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Premise Among the sophisticated trap types in carnivorous plants, the underground eel traps of corkskrew plants (Genlisea spp., Lentibulariaceae) are probably the least understood in terms of their functional principle. Here, we provide a detailed analysis of structural and hydraulic features of G. hispidula traps, contributing to the ongoing debate on whether these traps can actively generate water streams to promote prey capture. Methods Anatomical and hydraulic traits of detached traps, including inner trap diameters, chamber line element, hair length, glandular pattern, and hydraulic conductivity, were investigated quantitatively using light and electron microscopy, x‐ray microtomography, and hydraulic measurements. Results Hydraulic resistivity in the neck of the trap, from the trap mouth toward the vesicle (digestive chamber) was 10 times lower than in the opposite direction. The comparison of measured and theoretical flow rates suggests that the retrorse hairs inside trap necks also provide considerable resistance against movement of matter toward the vesicle. Hairs showed a gradient in length along the neck, with the shortest hairs near the vesicle. Co‐occurrence of quadrifid and bifid glands was limited to a small part of the neck, with quadrifids near the vesicle and bifids toward the trap mouth. Conclusions The combination of structural gradients with hydraulic anisotropy suggests the trap is a highly fine‐tuned system based on likely trade‐offs between efficient prey movement in the trap interior toward the vesicle, prey retention, and spatial digestion capacities and is not counter to the generation of water streams., publishedVersion

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T15:02:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-04-19 Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland as part of the Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow Jagiellonian University European Social Fund in the European Union Aims The carnivorous Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) has an anatomically simple and seemingly rootless vegetative body. It occupies a variety of wetlands and inland waters and shows a broad range of life forms. Here, we aimed to elucidate structural and functional traits in various hydric conditions. Furthermore, we intended to evaluate morpho-anatomical adaptations in correlation with life forms. Methods Morpho-anatomical characteristics typical for hydrophytes of all life forms were investigated by light microscopy on 13 Utricularia taxa, compared to one Pinguicula and two Genlisea taxa, and assessed by multivariate analyses. Results Vegetative structures of Utricularia and Genlisea showed reduced cortical, supporting, and vascular tissues. With increasing water table, leaves were thinner, and narrower or dissected, and submerged organs tended to contain chloroplasts in parenchymatic and epidermal cells. In some main stolons, an endodermis with Casparian strips was visible. Large gas chambers, including a novel 'crescent' and a special 'hollow' aerenchyma pattern, were found in amphibious to free-floating taxa. Conclusions The evolutionary transfer of carnivory from aerial to subterranean organs in Genlisea, and even more in Utricularia, coincides with a highly simplified anatomy, which is adapted to a broad variety of hydric conditions and compensates for structural innovations in the uptake of nutrients. Jagiellonian Univ Krakow, Fac Biol, Inst Bot, Dept Plant Cytol & Embryol, Gronostajowa 9 St, PL-30387 Krakow, Poland Univ Silesia Katowice, Fac Nat Sci, Inst Biol, 9 Bankowa St ID, PL-40007 Katowice, Poland UNESP Sao Paulo State Univ, Lab Plant Systemat, Dept Appl Biol, Sch Agr & Vet Sci, Campus Jaboticabal, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil UNESP Sao Paulo State Univ, Lab Plant Systemat, Dept Appl Biol, Sch Agr & Vet Sci, Campus Jaboticabal, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland as part of the Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow: N18/DBS/000002 European Social Fund in the European Union: POWR.03.05.00-00Z309/17-00

Las características biogeográficas de Colombia permiten la existencia de una amplia diversidad de plantas. La familia Lentibulariaceae es un grupo de plantas carnívoras conformada por los géneros Pinguicula, Genlisea y Utricularia.. Sin embargo, en el territorio colombiano son muy pocos los estudios relacionados a esta la familia de plantas carnívolas. Además, usualmente se realizan estudios con un enfoque únicamente morfológico para la identificación en esta familia, que puede ocasionar una caracterización errónea, por lo tanto, es necesaria la implementación de métodos moleculares complementarios a los métodos tradicionales. El uso de marcadores moleculares es una alternativa viable para llevar a cabo la identificación y caracterización de especies de los géneros que componen la familia Lentibulariaceae. A través de una búsqueda sistemática de información se realizó una lista de las especies de la familia Lentibulariaceae registradas en Colombia y se construyó un mapa de distribución de las especies. Adicionalmente, haciendo uso de la información encontrada en la base de datos NCBI, se seleccionó el gen rps16 correspondientes a las especies encontradas en la base de datos de la familia Lentibulariaceae. Hasta el momento 36 especies de las 360 especies de la familia Lentibulariaceae, han sido registradas en Colombia. En 28 departamentos del territorio colombiano se han registrado especies de esta familia, con una abundancia significativa en los departamentos de Vichada, Vaupés y Guainía. Finalmente, la información existente en las bases de datos revisadas respecto a la familia Lentibulariaceae es muy escasa, por lo que es necesario realizar más exploración y estudios conocer a profundidad la diversidad y evolución de las especies de la familia en el territorio Colombiano. In Colombia, very few studies related to the Lentibulariaceae family have been carried out, mainly due to the lack of interest and information related to these genera. Since there is robust molecular information on the phylogeny of Lentibulariaceae in the literature, and resorting only to the morphological approach for identification in this family can lead to erroneous characterization, it is necessary to implement alternative and complementary methods to traditional methods. The use of molecular markers is a viable alternative to carry out an identification and characterization of species of the genus Pinguicula, Genlisea and Utricularia, which make up the Lentibulariaceae family. Through this work, the species of the Lentibulariaceae family registered in Colombia will be determined and an analysis of their distribution in the Colombian territory will be made. A species distribution map was made. So far 36 species of the 360 species of the Lentibulariaceae family have been registered in Colombia. In total, in 28 departments of the Colombian territory, species of this family have been registered, with a significant abundance in the departments of Vichada, Vaupés and Guainía. The information in the databases reviewed regarding the Lentibulariaceae family in the country is very scarce, therefore, more studies are necessary for the correct characterization of the species of the family in the Colombian territory.

Resumo Este estudo compreende as espécies da família Lentibulariaceae ocorrentes no estado do Ceará, caracterizadas por apresentarem estruturas vegetativas altamente modificadas para captura de presas como forma de nutrição suplementar. Neste trabalho são apresentadas descrições morfológicas, chave de identificação, comentários taxonômicos, ilustrações, fotografias e dados de distribuição geográfica das espécies. Lentibulariaceae encontra-se representada, na área de estudo, pelos gêneros Genlisea e Utricularia, abrangendo 17 espécies: G. filiformis, U. adpressa, U. cornuta, U. cutleri, U. erectiflora, U. flaccida, U. foliosa, U.gibba, U. hydrocarpa, U. jamesoniana, U. juncea, U. pubescens, U. pusilla, U. resupinata, U. simulans, U. subulata e U. trichophylla. Oito espécies foram registradas em cinco Unidades de Conservação: APA do Lagamar do Cauípe, APA de Jericoacoara, APA do Lagamar do Cauípe, APA da Serra de Ibiapaba, PARNA de Ubajara e TI Jenipapo-Kanindé. Abstract The present study comprises the species of the family Lentibulariaceae occurring in the Ceará state, characterized by highly modified vegetative structures in order to trap prey as a form of supplementary nutrition. This work presents morphological descriptions, identification key, taxonomic comments, illustrations, photographs and geographic distribution data of the species. Lentibulariaceae is represented, in the study area, by the genera Genlisea and Utricularia, comprising 17 species: G. filiformis, U. adpressa, U. cornuta, U. cutleri, U. erectiflora, U. flaccida, U. foliosa, U.gibba, U. hydrocarpa, U. jamesoniana, U. juncea, U. pubescens, U. pusilla, U. resupinata, U. simulans, U. subulata and U. trichophylla. Eight species were recorded in five Conservation Units: APA do Lagamar do Cauípe, APA de Jericoacoara, APA do Lagamar do Cauípe, APA da Serra de Ibiapaba, PARNA de Ubajara and TI Jenipapo-Kanindé.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-07-02 Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego Uniwersytet Śląski w Katowicach Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences European Social Fund European Commission Carnivorous plants from the Lentibulariaceae form a variety of standard and novel vegetative organs and survive unfavorable environmental conditions. Within Genlisea, only G. tuberosa, from the Brazilian Cerrado, formed tubers, while Utricularia menziesii is the only member of the genus to form seasonally dormant tubers. We aimed to examine and compare the tuber structure of two taxonomically and phylogenetically divergent terrestrial carnivorous plants: Genlisea tuberosa and Utricularia menziesii. Additionally, we analyzed tubers of U. mannii. We constructed phylogenetic trees using chloroplast genes matK/trnK and rbcL and used studied characters for ancestral state reconstruction. All examined species contained mainly starch as histologically observable reserves. The ancestral state reconstruction showed that specialized organs such as turions evolved once and tubers at least 12 times from stolons in Lentibulariaceae. Different from other clades, tubers probably evolved from thick stolons for sect. Orchidioides and both structures are primarily water storage structures. In contrast to species from section Orchidioides, G. tuberosa, U. menziesii and U. mannii form starchy tubers. In G. tuberosa and U. menziesii, underground tubers provide a perennating bud bank that protects the species in their fire-prone and seasonally desiccating environments. Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology Institute of Botany Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9 St. Laboratory of Plant Systematics School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp Faculty of Natural Sciences Institute of Biology Biotechnology and Environmental Protection University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley Laboratory of Plant Systematics School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University (Unesp CNPq: # 312908/2018-0 Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences: N18/DBS/000002 European Social Fund: POWR.03.05.00-00Z309/17-00 European Commission: POWR.03.05.00-00Z309/17-00

BackgroundCarnivorous plants have been fascinating researchers with their unique characters and bioinspired applications. These include medicinal trait of some carnivorous plants with potentials for pharmaceutical industry.MethodsThis review will cover recent progress based on current studies on digestive enzymes secreted by different genera of carnivorous plants:Drosera(sundews),Dionaea(Venus flytrap), Nepenthes(tropical pitcher plants),Sarracenia(North American pitcher plants), Cephalotus(Australian pitcher plants), Genlisea(corkscrew plants),andUtricularia(bladderworts).ResultsSince the discovery of secreted protease nepenthesin inNepenthespitcher, digestive enzymes from carnivorous plants have been the focus of many studies. Recent genomics approaches have accelerated digestive enzyme discovery. Furthermore, the advancement in recombinant technology and protein purification helped in the identification and characterisation of enzymes in carnivorous plants.DiscussionThese different aspects will be described and discussed in this review with focus on the role of secreted plant proteases and their potential industrial applications.

Resumo Este estudo compreende as espécies de Lentibulariaceae que ocorrem sobre canga na Serra dos Carajás, estado do Pará, Brasil, incluindo chaves de identificação, descrições detalhadas, ilustrações e comentários morfológicos das espécies. Foram registradas 12 espécies distribuídas em dois gêneros, Genlisea (uma espécie) e Utricularia (11 spp.). Abstract The present study comprises the specis of Lentibulariaceae that occur on iron-stone outcrops (canga) at the Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil, including identification keys, detailed descriptions, illustrations and comments regarding these species. There were 12 species recorded, distributed in two genera: Genlisea (one species) and Utricularia (11 spp.).

Here we present 36 new records of 22 species of Lentibulariaceae from northeastern Brazil, expanding their distribution range and providing taxonomic, habitat and phenological comments, in addition to distribution maps and photographs of living specimens. Rio Grande do Norte is the state with the highest number of new records (12), followed by Alagoas, with eight. This is the first insight on the actual richness of the family in the region, and some species show interesting disjunct distributions and habitat restrictions. Only one species treated here is endemic to northeastern Brazil, ten species seem to be restricted to lowland white-sand wetlands, and three are restricted to high altitudes in campos rupestres or in campos de altitude. The remaining ones have a wider distribution. Our data support previous hypotheses on plant dispersal and past connections between Brazilian vegetation formations, shedding light for future studies on the dispersal history and biogeography of Lentibulariaceae.

Utricularia (bladderworts) are rootless carnivorous plants forming small suction traps which are hollow discoid bladders. There is some controversy surrounding the understanding of trap vascularization in Utricularia species and most of the knowledge in the literature is based on aquatic Utricularia from section Utricularia . In this study, we investigated trap vascularization in 9 Utricularia species or clones from the subgenus Polypompholyx using several light microscopy staining techniques. Both xylem and phloem elements were found in the traps of all investigated species or clones. The pattern of trap vascular bundles from the subgenus Polypompholyx was similar to that reported for subgenus Bivalvaria, but different from that of aquatic U. vulgaris from the subgenus Utricularia . The system of trap vascularization in the members of the subgenus Polypompholyx was different from that found in the traps of Genlisea , which is a closely related genus (both Lentibulariaceae). The structure of trap vascular bundles was, however, similar in Genlisea and Polypompholyx . Possible utilization of xylem elements in Utricularia traps is discussed.

The terminal cells of glandular hairs are shown to be the only permeable sites on the trap surface. A cuticle of these cells of internal hairs forms pores. These discontinuities can be demonstrated directly by SEM and indirectly by using a vital stain. Cuticular discontinuities of internal trap hairs are involved in the discharge of hydrolytic enzymes and the absorption of the products of the digestion (internal trap nutrients absorption). For external trap hairs was suggested that they are hydropoten and play a role in both water and ions transport (external trap nutrients and water absorption). In some Genlisea species, sessile hairs on the underground parts may play a role in water transpiration. In other species like Genlisea filiformis and G. aurea, these hairs produce mucilage which is a habitat of the community of microorganisms.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-10-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Lentibulariaceae is the richest family of carnivorous plants spanning three genera including Pinguicula, Genlisea, and Utricularia. Utricularia is globally distributed, and, unlike Pinguicula and Genlisea, has both aquatic and terrestrial forms. In this study we present the analysis of the chloroplast (cp) genome of the terrestrial Utricularia reniformis. U. reniformis has a standard cp genome of 139,725bp, encoding a gene repertoire similar to essentially all photosynthetic organisms. However, an exclusive combination of losses and pseudogenization of the plastid NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase (ndh) gene complex were observed. Comparisons among aquatic and terrestrial forms of Pinguicula, Genlisea, and Utricularia indicate that, whereas the aquatic forms retained functional copies of the eleven ndh genes, these have been lost or truncated in terrestrial forms, suggesting that the ndh function may be dispensable in terrestrial Lentibulariaceae. Phylogenetic scenarios of the ndh gene loss and recovery among Pinguicula, Genlisea, and Utricularia to the ancestral Lentibulariaceae cladeare proposed. Interestingly, RNAseq analysis evidenced that U. reniformis cp genes are transcribed, including the truncated ndh genes, suggesting that these are not completely inactivated. In addition, potential novel RNA-editing sites were identified in at least six U. reniformis cp genes, while none were identified in the truncated ndh genes. Moreover, phylogenomic analyses support that Lentibulariaceae is monophyletic, belonging to the higher core Lamiales clade, corroborating the hypothesis that the first Utricularia lineage emerged in terrestrial habitats and then evolved to epiphytic and aquatic forms. Furthermore, several truncated cp genes were found interspersed with U. reniformis mitochondrial and nuclear genome scaffolds, indicating that as observed in other smaller plant genomes, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, and the related and carnivorous Genlisea nigrocaulis and G. hispidula, the endosymbiotic gene transfer may also shape the U. reniformis genome in a similar fashion. Overall the comparative analysis of the U. reniformis cp genome provides new insight into the ndh genes and cp genome evolution of carnivorous plants from Lentibulariaceae family. Instituto de Bioci�ncias UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista C�mpus Botucatu Departamento de Biologia Aplicada � Agropecu�ria Faculdade de Ci�ncias Agr�rias e Veterin�rias UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista C�mpus Jaboticabal Departamento de Tecnologia Faculdade de Ci�ncias Agr�rias e Veterin�rias UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista C�mpus Jaboticabal Ibis Bioscience Computational Genomics Instituto de Bioci�ncias UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista C�mpus Botucatu Departamento de Biologia Aplicada � Agropecu�ria Faculdade de Ci�ncias Agr�rias e Veterin�rias UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista C�mpus Jaboticabal Departamento de Tecnologia Faculdade de Ci�ncias Agr�rias e Veterin�rias UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista C�mpus Jaboticabal FAPESP: 13/25164-6

Genlisea is a terrestrial carnivorous plant which occurs mainly in nutrient-poor soil. It has been known that individuals of ciliates Paramecium caudatum are trapped and digested by this plant. Our observations show that Genlisea can trap not only Protozoa but also bigger animals, that their prey depend on the kind of available organisms and that prey were trapped passively. In the laboratory, Genlisea traps contained a variety of organisms: bacteria, algae, protozoans, nematodes, rotifers, annelids, tardigrades, crustaceans and mites.

Lentibulariaceae is the largest family among carnivorous plants which displays not only an unusual morphology and anatomy but also the special evolution of its embryological characteristics. It has previously been reported by authors that Utricularia species lack a filiform apparatus in the synergids. The main purposes of this study were to determine whether a filiform apparatus occurs in the synergids of Utricularia and its sister genus Genlisea, and to compare the female germ unit in these genera. The present studies clearly show that synergids in both genera possess a filiform apparatus; however, it seems that Utricularia quelchii synergids have a simpler structure compared to Genlisea aurea and other typical angiosperms. The synergids are located at the terminal position in the embryo sacs of Pinguicula, Genlisea and were probably also located in that position in common Utricularia ancestor. This ancestral characteristic still occurs in some species from the Bivalvaria subgenus. An embryo sac, which grows out beyond the limit of the integument and has contact with nutritive tissue, appeared independently in different Utricularia lineages and as a consequence of this, the egg apparatus changes position from apical to lateral.

This study provides a floristic survey of Lentibulariaceae occurring in Serra dos Pireneus (SDP), state of Goiás, Brazil. The phytogeographic domain in which SDP is located is the Cerrado, with different vegetation, including floodplain grasslands (campos úmidos) where Lentibulariaceae usually occur. Samples were collected from 2007 to 2010 and herbarium samples were consulted as well. We recorded nine species of Lentibulariaceae: the genera Genlisea (2 spp.) and Utricularia (7 spp.). Descriptions, illustrations, photographs and identification keys are presented in this study. Resumo Este estudo apresenta um levantamento florístico das Lentibulariaceae ocorrentes na Serra dos Pireneus (SDP), estado de Goiás, Brasil. O bioma da SDP é o Cerrado, onde diferentes fitofisionomias ocorrem, incluindo campos úmidos, ambientes onde as Lentibulariaceae geralmente habitam. Coletas dos espécimes foram realizadas entre 2007 e 2010 e amostras de herbários também foram consultadas. Nove espécies foram encontradas em Lentibulariaceae: dos gêneros Genlisea (2 spp.) e Utricularia (7 spp.). Descrições, ilustrações, fotografias e chaves de identificação para estas espécies são apresentadas neste estudo.

The community of algae occurring in Genlisea traps and on the external traps surface in laboratory conditions were studied. A total of 29 taxa were found inside the traps, with abundant diatoms, green algae (Chlamydophyceae) and four morphotypes of chrysophytes stomatocysts. One morphotype is described as new for science. There are two ways of algae getting into Genlisea traps. The majority of those recorded inside the traps, are mobile; swimming freely by flagella or moving exuding mucilage like diatoms being ablate to colonize the traps themselves. Another possibility is transport of algae by invertebrates such as mites and crustaceans. In any case algae in the Genlisea traps come from the surrounding environment. Two dominant groups of algae (Chladymonas div. and diatoms) in the trap environment, show ability to hydrolyze phosphomonoseters. We suggest that algae in carnivorous plant traps can compete with plant (host) for organic phosphate (phosphomonoseters). From the spectrum and ecological requirements of algal species found in the traps, environment inside the traps seems to be acidic. However, further studies are needed to test the relations between algae and carnivorous plants both in laboratory conditions and in the natural environment. All the reported taxa are described briefly and documented with 74 LM and SEM micrographs.