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Women scientists are an important part of the community of science and technology (S&T) professionals and are an indispensable force in China's S&T undertakings. Using data relating to women scientists from the 'Project on the Collection of Historic Data of Chinese Scientists' Academic Life', this paper reviews the academic growth processes of women scientists in China. It analyses the complex factors that have affected them (such as family background, education, marriage, choice of major, research environment and social culture) and sums up their experiences of success. Finally, specific measures for boosting the status and role of female S&T professionals are proposed based on the realities and problems that they face in their career development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Ottoman Empire, all muderris candidates entered the profession within a system and continued their madrasa careers with a certain hierarchy. However, it was observed that the names coming from the ulema family could advance up the career ladder in a shorter time than their colleagues with the privileges granted to them. These privileges, which had been granted to some ulemā families since the mid-15th century, were eventually extended to other ulemā families; however, this practice was carried to different points through abuses and became one of the important reasons for the deterioration of the scholarship. This situation was criticized in various works during the period when the practice continued, and it was also evaluated from various angles after the Ottoman period. However, the first studies on the subject mainly focused on the examples in the early Ottoman period, and as a result, the belief that the names belonging to the ulemā family formed an aristocratic structure in the ilmiye class and that there was a monopoly in the ilmiye gained weight. Recent studies focusing on ulemās from different time periods of the nineteenth century, on the other hand, have found that the ilmiye class offers an open career opportunity to names from various family backgrounds. In this study, unlike other studies on the subject, the issue of privilege is approached through the muderris of a madrasah. The aim of the study is to follow the madrasa careers of the muderris belonging to the ulemā family who were appointed to the Hagia Sophia Madrasa in the nineteenth century and to reveal the privileges of the other muderris who were appointed to this madrasa in the same century. The main source of data for this study is the Tarik Books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with Greek cinema and its development in recent years. In particular, it focuses on the significance of the financial crisis and its impact on cinema. It emphasizes that contemporary Greek cinema has produced a young generation of filmmakers who engage with the effects of the crisis. The films are characterized by a specific signature and address unemployment, generational change, isolation, and inflation. The article also discusses the changes in Greek cinema compared to classical Greek cinema. The Filmmakers of Greece (FOG) were founded in response to the lack of screening and funding opportunities for the new generation of filmmakers. Greek cinema also benefited from the digitization of film production and distribution, as well as international funding structures. The article also discusses low-budget productions and the manifesto of the Danish film group Dogma 95. The text also mentions the term "precarious" and its various meanings in relation to theater and performance. It emphasizes that the term encompasses uncertainty and vulnerability and indicates an ethics of dealing with it. Three linguistic manifestations of the term are examined: "obtained through begging," "revocable," and "unfortunate, difficult, delicate." The text explores the concepts of the precarious and their significance in contemporary Greek cinema. The term "precarity" refers to the vulnerability of the body and the associated uncertainty. The "precariat" arises from the unequal distribution of precarity in a society, while "governmental precarization" concerns the regulation of these distributions. The film "Alps" by Giorgos Lanthimos is used as an example of cinema of the precarious, which differs from traditional narrative cinema. The film is about a group called "Alps" that offers grief counseling as a service by assuming the role of the deceased. The text also examines the representation of precarious bodies in the film and emphasizes the vulnerability of the human body and the power relations that result from it. The film "Alps" deals with the theme of grief counseling and the impossibility of replacing a deceased person. The main character, Monte Rosa, plays various roles of the deceased and is confronted by other people with their needs and desires. Her body becomes the site of past conflicts, and her own identity is lost. The film also addresses the collapse of private and public spaces and the precarious situation of the main character. The text describes the film "Alps" and its representation of precarious tendencies in contemporary Greek cinema. The film addresses the precarious situation in Greece during the financial crisis and shows the division between the rich and the poor. It criticizes the pressure for self-optimization and presents the incompatibility of identity transformation and professional advancement. The film also depicts the dissolution of spatial and physical boundaries. The text suggests considering the film in the context of personal development, perception training, and political education. Various literature sources for an introduction to film didactics are presented in the text. Textbooks by Michael Klant and Raphael Spielmann are recommended, as well as the journal "Kunst+Unterricht" and two other contributions by Klaus Küchmeister and Friederike Rückert. A link to a film called "..." is also provided. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents the results of qualitative research on the lived experience of managers related to critical moments of practice that arise due to behavioral patterns acquired during childhood that are incompatible with their own mindsets. The research is based on interpretive phenomenological analysis and is enriched at the interpretive level with existential hermeneutic phenomenology perspectives. The article concludes that both childhood experience and adopted parental behavioral patterns that are not in accordance with their own mindset can lead to serious issues in managers' career development. These are typically dysfunctional interpersonal relationships, feelings of failure, and disrupted management activities and processes that affect career plans and personal life. The novelty of our approach lies in the fact that a phenomenological approach can be used not only to analyze traumatic childhood experiences and events, but also to reveal how a common family background can shape future business practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Varied and complex forms of parental influence may shape young people's decisions about whether or not to study science once it is no longer compulsory in school. Purpose: This study attempts to identify the role of parents in influencing the choice of science subjects in Mauritius among students at the end of the third year of secondary education, the level up to which science is a compulsory subject, and to see whether such influence depends on students' social backgrounds. There is a low uptake of science beyond the compulsory level and this is a matter of concern in the present knowledge-based society. Sample: The study was undertaken in four purposely selected schools in Mauritius, two mixed-sex and two girls' schools. 135 questionnaires were administered to the parents of the students in the four schools. Results: Analysis of the data indicated that parents on the whole believed that they did not influence their children in the choice of subjects or eventual careers, though they held science in high esteem. These findings were independent of students' social backgrounds. Conclusions: In interpreting these findings, we discuss what is meant by 'influence' and propose a new categorisation of this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biography of George Alberti, a British medical professor and diabetes and clinical biochemistry, is presented. Topics covered his family and educational background, the role of insulin science and insulin measurement in stimulating his career as well as other areas of diabetes management with insulin which is his greatest contributions, and an overview of his international activities in diabetes and in noncommunicable diseases.

The article describes the author's psychoanalytical work with a patient named Nina. Topics covered include personal background of Nina, her changing career and intention to become a psychotherapist, the problem with the ambivalence of her boyfriend Arash, Nina's exploration of interpersonal processes and the idea of listening and interacting through different filters.

L eon M estel himself recounts the cultural and professional influences that shaped his career, starting in Stratford-atte-Bowe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biography of Maria Sklaodowska-Curie, two-time Nobel prize awardee and pioneer in the field of radioactivity, is presented. She was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland to two respected teachers. She struggled to finish her studies when their fortune was lost due to her family's involvement in the Polish uprising. Details about her study of uranium rays, pitchblende and chalcolite are discussed. Her marriage to Pierre Curie, her experience during the war and how she established the Radium Institute are also included.

A biography of geologist and teacher Wilbur Clinton Knight is presented. He was born to a farmer father in Rochelle, Illinois on December 13, 1858. He played violin and became a carpenter, blacksmith, plumber and chemist to help finance his study of geology and mineralogy at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln. He also met fellow student and pianist Emma Howell at the university whom he married in Omaha in 1889. His first paper was a study of experiment farms and mineral resources in Wyoming where he died at the age of 44.

In this paper we examine the associations between gender, family background, general cognitive ability (g), teenage career aspirations, and career attainment in mid adulthood drawing on two large representative samples of the British population born in 1958 (N = 6,474) and in 1970 (N = 5,081). A developmental-contextual model of career development is tested, using Structural Equation Modelling to map the pathways linking early experiences to adult outcomes. Results show that in both cohorts career aspirations measured at age 16 predict career attainment of cohort members in their mid 30s, even after controlling for family social background and general cognitive ability. Compared to their less ambitious peers, those with aspirations for a professional job are more likely to participate in further education, and are more likely to achieve a professional career in their adult years. Regarding gender differences in career pathways, the findings suggest that women are more ambitious in their occupational aspirations than men and more likely to participate in further education. However, despite reducing gender inequalities in attainment, social inequalities in educational and occupational opportunities remain. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article profiles Czech musical instrument maker Jaroslav Machát. He was born in Sychrov-Vrbka in Czech Republic on May 27, 1911. Machát learned to be a machinist in the company Brothanek-strojnik in Ledec, and later at the Higher Industrial Machinists' School in Prague. Details of some of the instruments that Machát designed and constructed are also provided.

The article explores the gendered explanation for the complexity of the career profile of Australian modernist painter Nora Heysen. It discusses Nora's upbringing and exposure to art as the daughter of Australian painter Hans Heysen. It features Nora's letters to her family which described the involvement of Hans in the art education of his daughter in London, England, and how Nora negotiated her own modern style and professional career. The impact of British modernism on Nora is also cited.

Logistic response models of the effects of parental socioeconomic characteristics and family structure on the probability of making selected school transitions for white American males are estimated by maximum likelihood using the 1973 Occupational Changes in a Generation Survey data. As a consequence of differential attrition patterns, parental socioeconomic effects decline sharply from the earliest school transitions to the latest. Estimated effects of parental income on grade progression decline by more than 50 percent between elementary school and college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with Seymour Lieberman, a pioneering figure in steroid chemistry and biology is presented. He offers information on his family background and his earlier science career. When asked about what he considers as his most important accomplishment in the steroid field, he cites his idea that the steroid hormones are made in special factories which he calls hormonads. He talks about his current research program on steroids and hypertension.

The article offers information on the artist Maggi Hambling. It states that Hambling was born in Suffolk, Hambling, where she attended her primary schooling and discovered her talent. Hambling specializes in making painting and sculptures of sea waves and sea. She is considered a figurative painter who is capable of depicting emotions in the painting. Her paintings are displayed at several museums including National Gallery, National Portrait Gallery and British Museum. She had been into controversies for painting people dead. She had also been addressed as 'the female Bacon' by the periodical "The Art Newspaper." Her paintings usually portray clash of waves and birds are new elements found in her paintings.

The article profiles fellows of the Poultry Science Association. These include Mary Beck of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Henry L. Classen of Saskatchewan, Canada, and Richard D. Reynnels of Lawrence, Michigan. Information on their physical backgrounds is offered, as well as their career developments and awards.

The article focuses on accordionist Gaby Haas. He was born in Czechoslovakia on November 7, 1920 to a German father and Jewish mother. He started his own record shop in Edmonton, Alberta in 1943 and offers a wide selection of recordings by Norwegian accordionist Toralf Tollefsen. Haas played the so-called piano accordion and called his instrument "Stomach Steinway."

The article features Claire Wade and Kate Burgess, senior veterinary inspectors at the British Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA). It offers information on Wade including a career background, her responsibilities such as disease outbreak management, field visits and electronic mail (e-mail) correspondence, and the work-life balance given by her job. It cites information on Burgess including her pursuit of veterinary medicine, her work with farmers and broiler welfare a key issue of her job.

The article presents a speech by Dr. Margaret Mungherera, president of the World Medical Association (WMA), delivered at the 64th WMA General Assembly in Brazil on October 18, 2013, in which she discussed her social background, career development as a medical doctor, and her term as president of the WMA.

The article profiles American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS) president Dewayne L. Ingram. He was offered a scholarship in the College of Agriculture at the University of Tennessee wherein he enjoyed horticulture. While in college, he ran a part-time landscape design and installation business. In 1977, he completed a PhD in Plant and Soil Science and teach Ornamental Horticulture at the University of Florida. Information is also provided on the awards he received and on his family life.

The article offers information on artist Allan Leventhal, highlighting his career development and personal background. It states Leventhal began his psychology career at the University of Maryland, then later left for American University. It mentions that with a doctorate degree from the University of Iowa, Leventhal began his psychology career at the University of Maryland, then later left for American University.

The author profiles Walter Andrew Shewhart, a physicist, engineer and statistician, and his contributions to the field of quality. The author mentions information on Shewhart's personal background including his birth and educational achievement. The author also talks about the career of Shewhart at Western Electric Co., where he helped improve the quality of the telephone equipment. The author discusses the history of Shewhart's control chart.

In this article the author explores the life and career of Austrian author Thomas Bernhard. Bernhard was born in 1931 and has spent much of his early adulthood in hospital due to an intractable lung disease. He has been associated with the Darmstadt Academy of Language and Literature until the occasion of the election to it of the former president of Germany, Walter Scheel. One of his books, "My Prizes," consists of reflections on the literary awards that he received during his lifetime. He died of pulmonary sarcoidosis in 1989.