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Objectives: Internet-based interventions can help carers of people living with dementia to cope with care-related challenges and can help improve their wellbeing. This systematic review aimed at investigating the criteria of usability and acceptability of self-guided internet-based interventions for family carers of people living with dementia. Method: Searches were conducted on PubMed, Virtual Health Library Regional Portal (Americas), MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Cochrane. Studies published up to December 2019, in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, were eligible. We followed the definition/criteria from ISO ISO-9241-11 for usability (efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction) and acceptability (barriers for using and utility). Methodological quality was evaluated using specific tools according to each study design. Results: Ten studies were included, all of which had high methodological quality. Carers of people living with dementia indicated that internet-based interventions were mostly effective, efficient, and satisfactory. They considered these to be informative, relevant, and functional, highlighting the utility and intention of using the resource in the future. The high heterogeneity in the terms and methods used to evaluate usability and acceptability hindered cross-study comparisons, however internet-based interventions were considered useful and acceptable by most carers. Conclusion: Future research should consider expanding the criteria of usability and acceptability to better reflect the needs of this population.

Resumo Introdução Trabalhadores podem vivenciar um conflito de papéis ao tentarem conciliar trabalho e atividades de cuidado com familiares idosos. Objetivo Realizar uma revisão sistemática das pesquisas empíricas sobre equilíbrio trabalho-família entre cuidadores de idosos. Método Foram consultadas as bases de dados Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, BVS, Web of Science e PsycInfo para identificar as pesquisas publicadas no período de 2015 a 2020. Resultados Identificaram-se 20 artigos que foram categorizados da seguinte forma: 1. Cuidadores de idosos com demência e câncer; 2. Gênero; 3. Geração Sanduíche e baby boomers; e 4. Estratégias de enfrentamento individuais e coletivas. Destacou-se que existem especificidades no equilíbrio trabalho-família que podem favorecer tanto o spillover positivo quanto o negativo; por isso devem ser consideradas no planejamento das estratégias individuais e coletivas. Conclusão Para favorecer o equilíbrio trabalho-família, deve-se estudar as escolhas entre os trabalhos e responsabilidades familiares, bem como ampliar esse quadro estreito por meio da análise de aspectos que envolvam gênero, biografia, normas culturais, valores sociais, aspectos econômicos e soluções políticas disponíveis a esses trabalhadores. Abstract Introduction Active workers may experience role conflict when trying to reconcile work and caregiving activities with elderly family members. Objective To carry out a systematic review of empirical research on work-family balance among caregivers of the elderly. Method Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, BVS, Web of Science and PsycInfo databases were consulted to identify research published from 2015 to 2020. Results 20 articles were identified and categorized as follows: 1. Caregivers of elderly people with dementia and cancer; 2. Gender; 3. Sandwich Generation and Baby Boomers; and 4. Individual and collective coping strategies. It was highlighted that there are specificities in the work-family balance that can favor both positive and negative spillovers; therefore, they must be considered in the planning of individual and collective strategies. Conclusion In order to favor work-family balance, the choices between work and family responsibilities should be studied, as well as expanding this narrow framework through the analysis of aspects involving gender, biography, cultural norms, social values, economic aspects and political solutions available to these workers.

Objective: to evaluate musculoskeletal symptoms in formal and informal caregivers of elderly people, and check association with personal and work-related factors. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study. Instruments for assessment were the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, Self-Reporting Questionnaire-20, Borg’s effort perception scale and Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Results: informal caregivers had been working for a longer time (60.2% vs. 41%), had more hours of work (37.4% >12h for day), less time off (85.4% vs. 2.5%) and lack of care guidelines (90.2%). The region with the most musculoskeletal symptoms was the spine and the greater dependence of the elderly, the greater the chances of developing musculoskeletal symptoms (OR= 1.3, 95% CI= 1.1-1.6, p

The degree of burden related to the demands of daily care provided to a dependent older adult is important to evaluate due to the negative influence exerted on caregivers’ physical and psychological health. Objective: To analyze the validity of the 12-item version of the Zarit Burden Interview administered to older caregivers of community-dwelling older dependent individuals and suggest a cut-off score based on quartiles. Methods: Three hundred and forty-one older caregivers (mean age: 69.6±7.1 years; 76.8% women) registered with primary healthcare centers were evaluated using the ZBI-12. Additional evaluations addressed stress (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]), depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS]) in the older caregivers and the degree of dependence of the older care recipients (Lawton and Brody [L&B]). Results: Cronbach’s alpha demonstrated very good internal consistency (α=0.81). Correlations were found between all ZBI-12 items and overall score on the PSS (r=0.53; p

Resumo Introdução As intervenções cognitivas podem ser importantes estratégias de apoio aos cuidadores de idosos com doença de Alzheimer (DA), uma vez que melhoram sua saúde física e mental. Objetivo Avaliar e analisar os efeitos de intervenção psicoeducativas com enfoque em treino cognitivo sobre a cognição, ansiedade, estresse e sobrecarga em cuidadores de idosos com doença de Alzheimer. Método Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado e cego realizado com 37 cuidadores informais divididos em Grupo Intervenção Domiciliar (GID) e Grupo Controle (GC). Os participantes foram avaliados antes e após a intervenção por meio do Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised, Escala de Estresse Percebido, Inventário de Depressão e Ansiedade de Beck e Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit. Resultados Houve melhora significante no GID para sintomas de estresse (p= 0,0027), cognição (p= 0,003; p= 0,008), atenção/orientação (p= 0,004), memória (p= 0,017) e fluência verbal (p= 0,023). Quanto ao GC, apesar da melhora nos parâmetros, essa não foi significativa. Conclusão: A intervenção em cuidadores de forma domiciliar é uma importante ferramenta para a melhora na cognição e estresse em cuidadores de idosos com DA, mas não parece ter a mesma eficácia para sintomas de sobrecarga, o que evidencia a necessidade de estratégias específicas para este domínio. Abstract Introduction Cognitive interventions can be important support strategies for caregivers of older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) since they improve their physical and mental health. Objective To evaluate and analyze the effects of psychoeducational intervention with a focus on cognitive stimulation on cognition, anxiety, stress, and overload in caregivers of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease. Method This is a randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial, performed with 37 informal caregivers divided into Home Intervention Group (HIG) and Control Group (CG). Participants were assessed before and after the intervention using Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Revised, Perceived Stress Scale, Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety, and Zarit Overload Scale. Results There was improvement in the HIG, significant for symptoms of stress (p= 0.0027), cognition (p= 0.003; p= 0.008), attention/orientation (p= 0.004), memory (p= 0.017), and verbal fluency (p= 0.023). Regarding the CG, despite the improvement in the parameters, this was not significant. Conclusion Intervention in caregivers at home is an important tool for improving cognition and stress in caregivers of older adults with AD, but it does not seem to be as effective for symptoms of overload, which highlights the need for specific strategies in this domain.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a relação entre a esperança e a espiritualidade de idosos que desempenham papel de cuidadores. Método: trata-se de um estudo correlacional, de corte transversal. A amostra foi composta por 301 idosos cuidadores, cadastrados em Unidades de Saúde da Família. Os instrumentos utilizados na coleta de dados foram a Escala de Esperança de Herth e Escala de Espiritualidade de Pinto Pais-Ribeiro. Resultados: os dados apontam para a existência de correlação positiva, de fraca magnitude entre a escala de esperança e os domínios “crenças” (r=0,174) e correlação positiva e forte entre a escala de esperança e o domínio “esperança/otimismo” (r=0,615) da escala de espiritualidade, com significância estatística (p

Objective: to evaluate and compare the sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, anxiety and perceived stress of formal and informal caregivers of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease. Method: Quantitative, cross-sectional and comparative study with 44 caregivers that were divided into two groups of 26 informal caregivers (IC) and 18 formal caregivers (FC). The Instrument for Characterization of the Caregiver, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were applied. Results: Of those IC, the majority were women (96.2%), mean age of 52.9 years, majority represented by sons (daughters) (65.4%). They presented, on average, depressive symptoms (10.1%), anxiety symptoms (11.5%) and scored 32.1 in the PSS. The FC group, the majority were women (94.4%), mean age of 45.2 years were not related to the elderly people (66.7%). They presented, on average, depressive symptoms (7.1%), anxiety symptoms (6.4%) and scored 31.7 in the PSS. Conclusion: Similarities were shown in the sociodemographic aspects, but the groups differ in the health profile, revealing an alert for the planning of interventions looking for health promotion and disease prevention. Implications for practice: The study contributes to the improvement of the caregivers´ quality of life.

Objective Factors associated with perceived stress in older people have been studied previously, but this investigation in elderly caregivers is still scarce in the literature. Our aim was to assess factors that are associated with perceived stress in a sample of elderly caregivers. Methods This cross-sectional investigation assessed 341 elderly caregivers who cared for a dependent older person at home. They answered questionnaires including the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), a sociodemographic and care characterization, health and cognitive status, and burden related to care. Results The mean score in PSS-14 was 18.5 ± 9.9. Self-reported pain, difficult to sleep, “very poor/poor” self-rated health, impaired cognitive status, more people living in the house and higher levels of burden related to care were associated with higher levels of perceived stress. Discussion The results highlight the importance of the development of stress-reduced interventions directed to elderly caregivers focusing on the associated variables in this study. Attention should be given to cognitive decline prevention and strategies to avoid or reduce burden in the elderly caregivers.

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of physical inactivity (PI) and associated factors in older caregivers of older adults. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted including 312 older caregivers. Sociodemographic, clinical, and care-related characteristics were considered the independent variables for the determination of associated factors with PI in the logistic regression model. Results: The prevalence of PI was 75.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [70.1%, 80.0%]). The following factors were associated with PI: being female (odds ratio [OR] = 2.8, 95% CI = [1.3, 5.9]), being older than 75 years of age (OR = 7.1, 95% CI = [2.2, 22.9]), not having a marital life (OR = 4.2, 95% CI = [1.1, 15.8]), being prefrail (OR = 6.2, 95% CI = [1.7, 21.9]), and being frail (OR = 14.8, 95% CI = [3.8, 57.7]). Discussion: The prevalence of PI was high and associated with the female sex, an advanced age, and not being married. Specific public policies considering these results should be created for older caregivers.

Resumo Objetivo: Caracterizar os cuidadores idosos que cuidam de outros idosos em contexto de alta vulnerabilidade social. Métodos: Estudo descritivo e transversal, realizado com 40 cuidadores idosos utilizando-se: questionário para caracterização do cuidador, Mini Exame do Estado Mental, Índice de Katz, Escala de atividades instrumentais de vida diária de Lawton, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica e o fenótipo de fragilidade proposto por Fried. Para as análises, utilizou-se o Stata versão 11.0, de forma descritiva. Resultados: Houve predomínio do sexo feminino, da faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos, de indivíduos casados, com ensino primário, aposentados. Não possuíam plano de saúde. A maioria era pré-frágil, hipertensa e independente tanto para as atividades instrumentais quanto para as atividades básicas de vida diária. Não apresentavam indícios de sintomas depressivos, nem de alterações cognitivas. Conclusão: Conhecer o perfil dos cuidadores idosos é imprescindível para subsidiar os serviços de saúde no planejamento de uma assistência de qualidade. Resumen Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil de los adultos mayores que cuidan de otros adultos mayores en contextos de alta vulnerabilidad social. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y transversal, realizado con 40 cuidadores que utilizó: cuestionario para caracterización del cuidador, Mini Examen de Estado Mental, Índice de Katz, Escala de Actividades Instrumentales de Vida Diaria de Lawton, Escala de Depresión Geriátrica y el Fenotipo de Fragilidad de Fried. Para los análisis, se utilizó el Stata versión 11.0. Resultados: Predominaron las mujeres, la franja etaria entre 60 y 69 años, casadas, con escolaridad primaria, jubiladas. No tenían seguro salud. La mayoría era pre-frágil, hipertensa e independiente, tanto para las actividades instrumentales como para las actividades básicas de la vida diaria. No presentaban indicios de síntomas depresivos ni de alteraciones cognitivas. Conclusión: Conocer el perfil de los ancianos cuidadores es imprescindible para subsidiar los servicios de salud en la planificación de una atención de calidad. Abstract Objective: To characterize older adult caregivers who care for other older adults in the context of high social vulnerability. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study, conducted with 40 older adult caregivers using: Mini Mental State Examination, Katz Index, Lawton's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale and the Frailty phenotype proposed by Fried. The previously scheduled interviews were conducted in the home of the caregiver. For the data analysis, the statistical software Stata 11.0 was used, descriptively. Results: There was a predominance of females, age range 60-69 years, married, with primary education, who were retired. They had no health insurance. Most were pre-frail, hypertensive and independent in both instrumental activities and basic activities of daily living. They showed no evidence of depressive symptoms or cognitive impairments. Conclusion: To know the profile of the older adult caregiver is essential to support health services in planning quality care.

A finalidade deste estudo foi identificar a dependência funcional de idosos e a sobrecarga do cuidador. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico e transversal realizado em 2009 com 574 idosos e 124 cuidadores em Ribeirão Preto-SP, por meio dos instrumentos MIF e Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit. Entre os idosos, a maioria era do sexo feminino (67,8%), com média de 76,6 anos, baixa escolaridade (54,7%) e renda individual mensal de R$ 942,20. Apenas 15,7% foram identificados como dependentes. Dos cuidadores, 85,6% era do sexo feminino, com média de 56,5 anos e 90,3% eram familiares (filhas ou esposas). A média de sobrecarga dos cuidadores foi de 27,8 (±17,5). A dependência do idoso foi fator de risco para sobrecarga do cuidador (p

This study investigated the functional dependency of aged individuals and caregiver burden. This epidemiological and cross-sectional study was conducted in 2009 with 574 aged individuals and 124 caregivers in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, using the following instruments: Functional Independency Measure (FIM) and Zarit Burden Interview. Among the elderly, most (67.8%) were women with a mean age of 76.6 years, with a low educational level (54.7%) and an average monthly per capita income of R$942.20. Only 15.7% were identified as being dependent. Regarding the caregivers, 85.6% were women with a mean age of 56.5 years; 90.3% were family caregivers (daughters, wives), and the mean burden score was 27.8 (±17.5). The dependency of the aged individuals was a risk factor for caregiver burden (p0.05). Preventive actions and early intervention should be priority for this population. The following are necessary: surveillance by a multidisciplinary health team, the application of instruments to assess the extent to which functionality is compromised and interventions to prevent caregiver burden.

OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar idosos com deficit cognitivo e cuidadores familiares que vivem na comunidade urbana e identificar a sobrecarga dos cuidadores. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, seccional, conduzido entre janeiro e julho de 2009 com 70 idosos com 65 anos ou mais de idade com deficit cognitivo avaliados por meio do miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e com seus 70 cuidadores avaliados pela Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit (ESZ) e o Self Reporting Questionaire (SRQ). Os dados, digitados e validados por dupla entrada no Programa Excel foram analisados no aplicativo SPSS, versão 15.0. RESULTADOS: Dos cuidadores, 47,1% eram filhos (as). Obteve-se média para Zarit, 30,3(±17,3) e 6,2(±3,2) para SRQ, p

A finalidade deste estudo foi descrever a sobrecarga e o desconforto emocional dos cuidadores de idosos. Estudo epidemiológico e transversal conduzido em 2009 com 124 cuidadores residentes na comunidade de Ribeirão Preto-SP, por meio dos instrumentos: Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit e Self-Reporting Questionaire (SRQ-20) para o cuidador. A análise dos dados foi realizada no aplicativo SPSS, 15.0, de forma descritiva, univariada (tabelas de frequência) e bivariada (tabelas de contingência para variáveis qualitativas). Os cuidadores, 85,6% do sexo feminino, média de 56,5 anos, utilizaram, em média, 12,4 horas diárias para o cuidar e 57,6% dos cuidadores apresentaram de leve a moderada sobrecarga. Dependência funcional do idoso, sexo do cuidador e tempo em horas para o cuidado, foram preditores da sobrecarga (p

Resumo Este estudo objetivou comparar as condições de saúde e a sobrecarga de cuidadores formais e informais de idosos. Estudo observacional, seccional, comparativo com coleta em 2014, em São Carlos/SP, utilizando-se os instrumentos Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit e SRQ 20 (Self Reporting Questionaire). A amostra, constituída de 15 cuidadores formais e 35 informais. Os formais, maioria mulheres (86,7%), média de 36,7 anos, escolaridade de 13,7 anos, carga horária de 7,5 horas diárias de trabalho, 26,7% com desconforto emocional e maior frequência, sentiram-se “um pouco sobrecarregados” (40%). Os informais, maioria mulheres (85,7%), 42,9% representados por filhos, média de 55,2 anos, escolaridade de 7,1 anos, tempo de cuidado de 6,5 anos, com 19,8 horas diárias no cuidado ao idoso, 17 (48,6%) apresentaram leve sobrecarga e 16 (45,7%) apresentaram desconforto emocional. Revelaram-se importantes diferenças e alertas para o planejamento de intervenções visando à melhoria nas condições de saúde e de trabalho destes indivíduos.