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Objectives: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a constellation of coexisting cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to assess the evidence for the association between the apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, apolipoprotein B, and apolipoprotein A1, and the MetS in children and adolescents. Methods: The English electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to February 28, 2022. To ascertain the validity of eligible studies, modified JBI scale was used. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using the random-effects model to evaluate the association between the apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, apolipoprotein B, and apolipoprotein A1 and the MetS. Heterogeneity amongst the studies was determined by the use of the Galbraith diagram, Cochran's Q-test, and I2 test. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's and Begg's tests. Results: From 7356 records, 5 studies were included in the meta-analysis, representing a total number of 232 participants with MetS and 1320 participants as control group. The results indicated that increased levels of apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio (SMD 1.26; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.47) and apolipoprotein B (SMD 0.75; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.14) and decreased levels of apolipoprotein A1 (SMD -0.53; 95% CI: −0.69, −0.37) are linked to the presence of MetS. The notable findings were, children and adolescents with MetS had elevated levels of the apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, apolipoprotein B, and decreased levels of apolipoprotein A1. Conclusions: Our results suggest the need to evaluate the levels of apolipoproteins for detecting the risk of MetS in children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as an invaluable predictor is used to determine the risk of heart diseases and evaluate the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapies. Objectives: In this study,weaimed to investigate the association betweenHDLcholesterol levelandsomecardiovascular risk factors in the patients referring to the Heart Clinic of Birjand, Iran, during 2016 - 2017. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 410 patients referring to the Heart Clinic of Birjand, Iran, during 2016 - 2017 were selected. Then using a questionnaire, complete demographic and biochemical data were collected and statistically analyzed for assessing the effects of some lifestyle factors such as the diet and physical activity on the serum level of HDL. Finally, all the results were analyzed by SPSS software (version 15). Results: In our study, the majority of dyslipidemic people had low levels of HDL (58.8%). Most of the participants were in a poor health condition according to BMI and physical activity, in a moderate health status in terms of smoking and cholesterol and fasting blood glucose (FBS) levels, and finally in the ideal health group in terms of the diet and blood pressure. The HDL level was significantly associated with physical activity, FBS, BMI, and blood pressure (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Considering the association between persistent cardiovascular risk factors and HDL cholesterol level, encouraging people to adopt a healthy lifestyle can help prevent cardiac diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid goal achievement and statin consumption were estimated at extreme/very-high/high/moderate and low cardiovascular risk categories. In the cross-sectional study, 585 patients treated with statin therapy referring to the heart clinic of Birjand were recruited. Patients were classified and examined LDL-C values and the proportion reaching targets according to the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists guideline. Three patterns of statin use (high/moderate/low-intensity statin therapy) in all patients were examined and attainments of LDL-C goal in cardiovascular risk groups have been demonstrated. Over half the populations (57.6%) were in the very-high CVD risk group. The results showed that the proportion of patients meeting total LDL-C goal values according to the guidelines was 43.4%. The frequency of patient had achievement LDL goal lower in high-intensity pattern (N = 13, 2.3%), compared with moderate (N = 496, 86.1%) and low-intensity patterns (N = 67, 11.6%). In general, LDL-C goal achievement was greatest with moderate-intensity statin use. LDL-C reduction after statin consumption was estimated about one-third of the studied population. It seems likely that the achievement of a therapeutic target for serum lipids such as LDL-C improved is far more cost-effective and would be able to reach the target LDL as well changing the type and intensity of statins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: The alteration in serum lipid profile; increase in total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C); and reduction in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are key factors in cardiovascular disease progression. The high prevalence and severity of cardiovascular diseases require new screening tools for better evaluation. Atherogenic index (AI) (LDL-C/ HDL-C) and coronary risk index (CRI) (TC/HDL-C) can be strong markers for predicting the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease and disclose the presence of LDL or TAG in the serum of related patients. To implement this strategy, the AIs and CRIs in our population were assessed. In this study, a total of 5207 subjects were recruited and AIs and CRIs were calculated for all of them. According to our data, age, body mass index, sex, as well as CRI and AI had affirmative correlation with TC, LDL-C, TAG, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. By increasing these factors, AIs and CRIs were augmented. Moreover, in situations where all atherogenic parameters are normal, these parameters may be the alternative screening tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study was planned to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among nurses. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on employed nurses in Birjand in 2011. At first, complete clinical examinations were done; including height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure in standard ways. Then, 5cc blood of each subject, after a 12 hour fasting, was taken in order to measure FBS and lipid profile. A questionnaire inquiring demographic information and history of previous cardiovascular risk factors was filled out. At the end data were analyzed by T test in SPSS software (V.15). Results: The mean age of the subject was 40.6±7.2 yrs. The most prevalent risk factor were dyslipidemia, overweight, and central obesity (70.4%, 40%, and 37.7% respectively). Dyslipidemia and smoking in men, and obesity in women were more prevalent. Conclusion: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors were high in nurses despite the adequate specialized knowledge about these risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is associated with increased cardiovascular disease, mortality and morbidity. Objectives: The present study aimed at assessing fasting blood sugar (FBS) in elementary school students in Birjand, 2012. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was done on 1530 elementary school students who had been selected through multiple cluster sampling. FBS of these students was tested applying the enzymatic process. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software (v15) and statistical tests t and X2. Results: In this study, 833 girls and 697 boys were evaluated. Mean FBS of the whole study population was 86.9 ± 8.8 mg/dL; FBS was higher in boys compared to girls. FBS of 1453 (95%) children was < 100 mg/dL, the mean being 85.8 ± 6.8 mg/dL. FBS of 698 (45.6%) students of the above population was 86-99 mg/dl. It was 100-125 mg/dL in 72 (4.7%) individuals. Five (0.3%) students had FBS >126 mg/dL. Mean FBS increased in proportion to age, which was statistically significant. Conclusions: Although the prevalence of diabetes is not considerable; however, based on the relatively high portion of those children with high degree of blood glucose in the range in which the risk of diabetes and prediabetes in the following years rises dramatically, the need for further care of health authorities, an extensive screening activity, and undertaking intervening measures to prevent the epidemic of diabetes and consequently cardiovascular disease is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Studying the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in low socioeconomic groups is of great importance. People who are under the supervisioin and care of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (IKRF) are the most deprived in Iran. The present survey aimed at investigating the prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors among the citizens who are under the supervision of IKRF. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 1008 individuals protected by the IKRF in Birjand in 2008 through multi-stage, random sampling. Demographic data were recorded. Furthermore, blood pressure, waist circumference, weight and height were measured by two trained nurses. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and serum lipids were measured within 12 hours of overnight fasting. Chi-square and T-test were used for data analysis at the significant level of 0.05 using SPSS software (version 15). Results: The mean age of the patients was 39±16.8 years and the most common proved risk factor was dyslipidemia (72%). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was 43/2% and 12.7% respectively. Obesity was detected in 32.1%. The prevalence of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) appeared to be 13.1% and 6.3% respectively. Smoking was distinguished in 9.8 % of the participants. The prevalence of high Cholestrol (P=0.001), high LDL (P=0.01), low HDL (P<0.001), overweight and obesity (P<0.001) was higher in female, but prevalence of smoking was higher in male (P<0.001). Conclusion: Dyslipidemia, obesity and HTN were the most prevalent risk factors in IKRF supported groups with a low socioeconomic status. Thus, it is necessary to hold effective certain educational programs for all the community. Moreover, the screening of cardiac risk factors must be done for all individuals, particularly for those with a low socioeconomic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prevalence of obesity in children has been increased during recent decades all over the world. Obesity, particularly, abdominal obesity (AO) is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to assess obesity and central obesity within students aged 11-18 of Birjand city. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive- analytical study was conducted on 2458 secondary and high school students, including 1345 girls (54.8%) and 1113 boys (45.2%), who had been selected from Birjand Middle and high schools through multiple-cluster sampling in 2012. For determination of AO, waist circumference and the percentage 90 or more regarding age and sex were used. The obtained data were analyzed by using statistical t-tests and X² at the significant level P < 0.05. Results: Among the studied students, average 16.3% (20% of boys and 13.2% of girls) had AO. The obtained data about these two groups shows statistical significant difference of P < 0.001. Chance of AO in boys was 1.6 times greater than that of girls. Odds ratio (OR) = 1.6 (confidence interval [CI]: 1.3-2.1). It was 1.9 times more about under 15-year-old than over 15 aged subjects. OR = 1.9 (CI: 1.5-2.4). Conclusions: Regarding high prevalence of AO in Birjand adolescents, it is recommended that adolescents and their families should be warned for long-term outcomes of obesity on quality-of-life. Periodic studies are suggested for awareness of obesity trends in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dyslipidemia is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. It can cause a rise in the incidence of these diseases in adulthood. Lifestyle modification is a determinant factor for incidence, prognosis and complications of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of lifestyle modification on serum lipids of children and adolescents with dyslipidemia. Methods: This quasi-experimental study (before - and after design) was conducted on all dyslipidemia children and adolescents with dyslipidemia referred to the cardiovascular diseases research center of Birjand University of Medical Sciences (Iran) in 2015. Participants underwent 6 sessions of training, appropriate to their age, including fat definition and healthy lifestyle. Before the study and 6 months after trainings, in the same circumstances, subjects were examined for level of blood lipids and blood pressure. Data were analyzed using paired-samples ttest, Pearson correlation coefficient, and independent-samples t-test. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: This study was performed on 50 children with dyslipidemia, of whom 52% were female and 48% were male. The mean age of participants was 12.77±1.84 years. The study showed a significant difference between the mean of cholesterol (p<0.001) and LDL (p=0.008) before and after the study. Comparing the changes made in the mean of variables such as FBS, Cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL as a result of gender-based lifestyle modification, no significant difference between the two sexes was seen (p>0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient showed no significant relationship between the mean of these variables in children as a result of lifestyle modification and their age (p>0.05). Conclusion: Lifestyle modification relying on exercise and physical activity, nutrition and sufficient sleep and rest can be effective as a non-pharmacological supplement in reducing blood lipids and dyslipidemia. Lifestyle modification training is essential for both children and their parents after diagnosis of dyslipidemia as a part of the Therapeutic plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]