDNA of homodiploid lineages (RCC-L and GF-L), which provided evidence that paternal DNA plays a role in inherited mtDNA. These evolutionary analyses in mtDNA suggest that GF might have diverged from RCC after RCC diverged from koi carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) are well-known and highly valuable fish in the international ornamental fish community that have been plagued by Aeromonas veronii infections in recent years. Some A. veronii infections are serious enough to cause death. Lactobacillus plantarum, a probiotic, is one of the most environmentally friendly and safe alternatives to antibiotics for use as a feed additive for aquatic animals such as fish. The present study investigated the effects of L. plantarum C20015 on growth performance, immune responses, and eradication of A. veronii infection in koi carp. During a 6-week feeding experiment in an indoor aquarium and a 14-day A. veronii artificial infection experiment, a control diet group was fed with untreated feed twice a day, while experimental groups were given different concentrations of L. plantarum in their feed. The results indicated that the specific growth rate and percent weight gain of fish were significantly higher in the experimental groups than in the control diet group (P < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and lysozyme (LZM) and the levels of IgM antibody were significantly higher in the L. plantarum–supplemented groups than in the control diet group, and the enzymatic activity in the 108 CFU/g C20015 group was higher than that in the 107 CFU/g C20015 and 109 CFU/g C20015 groups (P < 0.01). In contrast, alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity in the experimental groups was the highest at 42 days. All fish in the control diet group died 7 days after A. veronii infection. After 14 days, the relative percent survival (%, RPS) of the fish in the L. plantarum–supplemented groups was significantly higher than that of the fish in the control group, and the 108 CFU/g C20015 group had the highest RPS. Therefore, we first reported that fish fed with 108 CFU/g of L. plantarum C20015 could promote food intake and growth for koi carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myxozoans usually have a complex life cycle involving indirect transmission between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. The vertical transmission of these parasites in vertebrate hosts has not been documented so far. Here, we assessed whether the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus honghuensis is vertically transmitted in naturally infected allogynogenetic gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch). M. honghuensis infection of broodfish, fertilized eggs and laboratory‐cultured progeny was monitored in 2018 and 2019. The presporogonic stage was microscopically observed in the pharynx of broodfish and their progeny. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of M. honghuensis presporogonic stage in the pharynx of broodfish and progeny. Nested PCR results showed that M. honghuensis was present in tissues and eggs of broodfish, fertilized eggs and their corresponding progeny. The sequences obtained from broodfish and progeny showed 98.0−99.8% similarity with ITS‐5.8S rDNA of M. honghuensis. This study provides molecular and light microscopy evidence for the transfer of M. honghuensis from broodfish to progeny via the eggs, but it is insufficient to assert that M. honghuensis can transmit vertically in naturally infected allogynogenetic gibel carp. This is the first record about vertical transfer of myxozoan in the vertebrate host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV‐2) is the causative agent of herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN), an infectious disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current research indicates that CyHV‐2 only infects fish in the genus Carassius. Outbreaks of fish viral diseases are highly temperature‐dependent, and HVHN outbreaks usually occur at water temperatures of 15–25°C. In November 2018, an infectious disease occurred on cultured gibel carp farms in ZiGong, Sichuan Province, China. The water temperature at the time was approximately 10°C. The clinical signs of the diseased fish included lethargy, inappetence, severe anoxia, hemorrhage on the body surface, and pale gills. Clinical and histopathological examinations, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and molecular analyses were used to determine the etiology of this disease. Pathological observation revealed severe necrosis of the hematopoietic organs, particularly the gills, kidney, and spleen. Spherical herpesvirus‐like virion particles were observed with TEM in the kidney and spleen tissues from moribund fish. An experimental infection demonstrated a cumulative mortality rate of 50% (10/20) at a water temperature of 13°C, whereas the mortality of the positive control group was 75% (15/20) at a water temperature of 23°C. A specific fragment of the helicase gene of CyHV‐2 was detected with polymerase chain reaction. In a phylogenetic analysis of the helicase gene, our isolate clustered with CyHV‐2 isolates in the database. Together, these results show that the putative pathogen involved in this outbreak was CyHV‐2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a gibel carp disease caused by CyHV‐2 at low temperature. These findings are extremely important in reducing the risk of HVHN outbreaks in gibel carp aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to document the aquatic biodiversity of kharung reservoir of Bilaspur district in the year 2019. The reservoir is constructed on Kharung River which is a tributary of Mahanadi basin, Chhattisgarh. In the present study 9 orders under 29 genera and 43 species belonging to 13 different families were recorded. Cypriniformes has been found to be a dominant order with 24 species and has 56%contribution. At present the reservoir sustain the populations of Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo rohita, Labeo calbasu, Cirrhinus reba, Ompok bimaculatus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Channa striata and Heteropneustes fossilis, etc are food fish and have high commercial value. Mystus sp., Wallago attu, Channa sp., Mastacembelus armatus, Macrognathus pancalus are predatory food fish. The current study has also shown that the reservoir inhabit the ornamental fishes like Puntius chola, Systomus sarana, Rasbora daniconius, Chanda nama and Parambasis ranga. Due to human intervention exotic species are also identified such as Tilapia, grass carp, bighead carp, silver carp and common carp. Hence, assessment of resources and identification of species gives a necessary support to further steps for documentation and conservation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluates optimum hydraulic loading rate (HLR) based on the fish and plant production performance and nutrient removal percentage in aquaponics. The growth of Gotukola (Centella asiatica (L.))—a leafy vegetable as well as traditional medicinal plant—and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi.)—a high demand ornamental fish—were evaluated at three different HLRs, viz. 2.6 m day−1 (T1), 7.8 m day−1 (T2), and 13.0 m day−1 (T3). Treated aquaculture wastewater was utilized in a combination of the freshwater in 1:1 ratio with 2.1 kg m−3 fish stocking density. The highest fish mean length; weight; feed conversion ratio; specific growth rate; NH3, NO2−, and NO3− removal percentage; and plant growth parameters were observed. Considering fish (koi carp) and plants (Gotukola) growth parameters as well as nutrient removal percentages, a HLR of 7.8 m day−1 was found to be the optimum in aquaponics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red carp and red crucian carp are ornamental fish with a red body color. Unlike in red crucian carp, no melanophores are observed in red carp embryos or larvae. To explore the roles of the mitfa gene in body color formation in red carp, we investigated the structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of the mitfa gene in 16 kinds of fish. The mitfa amino acid sequence similarity between red carp and red crucian carp was 95.6%, and this was 91.5% similar between carp and zebrafish. Compared with red crucian carp, red carp showed lower tyrp1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression but similar mitfa mRNA expression in the body pigment stage of the embryo. Moreover, mitfa+ cells as well as melanocytes could be observed in cultured embryo cells derived from red carp and red crucian carp. Our data show that the absence of melanophores in red carp is not the result of mitfa gene deletion or mutation, increasing our understanding of the molecular and genetic mechanisms of coloration in cyprinid fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish shape, size and coloration are important quality indicators for determining the market value of ornamental fish species. Therefore, ornamental carp rearing technologies must target proper values of these quality indicators, while maximizing fish growth performance and profitability. The aim of present study is to evaluate the influence of administrated food type (natural diet - V1 8.8% protein vs. formulated diet - V2 55% protein) on growth performance and coloration of Japanese ornamental carp, while maintain the feed operational cost. The average specific growth rate indicates a superior fish production at V2 (formulated diet), compared to V1 (natural diet) experimental variant, while the average food conversion ratio (FCR) indicates better values for V2 (1 g feed/g biomass gain), compared to V1 (4.5 g feed/g biomass gain). The protein efficiency ratio (PER) registered higher values at V1 (2.52), compared to V2 (1.8), most probably due to protein input limited by feed operational cost restriction. The administration of the live food indicates a better fish coloration, compared with V2, where artificial feed was administrated. Therefore, natural diet can improve coloration of juvenile ornamental carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is one of the world's most important and fastest growing food production sectors, with an average annual growth of 5.8% during the period 2001–2016. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the main aquatic species produced for human consumption and is the world's third most produced finfish. Koi carp, on the other hand, are grown as a popular ornamental fish. In the late 1990s, both of these sectors were threatened by the emergence of a deadly disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3; initially called koi herpesvirus or KHV). Since then, several research groups have focused their work on developing methods to fight this disease. Despite increasing knowledge about the pathobiology of this virus, there are currently no efficient and cost-effective therapeutic methods available to fight this disease. Facing the lack of efficient treatments, safe and efficacious prophylactic methods such as the use of vaccines represent the most promising approach to the control of this virus. The common carp production sector is not a heavily industrialized production sector and the fish produced have low individual value. Therefore, development of vaccine methods adapted to mass vaccination are more suitable. Multiple vaccine candidates against CyHV-3 have been developed and studied, including DNA, bacterial vector, inactivated, conventional attenuated and recombinant attenuated vaccines. However, there is currently only one vaccine commercially available in limited regions. The present review aims to summarize and evaluate the knowledge acquired from the study of these vaccines against CyHV-3 and provide discussion on future prospects. • Aquaculture is one of the world's fastest growing food production sectors. • Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is currently the world's 3rd most produced finfish. • Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is a lethal pathogen of common carp. • CyHV-3 disease is stimulating the development of safe and efficacious vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the effect of two pigment sources (carotenoids and phycocyanin) extracted from Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis, which was applied in concentration gradient by dietary supplementation on the colouration of two chromatic varieties of ornamental koi carp; (Cyprinus carpio var. koi.), Kawari (red/orange) and Showa (black and red/orange). Nine practical diets were prepared with Spirulina biomass and extracted pigments. Three phycocyanin concentrations 100, 200 300 mg kg-1 viz., diet 1 (PT1), diet 2 (PT2), diet 3 (PT3) and three carotenoids concentrations 10, 20, 30 mg kg-1 viz., diet 4 (CT1), diet 5 (CT2), diet 6 (CT3) were prepared as treatments. Three controls diets viz., diet 7; only with feed ingredients (C), diet 8; feed ingredients with raw S. platensis biomass (40 g kg-1) (C+) and diet 9; feed ingredients with residues of pigment extracted S. platensis biomass (40 g kg-1) (C+1) were prepared to compare the treatment diets. The fish colour was evaluated every 15days interval during 90 days feeding trial. The chroma of the red zone in Kawari showed significant differences with CT3 diet at the end of the experiment. However, phycocyanin content diets showed significantly higher growth rate than the diet containing carotenoids. Furthermore, pigmentation was correlated with the dose of dietary supplemented carotenoids and phycocyanin, while carotenoids had a deeper and greater influence in fish pigmentation than phycocyanin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was carried out for 60 days to utilize the phytoremediated aquaculture wastewater for production of Gotukola (Centellaasiatica (L.)), a leafy vegetable as well as a traditional medicinal plant; and koi carp (Cyprinuscarpio var. koi), a popular ornamental fish with high market demand. Treated water and borewell water were mixed in different combinations namely 100:0 (T1), 75:25 (T2), 50:50 (T3) and 25:75 (T4) to produce four treatments. Additionally three controls were also maintained to compare the efficiency of the treatments. These were Control 1 consisting of hydroponic component with plant (C1), Control 2 consisting of hydroponic component without plant (C2) and Control 3 with only borewell water (C3). Plants in Control 3 were used to compare the efficiency of plant growth in field condition. On the basis of plant growth parameters viz. , leaf width, number of leaves, number of plant-lets, number of runners, length of runners and the final yield, T1 showed the best performances. However, it was not significantly different from T2 and T3 except the final yield. Best growth performance of fish viz., weight gain, length gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and specific growth rate (SGR) was observed in T3. Considering the fish colour, there was no significant difference between the treatments for chroma and hue values, but best chroma values were obtained in T1 followed by T2 > T3. This denotes that the treated wastewater positively affects the fish colour by pigment enhancement. The efficiency of the aquaponics was judged by percentage nutrient removal and biofilter performance. The highest removal of nitrite-N (92.34%), nitrate-N(70.55%) and ammonia-N (71.36%) were observed in T1 and it was positively related with the plant growth. The highest phosphate-P removal percentage (59.78%) and best biofilter performance (3.24 g−3 day−1) were observed in T3 and also, comparatively a higher plant growth was obtained in T3 than T4 and C1. Considering the overall parameters viz. , fish growth, fish health, plant growth and water quality parameters, equal proportion of treated wastewater and borewell water (T3) was found to be the most effective combination. The results revealed that the phytoremediated aquaculture wastewater can be sustainably reused in aquaponics for fish and plant production. • Evaluation of utilization of phytoremediated aquaculture wastewater mixed with freshwater in an aquaponics. • Treated and borewell water in 1:1 ratio is found to be most efficient for minimizing water demand in aquaponics. • Phytoremediated aquaculture wastewater is beneficial for enhancement of plant and fish production in an aquaponics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Koi carp, a colorful variety of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), is a rich genetic resource for studies on skin color differentiation and pigmentation, as well as for breeding and selection of ornamental fish species. An improved comprehension of the genetic regulation of early developmental processes in koi will facilitate future applications of precision breeding and gene editing related to pigment cell development. A comparative transcriptome analysis of six early developmental stages, namely Mu (multicellular cleavage), Bl (blastocyst), Ga (gastrulation), Ne (neurulation), Oc (organogenesis) and 7Dph (7 days post hatching) on a global scale was performed. 124.9 Gb of clean data was generated from 18 transcriptomes with a mapping efficiency of over 87.86%. A total of 49,717 known and 3384 novel genes were identified, of which 77, 153, 89, 132, 158 and 1071 were specifically expressed in each stage, respectively, while 35,009 genes were present at an expression level in all six stages. Furthermore, 33,986 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in comparison between adjacent stages, and 30 expression patterns were acquired, including continuously increasing or decreasing, significantly increasing or decreasing from a certain stage, and irregular dynamic fluctuations. The Ga vs. Bl group was enriched in several biological processes and metabolic pathways related to the transition from the maternal to the zygotic stage and showed the largest trend in transcriptomic changes (10,714 up- and 8515 down-regulated). Moreover, some genes involved in DNA replication, transcription, protein synthesis, ribosomes, immunology, neural crest cell development, and pigment cell differentiation were also highly enriched (e.g., eif 3, cox 1, cox 2, tyk 2, pkz , pax 3, pax 7, gch 2, xdh , etc.). The results of RNA-Seq were confirmed by qPCR of 15 genes from different metabolic pathways, and the spatiotemporal expression profiles of nine genes involved in xanthophore and erythrophore differentiation and pigmentation were also examined. Our findings offer fresh insights into the molecular regulation of early koi carp development and provide a solid foundation for future investigations and functional studies of DEGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Koi scale epidermis contains large intra‐epidermal bodies (IEBs). IEBs are dynamic and circular structures that form in low frequency within the epidermis. During formation, an IEB pulls down the microridge‐laden surface layer, which takes on a creased or wrinkled appearance. After the IEB constricts, the microridge layer unfolds to its original state. The newly described IEBs are distinctly different from the recently reported apical rings which are situated on the surface of individual epidermal cells. While apical rings are directly exposed to the external environment where sampling can occur, IEBs appear to reflect intra‐epidermal events such as sequestering of dead cell remnants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study looked at a settling pond at an ex-silica mine located in Sukabumi, Indonesia. The settling pond was built in order to reduce the effect of acid mine drainage. Acid mine drainage is the main pollutant at the open pit mining and it can contaminate aquatic biota. In order to utilise the settling pond, ornamental fish was cultured. The objective of this research was to analyse the possibility of aquaculture for ornamental fish in the settling pond ex-silica mining area. For this purpose, three species of ornamental fish of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), gold fish (Carassius auratus) and comet carp (Carassius auratus auratus) at the settling pond were compared with control pond outside the mining area. We measured their specific growth rate and survival rate for 10 weeks. Results showed that specific growth rate indicated by length and weight for all species was higher at the settling pond compared with the control pond. In contrast, the survival rate percentage of all the three species was higher than those of the control pond, i.e. 48.5-93 % at the settling pond vs. 94.5-96% at the control pond. Meanwhile, the specific growth rate of weight was 0.92-1.88 % day-1 at the settling pond and 0.34-0.61 % day-1 at the control pond, while the length was 0.70-1.02 % day-1 at the settling pond and 0.31-0.63 % day-1 at the control pond. These indicated that the three species of ornamental fish can be cultured at the settling pond even at low survival rate condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of vertebral deformities in ornamental koi based on computed radiography and skeletons cleaned by dermestid beetles ( Dermestes maculatus). All koi developed gradual onset of swimming abnormalities as adults. Extensive intervertebral osteophyte formation correlated with age of fish and was associated with hindquarter paresis in one koi. Vertebral compression and fusion were the most common spinal deformities occurring at multiple sites, similar to findings in other farmed fish. Site-specific spinal deformities were thought to develop due to differences in swimming behaviour and rates of vertebral growth. One koi had offspring with spinal deformities. Spinal deformities are significant problems in both European and Australian food fish hatcheries. The heritability of vertebral deformities in farmed fish is reportedly low unless there is concurrent poor husbandry or nutritional deficiencies. The specific aetiologies for vertebral deformities in koi in this study could not be ascertained. Current knowledge on spinal deformities in the better studied European food fish species suggests multifactorial aetiologies. Future research should include prospective longitudinal studies of larger numbers of koi from hatch and consideration of all potential risk factors such as husbandry, nutrition, temperature, photoperiod and genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquarium fish keeping has been emerging as a popular hobby in Tripura. The study was conducted in the West Tripura district of Tripura in the year 2015-2016 among 100 randomly selected hobbyists of aquarium fish keeping. The data collected through observation and personal interview of the respondents revealed that majority of them were middle aged (36-50 years), all are literate and 50% of them were graduates. Around 39% of the hobbyists were businessmen. Further, the majority of the respondents (38%) were found to be spending ' 50-100 per month to manage their aquariums. Majority of the hobbyists (89%) liked to keep Gold fish (Carassius auratus) in their aquarium followed by keeping shark (Carchardon carcharias) and Koi carp like Milky carp and Malina carp (Cyprinus carpio). Small to medium sized aquariums between (2×1×1) ft to (3×1×1.5) ft were having highest preference. Around 69% of the hobbyists were having medium level of adoption score in different improved practices of ornamental fish keeping and aquarium management and the adoption index of the study area was 68.09. The variables like knowledge, education, information management behaviour and income were having significant positive relationship with adoption level. On the other hand, 67% of the respondents had medium extent of knowledge score. Gross majority of them (80%) flagged cleaning of tank to be their major issue whereas, 43% of them perceived that lack of scientific guidance regarding ornamental fish keeping and aquarium management was the major problem causing concern in continuing with the hobby. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bstract Following a request from the European Commission, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Calsporin® when used in feed for ornamental fish. Calsporin® is currently approved as a zootechnical feed additive for use with chickens for fattening and rearing, turkeys, piglets, and minor avian species to point of lay. The additive contains viable spores of a single strain of Bacillus subtilis. This species is considered by the EFSA to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety approach to establishing safety for target species, consumers and the environment. The additive was found to meet the criteria for this approach in the context of previous opinions and, as a result, is presumed safe for all target species, including ornamental fish. The use of the additive with feed for ornamental fish is considered unlikely to introduce hazards for users of the product not already considered in previous assessments. The minimum dose proposed for use in feed for ornamental fish is 1 × 1010 colony-forming units (CFU)/kg of complete feedingstuff. This application makes reference to a published study describing the effects of adding Calsporin® to the diet of juvenile koi carp ( Cyprinus carpio). A significant increase in final body weight and improvement in feed to gain ratio was observed in fish given the additive compared with controls. Since the effect of Calsporin® addition in all of the major species previously examined was an improvement in one or more performance-related parameters, and since the same outcome was observed in koi carp, it can be presumed that Calsporin® has a potential to improve the growth and feed utilisation of developing ornamental fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (Cy HV-3) is a highly contagious virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality in common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and considered to be one of the most important pathogens of koi and common carp worldwide. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infected consignments imported from East Asian and South-East Asian regions were identified during quarantine period in Singapore, and virus from a 2005 consignment was successfully isolated in koi fin cells. A combination of sequence analyses and duplex PCR were used to characterize 15 Cy HV-3 isolates detected in koi consignments between 2005 and 2011. Sequence analyses of the enlarged 9/5, SphI-5 and TK gene regions identified both the Asian 1 ( n = 11) and European 4 ( n = 4) genotypes. Duplex PCR analysis of two variable marker regions between ORF29 and ORF30 (marker I) as well as ORF133 and its upstream region (marker II) revealed viruses of genotypes J (I++ II+), U/I (I−− II−), an intermediate genotype (I++ II−) and a novel genotype, I++ II+Δ, which was identified in viruses from seven different consignments. This novel genotype has a 13-bp deletion in marker II, while maintaining the I++ allele of marker I. The I++ II+Δ genotype may have emerged from East Asian and South-East Asian regions in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moribund koi carp, Cyprinus carpio koi, from a farm with 50% cumulative mortality were sampled with the aim of isolating and detecting the causative agent. Three bacterial species viz., Citrobacter freundii (NSCF-1), Klebsiella pneumoniae (NSKP-1) and Proteus hauseri [genomospecies 3 of Proteus vulgaris Bio group 3] (NSPH-1) were isolated, identified and characterized on the basis of biochemical tests and sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene using universal bacterial primers. Challenge experiments with these isolates using healthy koi carp showed that P. hauseri induced identical clinical and pathological states within 3 d of intramuscular injection. The results suggest P. hauseri (NSPH-1) was the causative agent . In phylogenetic analysis, strain NSPH-1 formed a distinct cluster with other P. hauseri reference strains with ≥99% sequence similarity. P. hauseri isolates were found sensitive to Ampicillin, Cefalexin, Ciprofloxacin and Cefixime and resistant to Gentamycin, Oxytetracycline, Chloramphenicol, and Kanamycin. The affected fish recovered from the infection after ciprofloxacin treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate mechanisms of inheritance of the sparkling scales (ginrin) trait in ornamental koi, a variant of Common CarpCyprinus carpio. The fish segregations of ginrin : nonginrin were recorded in three F1progenies obtained by crosses of ginrin × nonginrin and 16 F2progenies obtained by crosses of ginrin × ginrin and nonginrin × nonginrin. The segregations of ginrin : nonginrin in most F1progenies did not differ significantly from the 1:1 Mendelian ratio, while crossing nonginrin fish from F1progenies resulted in the appearance of only nonginrin fish in F2. Based on these data, it was suggested that the ginrin trait in koi is controlled by a dominant mutation of one gene (Gr/gr): fish with genotypesGrGrandGrgrhave ginrin phenotype, while fish with genotypegrgrdo not possess this trait. In most analyzed F2progenies obtained by crosses of ginrin × ginrin, the ginrin : nonginrin segregations were statistically different from the 3:1 and 2:1 theoretical ratios with permanent deficit of ginrin fish. It was suggested that the deviation of segregations from theoretical ratios resulted from increased mortality of ginrin fish as a result of possible negative pleiotropic effect of ginrin mutation on fish survival. The negative pleiotropic effect of ginrin mutation on fish growth was detected; nonginrin fish were substantially larger and heavier than ginrin fish from the same progenies raised in the same outdoor tanks. Received December 22, 2014; accepted February 26, 2015 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Gonad development in 4-year-old triploid and diploid ornamental koi, a variant of Common CarpCyprinus carpio, from corresponding heat-shocked and control progenies was investigated. Diploid males were normally mature. Triploid males from heat-shocked progeny demonstrated development of testes typical for triploid fish; triploid males did not release sperm and their testes had a pinkish color and were significantly reduced in size. Diploid females were normally mature and their gonadosomatic indices (GSIs) varied from 7.5% to 30.7% and the mean value was 21.3%. Triploid females had unexpectedly well-developed ovaries, which were filled with fully grown oocytes; their GSIs varied from 4.2% to 30.1% and the the mean value was 17.0%. Four triploid koi females released large quantities (from 260,000 to 394,500 eggs per female) of ovulated eggs after hormonal injection. Eggs from triploid females were fertilized with sperm from normal diploid koi males. Mass mortality of hatched larvae occurred at the swim-up stage, but about 32,000 swim-up larvae were obtained and stocked for further rearing. A total of 248 juveniles (or less than 1% from the number of stocked larvae) were collected from outdoor tanks. Ploidy analysis of juveniles (n= 110) showed that most of them were aneuploid with ploidy ranging from 2.3n to 2.9n with a mean value of 2.6n; two juveniles were diploid (2n). This shows that triploid koi females produced aneuploid eggs with a ploidy range from haploid to diploid level with the modal ploidy level around 1.5n, similar to the production of aneuploid spermatozoa observed earlier for triploid males in fish. Received April 21, 2014; accepted August 29, 2014 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study deals with the culture and breeding of ornamental fish in small space - as an additional income generating source especially for women. The study was conducted for a period of 16 months from June, 2010 to September, 2011. The culture and breeding of golden carp and lemon tetra was done in glass aquaria of size 30" x 12" x 15" and 48" x 12" x 18" and cement tank of size 40" x 24" x 22 with a regular monitoring of water quality parameters. Water exchange was also done when needed. The various water parameters such as temperature, pH, CO2 content, dissolved oxygen, and alkalinity was determined daily during breeding period. Foods offered were mixed food which contains live food (Daphnia, mosquito larvae& earthworms), farax, readymade food and prepared food. Fishes were fed twice a day, in the morning and in the evening. The breeding of above fishes were successfully done in glass aquaria and cement tanks. The average no. of eggs per female produced by golden carp and lemon tetra was 324 and 158 respectively. Although the no. of eggs produced was less. The reason for this is probably small size of brooder, small space for rearing of brooders, a short period of rearing of brooders in natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with four pigment sources on the coloration of Japanese ornamental carp (Showa koi) (Cyprinus carpio L.). Showa koi (which are colored black with scattered red patches and white spots) initially weighing 18.04±0.92g were fed five dietary treatments in triplicate: a control diet with no added pigments, a diet with 1.5gkg−1 Carophyll® red (synthetic, CR diet), a diet with 200gkg−1 wet weight of a photosynthetic bacterium (Rhodopseudanonas palustris, PB diet), a diet with 200gkg−1 wet weight of effective microorganisms (EM diet) and a diet with 75gkg−1 dry weight feed-grade Spirulina platensis (SP diet). After a 99day feeding trial, the fish''s color was evaluated with a colorimeter to measure the chroma, lightness, redness and yellowness of different color zones. The carotenoid and xanthophyll concentration in the skin and the scales of the fish''s red, black and white zones were tested. S. platensis significantly increased the growth and feeding efficiency of koi (P<0.05). S. platensis and Carophyll® red significantly improved the chroma of the black zone, the redness and the chroma of the red zone, and the lightness of the white zone (P<0.05). S. platensis and Carophyll® red increased the carotenoid content of the black and red scales and the xanthophyll content of the black and red skin and scales (P<0.05). The results indicate that Showa koi pigmentation can be modified by supplementing the diet with 1.5gkg−1 Carophyll® red or 75.0gkg−1 S. platensis. Dietary R. palustris, at levels up to 1.0gdrymatterkg−1 of diet, does not appear to affect the coloration of Showa koi. Furthermore, body coloration was generally correlated with the dose of dietary carotenoids and xanthophylls, and carotenoids had a deeper and greater influence than xanthophylls. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aquacultured koi and common carp ( Cyprinus carpio) are intensively bred for ornamental purposes and for human consumption worldwide. The carp and koi farming industries have suffered enormous economic losses over the past decade due to an epizootic disease caused by Cyprinus herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) also known as koi herpesvirus and carp interstitial nephritis gill necrosis virus. CyHV-3 is a large dsDNA virus, morphologically similar to herpesviruses, yet contains genetic elements similar to those of pox, irido- and herpesviruses. Considering the phylogenic distance between CyHV-3 and higher vertebrate herpesviruses, CyHV-3 represents the prototype of viruses assigned to the novel family Alloherpesviridae. Although emergence of a new virus rarely initiates a pandemic so severe that it reduces the life expectancy of a population, CyHV-3 is exceptional because of its enormous impact on the world carp population. High population density is the major contributing factor to the epizootic disease caused by CyHV-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to analyze changes of ovarian fluid, seminal plasma compositions, also sperm production characteristics (spermatocrit, sperm density and sperm volume) and sperm motility traits (sperm movement duration and percentage of motile spermatozoa) during spawning season (February to May) in koi, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). Ovarian fluid and semen samples were collected from 10 female and 15 male fish in each month respectively. The results suggested that percentage of motile spermatozoa, sperm movement duration and sperm volume had not significantly changes (P>0.05), but spermatocrit and sperm density shown significant changes (P>0.05) among February, March, April and may. On the other hand, no significant differences were recorded in ovarian fluid compositions. Analysis seminal plasma compositions shown that Sodium, glucose and total protein significantly changed (P<0.05) between four term, and other seminal plasma compositions had not changes (P>0.05) during spawning season. The present study described that evaluation of these parameters will help in development of the basic knowledge about reproduction biology in koi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both carotenoids and pteridine pigments can produce colors ranging from red to yellow and participate in mate choice, antioxidant, and immunity processes in animals. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) variants with red coloration have been selectively bred for more than a thousand years, yet the mechanism that regulates coloration remains poorly understood. Here we provided experimental evidence that the red coloration in common carp varieties was carotenoid-based and was regulated by the carotenoid transport genes Scarb1 and Scarb1-like (high density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor/ scavenger receptor B type 1, also known as SR-BI). We found that carotenoids rather than pteridine pigments were specific to whole red (WR) but absent in whole white (WW) Oujiang color common carp (Cyprinus carpio var. color). Scarb1 and its novel paralog gene Scarb1-like were the most significant carotenoid metabolism-related genes differentially expressed between WR and WW, whereas no difference was detected for the Gch1 (GTP cyclohydrolase 1) gene, which acted as a rate limiting enzyme in the pteridine pathway. Disruption of Scarb1 , Scarb1-like , and Gch1 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology resulted in regional red skin fading into white color in Scarb1 and Scarb1-like mutated WR (S +/−), leading to a decrease and a complete loss of astaxanthin and lutein in the red and white areas, respectively. However, no skin color variations were observed in Gch1 mutated WR fishes. In addition, disruption of the two Scarb1 genes and Gch1 together in WR caused red color variations similar to those observed in S +/− WR. Finally, carotenoids supplementation recovered the red color but had poorly effects on the white color in S +/− WR. This study revealed a plausible molecular mechanism responsible for red and white body colors and may benefit selective breeding programs of ornamental and cultured fish. • The red coloration in Oujiang color common carp was carotenoid-based. • Disruption of Scarb1 and Scarb1-like induced a break of the red coloration and a decrease of astaxanthin and lutein. • Dietary carotenoid supplementation enhanced the red coloration in Oujiang color common carp. • The two Scarb1 genes might act as a "switch" in the red carotenoid ornamentation in Oujiang color common carp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Koi Herpes Virus (KHV), under certain environmental conditions, results in heavy mortalities of populations of koi and carp (Cyprinus carpio). Koi are traded on a continuous basis in the worldwide ornamental fish market and the common carp is an important protein source, especially in many developing countries. During the last decade KHV has spread rapidly throughout the world and has resulted in significant economic losses to the carp and ornamental fish industries in some countries. KHV outbreaks have been documented in Israel since 1998. Production of carp and koi on farms throughout Israel were considerably reduced during the initial surge of disease, with massive fish kills. Three active approaches to the restoration of economic production were implemented by Israeli fish farmers, all claiming to assist in the containment and eradication of KHV. 1. Initially, farms in Israel performed natural immunization (NIS) of the carp and koi as a solution to viable production. 2. A vaccine has recently been developed and is use in some koi and carp producing farms in Israel. 3. Certain farms in Israel destroyed all infected compromised stock and continue production indoor or outdoor virus free, biosecure facilities. This paper will present the case for biosecure production and stocking of vitally uncompromised carp on farms and facilities around the world, in the context of a strategy of worldwide eradication and containment of KHV as well future pathogenic threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To isolate, select and evaluate Bacillus spp. as potential biological agents for enhancement of water quality in culture of ornamental fish. Methods and Results: Natural isolates obtained from mud sediment and Cyprinus carpio were purified and assessed in vitro for efficacy based on the inhibition of growth of pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila and the decrease in concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate ions . Based on suitability to predefined characteristics, the isolates B001, B002 and B003 were selected and evaluated in vitro in the presence of Aer. hydrophila and in a preliminary in vivo trial with C. carpio. The inhibitory effect on pathogen growth and the decrease in concentrations of waste ions was demonstrated. Based on 16S RNA sequence homology, the isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus licheniformis, respectively. Isolate B002 did not contain the anthrax virulence plasmids pOX1, pOX2 or the B. cereus enterotoxin. Conclusions: Selected isolates effected synergistic reduction in pathogen load and the concentrations of waste ions in vitro and in vivo and are safe for use in ornamental aquaculture. Significance and Impact of the Study: A new approach for assessment of biological agents was demonstrated and has yielded putative isolates for development into aquaculture products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the effect of polyculture against conventional monoculture on ornamental carp production, investigations on food selection and growth performance of koi carp (K), Cyprinus carpio L. and goldfish (G), Carassius auratus (L.) were conducted in a 11-week rearing experiment in two monoculture (100% K and 100% G) and five polyculture (90% K–10% G, 70% K–30% G, 50% K–50% G, 30% K–70% G and 10% K–90% G) conditions in tropical ponds. There were three replicates for each treatment. Environmental conditions and food availability were similar in all the treatments. Ivlev's electivity index showed that both fish species avoided phytoplankton and preferred cladocerans to other zooplankton groups (copepods and rotifers) in monotypic conditions. However, in the polyculture treatments, the positive electivity of goldfish towards cladocerans reduced significantly ( P<0.05), while the percentage of copepods, rotifers and phytoplankton in the gut content increased. No significant differences in weight gain, specific growth rate and deformities were recorded at harvest for koi carp between the different treatments ( P>0.05). Even the survival rate of koi carp recorded above 90% in all the treatments. However, the goldfish recorded significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate and survival in monoculture (100% G), compared with the polyculture treatments ( P<0.05). Goldfish deformities were lowest (P<0.05) in the monoculture treatment (2.42%). The number of marketable fish above a set size limit of 4 g total weight was significantly higher in the two monoculture treatments, compared with the five polyculture treatments (P<0.05). Keeping in view of the dietary similarities of koi carp and goldfish, and the aggressive nature of koi carp in polyculture, it is suggested to refrain from polyculture of goldfish and koi carp until further documentations relating to optimum stocking density and management of polyculture of ornamental carps are available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio koi) is an important cultured freshwater ornamental fish. It has a rich color and high economic value. However, owing to epidemic infectious diseases in recent years, its cultivation has been restricted. Information about the interaction between koi carp and Aeromonas veronii is limited. To better understand the immune response of koi carp to A. veronii infection, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the spleen of koi carp after artificial A. veronii infection. Consequently, a total of 72,694 unigenes with a N50 length of 2011 bp were obtained. Differential expression analysis showed that there were 373 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 24 h after infection, of which 240 genes were upregulated and 133 genes were downregulated. The expression levels of NLRP3, CD11b, CD11c, ASC, and IL-1β, which are closely related to inflammasomes, were significantly upregulated. Further annotation and enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were principally enriched in the phagosome, cell adhesion molecules, IL-17 signaling pathway, and antigen processing and presentation. The above mentioned molecules and signaling pathways may play an important role in the elimination of foreign, invading pathogens. To verify the accuracy of RNA-seq data, 10 genes related to immune function were selected for RT-qPCR experiments, and the results showed that their expression is highly consistent with the RNA-seq data. Additionally, the expression patterns of five differentially expressed inflammasome-related genes were also verified by RT-qPCR. A splenic transcriptome of koi carp between the control group and the A. veronii -immunized group was obtained, which provided new clues to the molecular mechanism of host– A. veronii interactions and provided a basis for further study on the gene expression and functional genomics of koi carp. • The first transcriptome analysis of koi carp's response to A.veronii. • 72,694 high-quality unigenes and 373 differentially expressed genes were identified. • DEGs were enriched in phagosome, cell adhesion molecules, and IL-17 signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Koi as a popular ornamental fish were threatened by the emergence of a deadly disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3; initially called koi herpesvirus or KHV), while there is no effective drug or vaccine against this fatal disease at present. Meanwhile, many drugs and vaccines had no effect in many cases account of several impenetrable barriers (cell, skin and gastrointestinal tract). Here we reported an immersion DNA vaccine system encoding a plasmid (pcDNA) coupled with ORF149 gene of KHV based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). To evaluate its efficacy against KHV, we set 9 different treatment groups contained PBS, pcDNA3.1 vector, inactivated virus, 1, 5, 10 mg/L of pcDNA3.1-ORF149, 1, 5, 10 mg/L of SWCNTs-pcDNA3.1-ORF149. The juvenile koi fish (3.0 ± 1.0 g) was vaccinated via immersion (100 fish per tank with 8 L rearing water). We found a stronger and longer duration immune response (serum antibody production, enzyme activities and immune-related genes expression) can be induced in fish vaccinated with high concentration SWCNTs-p149 in comparison with those vaccinated with p149 alone. The vaccine conferred an 56% protection against intraperitoneal challenge with 50 μL dose live KHV virus (7.3 × 105 TCID 50 /mL), which is the highest in the experiment. Thereby, this study demonstrates that SWCNTs as a promising carrier for DNA vaccine against KHV might be used to vaccinate large-scale juvenile koi fish by bath administration approach, which will effectively alleviate the pressure of the severe situation of KHV control. • Recombinant plasmid pcDNA-ORF149 was coupled to single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to generate an anti-KHV vaccine. • Koi fish immersed with SWCNTs-pcDNA-ORF149 conferred an RPS of 56% against challenge with KHV. • The novel vaccine might provide an effective and convenient for large-scale method of coping with KHV disease. • SWCNTs based immersion vaccine have prospects for application to aquatic vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple stressors associated with live fish transport, such as shaking, packing, hyper‑oxygenation, and cold stress, present a growing concern for fish welfare. The current study was designed to evaluate the fish welfare promoting effects of I-Tiao-Gung extract (Glycine tomentella, GTE), an extract derived from a Chinese herb, during live transport of blood parrot cichlid (Amphilophus citrinellus x Cichlasoma synspilum) and koi (Cyprinus carpio). The study analyzed plasma electrolytes, glucose, lactate, and cortisol levels from blood of both fishes during simulated transport. Results showed that adding GTE in water significantly decreased cortisol levels in blood parrot cichlid after 2–6 h and in koi after 4–6 h of simulated transport, respectively. Levels of glucose, lactate, and K+ in blood parrot cichlid began to elevate significantly between 2 and 6 h under stress. While levels of blood Na+, Ca2+ and lactate of koi significantly increased after simulated transport. Interestingly, Cl− levels were depressed significantly upon stress in both fishes. An indirect approach using ventilation frequency (VF) to gauge metabolism was taken to assess the physiological effects. VF was significantly slower in blood parrot cichlid after GTE addition comparing to that of the control group, but the effect was not significant in koi. Therefore, addition of GTE mitigated transport stress responses in both ornamental fishes through down-regulation of cortisol; thereby, promoting fish welfare during live transport. Unlabelled Image • GTE mitigate transport stress responses and promote welfare in both ornamental fishes. • During transport, fish ventilation frequency and water quality were stabilized by GTE addition. • Plasma cortisol is down-regulated by GTE during fish simulate transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]