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Objective: The study was undertaken because it was unknown whether the duration of type 2 diabetes modifies the effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor canagliflozin on cardiovascular (CV) and kidney outcomes., Research Design and Methods: This post hoc analysis of the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) Program (N = 10,142) and Evaluation of the Effects of Canagliflozin on Renal and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Participants With Diabetic Nephropathy (CREDENCE) trial (N = 4,401) evaluated hazard ratios and 95% CIs using Cox proportional hazards for the effects of canagliflozin on CV and kidney outcomes, including progression and regression of albuminuria over 5-year intervals of disease duration., Results: Canagliflozin had ranges of benefit across intervals of diabetes duration, with no heterogeneity for major adverse CV events, CV death or heart failure hospitalization, and kidney failure requiring therapy or doubling serum creatinine. Furthermore, canagliflozin reduced albuminuria progression and increased albuminuria regression with no interaction across all diabetes duration subgroups., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that earlier treatment with canagliflozin confers consistent cardiorenal benefits to individuals with type 2 diabetes., (© 2024 by the American Diabetes Association.)

Competing Interests: Intérêts concurrents: James Stone déclare avoir reçu des honoraires et émoluments à titre de consultant pour Bayer Canada et Sanofi Canada. Le Dr Stone est directeur médical principal du Cardiovascular Health and Stroke Strategic Clinical Network des Services de santé de l’Alberta, et membre actif du conseil de gouvernance du Collège des médecins et chirurgiens de l’Alberta. Jason Andrade déclare avoir reçu une rémunération ou des honoraires de Medtronic, BiosenseWebster, Abbott, Biotronik, Bayer, Servier et BMS-Pfizer. Simon Bacon déclare avoir reçu des subventions de Moderna, versées à Respiplus pour la création de modules de formation sur la réticence aux vaccins et des honoraires de consultant et de conférencier de Respiplus. Il a fait partie de comités consultatifs pour Bayer, Sanofi, Respiplus et Lucilab, aucun n’étant en lien avec le présent article. Il est aussi titulaire d’une chaire en mentorat pour la Stratégie de recherche axée sur le patient des Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada (IRSC) (SMC-151518), et d’une chaire du Fonds de recherche du Québec (251618 et 309815). Harpreet Bajaj déclare avoir reçu des subventions de Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi et Tricida, et des honoraires de conférencier de Eli Lilly et Novo Nordisk. Mark Gelfer déclare avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation de Cliniques Telus Santé et occupe un poste bénévole de président du conseil de GenXys Health Care Systems, dont il détient des actions. Jeffrey Habert déclare avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation de MDBriefcase, Liv, MedPlan, Master Clinician Alliance, Academy, Bridge, Seacourses, Thrombose Canada, Meducom, Antibody, Canadian Heart Research Centre, CTC Communications, STA Healthcare Communications, Canadian Collaborative Research Network, CPD Network, Telus Santé, EOCI Pharmacomm et Operatic. Le Dr Habert a aussi reçu des honoraires de Pfizer, Amgen, BMS, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Purdue, Bausch, Allergan, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Lundbeck, CHEP+, Novo Nordisk, Janssen, Eisai, HLS, Otsuka, Sunovion et Jazz. Le Dr Habert a été coresponsable des Guides cliniques de Thrombose Canada (2018–2021). Karim Keshavjee déclare avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation de l’Université McMaster, Demers Professional Corporation et Normative. Darlene Kitty déclare avoir reçu une rémunération d’enseignante des facultés de médecine de l’Université d’Ottawa et de l’Université McGill pour des conférences occasionnelles et des bourses de voyage à titre de directrice du Programme autochtone de la Faculté de médecine de l’Université d’Ottawa. La Dre Kitty est présidente du Comité sur la santé autochtone du Collège des médecins de famille du Canada. David Lau déclare avoir reçu des subventions de Novo Nordisk, des honoraires de consultation de Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CME at Sea, HLS Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk et Viatris, des honoraires de Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CME at Sea, HLS Therapeutics, Eli Lilly et Novo Nordisk, et une rémunération en tant que témoin expert de l’Association canadienne de protection médicale. Le Dr Lau a occupé des postes de direction chez Obésité Canada et à l’Association canadienne des médecins et chirurgiens bariatriques. Laurent Macle déclare avoir reçu des subventions et des honoraires de BMS-Pfizer, Servier et Bayer. Michael McDonald déclare avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation de Boehringer Ingelheim, et des honoraires de Novartis et Servier. Le Dr McDonald a aussi fait partie du comité de surveillance de la sécurité des données pour l’essai IVVE. Kara Nerenberg déclare avoir fait partie des comités pour les lignes directrices de pratique clinique de la Fondation canadienne des maladies du cœur et de l’AVC, Obésité Canada, Hypertension Canada, Diabète Canada et la Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada. Glen Pearson déclare avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation de Novartis Canada en tant que participant à des comités consultatifs. Alexandre Poppe déclare avoir reçu une subvention de recherche de Stryker et des honoraires de Pfizer-BMS. Le Dr Poppe a aussi fait partie du comité de surveillance de la sécurité des données pour l’essai FLOW sur la fluoxétine après l’AVC et du comité de surveillance de l’innocuité pour l’essai AcT (Alteplase Compared to Tenecteplase in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke) sur le ténectéplase dans l’AVC aigu. Le Dr Poppe a reçu le soutien d’une bourse du programme de recherche de Servier. Diana Sherifali déclare avoir reçu un financement personnel par l’entremise de la chaire de recherche médicale interprofessionnelle de l’Institut de santé publique Heather M. Arthur et Hamilton Health Sciences. Peter Selby déclare avoir reçu des subventions du ministère ontarien de la Santé et de Pfizer (Bourses de recherche mondiale sur la dépendance à la nicotine). Il fait aussi partie du comité de rédaction C-CHANGE depuis 2010. Eric Smith déclare avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation de Bayer, Biogen, Alnylam et Cyclerion. Sol Stern déclare avoir reçu des émoluments et des honoraires de consultation de MDBriefcase.com et Sea Courses inc. George Thanassoulis déclare avoir reçu des subventions, des émoluments et des honoraires de consultation de Amgen, Sanofi, Novartis et Silence. Le Dr Thanassoulis a aussi été membre du Comité de rédaction de la Ligne directrice sur la dyslipidémie de la SCC. Kristin Terenzi déclare avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation pour des comités consultatifs, des honoraires de conférencière et un soutien pour sa participation à des réunions de AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Astellas, Allergan, Amgen, Aspen, Bayer, Lilly, Lundbeck, AbbVie, Aralez, GSK, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer et Novartis. Karen Tu déclare avoir reçu des subventions (versées à son établissement) des institutions suivantes: IRSC, Fondation de l’Hôpital St. Michael, Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, Fondation pour l’avancement de la médecine familiale, Fondation AMC, Fonds d’exploration de l’Hôpital général de North York, Fondations canadienne et ontarienne des maladies du cœur et de l’AVC, ministère de la Défense des États-Unis, Université de Toronto — Département de médecine familiale et communautaire, MaRS Innovation Fund, Fondation canadienne de dermatologie, Société canadienne de rhumatologie (Canadian Initiative for Outcomes in Rheumatology Care), PSI Foundation, Action Cancer Ontario, Toronto Rehab Institute Chair Fund, UTOPIAN, Société d’arthrite, Société canadienne de la SP, Réseau canadien vasculaire, Prix IMPACT ciblé de l’unité de soutien SPOR de l’Ontario et Fondation Rathlyn. La Dre Tu détient une bourse en tant que chercheuse au Département de médecine familiale et communautaire de l’Université de Toronto. Jacob Udell déclare avoir reçu des subventions de Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Sanofi et Novartis, et des honoraires de AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline et Sanofi. Le Dr Udell a aussi fait partie de comités consultatifs pour Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi et Novartis. Sean Virani déclare avoir reçu des subventions de Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Novartis, Servier, Otsuka et Medtronic, des honoraires de consultation de Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Novartis, Seriver et Otsuka, et des honoraires de Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Novartis, Servier, Otsuka et Medtronic. Le Dr Virani a aussi fait partie de comités de surveillance de la sécurité des données ou de comités consultatifs pour Abbott et Medtronic. Richard Ward déclare avoir reçu des honoraires de consultation de Eisai et Lilly-Boehringer Ingelheim, et une rémunération ou des honoraires de Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Amgen, Lilly, Pfizer et Takeda. Le Dr Ward agit aussi à titre de directeur de l’Association médicale albertaine. Sean Wharton déclare avoir reçu des subventions et des honoraires de Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Bausch Health Canada et Boehringer Ingelheim; il a fait partie comités de surveillance de la sécurité des données pour Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Bausch Health Canada et Boehringer Ingelheim; et il a bénéficié de matériel et de services, de rédaction ou autres, de Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly et Bausch Health Canada. Le Dr Wharton a aussi occupé un poste de responsabilité auprès de l’Obesity Society et d’Obésité Canada. Jennifer Zymantas déclare avoir reçu des honoraires de Pfizer comme modératrice lors de conférences portant sur l’anticoagulation. Diane Hua-Stewart occupe le poste de directrice du programme CHEP+. Peter Liu déclare avoir reçu des subventions de Génome Canada, de la Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l’AVC et des IRSC. Le Dr Liu détient un brevet pour l’IGFBP7, un biomarqueur de l’insuffisance cardiaque et il est directeur scientifique de l’Institut de cardiologie de l’Université d’Ottawa. Sheldon Tobe déclare avoir reçu une subvention et un soutien non matériel pour l’étude Zero to Five, remis à l’Institut de recherche Sunnybrook, des honoraires de consultation de AstraZeneca, et une rémunération pour le programme éducatif CHEP+ de Amgen, AstraZeneca, BMS, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer et Sanofi Genzyme. Le Dr Tobe agit aussi bénévolement auprès de l’American Hypertension Specialists Certification Program. Aucun autre intérêt n’a été déclaré.

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is associated with several comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. These comorbidities are also risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD), yet little is known about the risk of CKD in HS patients., Objectives: The objective was to study the prevalence of CKD in HS patients., Methods: Cross-sectional population-based study using the United States National Inpatient Sample database between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2012 was performed., Results: We identified 23,767 hospital admissions for HS patients and 95,068 admissions for age- and gender-matched controls. The prevalence of CKD in HS patients was 6.3% (1,497/23,767) compared to non-HS controls which was 4.3% (4,052/95,068). The association of CKD was strongest in HS patients, who were ≥60 years old, 16.9% (475/2,811), male 7.3% (695/9,556), obese 7.8% (407/5,209), diabetic 12.5% (890/7,105), hyperlipidemic 13.3% (416/3,126), and had cardiovascular diseases 12.5% (631/5,045). The crude odds ratio of CKD in HS patients was 1.5 (95% CI: 1.420-1.605) compared to non-HS patients. The association remained significant after adjusting for important covariates with adjusted odds ratio of CKD in HS patients of 1.1 (95% CI: 1.014-1.176) compared to non-HS patients., Conclusions: Our findings show that there is a possible association of HS with CKD. Any signs of CKD should be assessed by a nephrologist as early diagnosis can hopefully prevent further progression., (The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: James Stone reports receiving consulting fees and honoraria from Bayer Canada and Sanofi Canada. Dr. Stone is senior medical director, Cardiovascular Health and Stroke Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services; and member at large, Governing Council, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. Jason Andrade reports receiving payment or honoraria from Medtronic, Biosense-Webster, Abbott, Bio-tronik, Bayer, Servier and BMS-Pfizer. Simon Bacon reports receiving grants from Moderna, paid through Respiplus for the development of vaccine hesitancy education modules, and consultancy and speaker fees from Respiplus. Dr. Bacon has served on advisory boards for Bayer, Sanofi, Respiplus and Lucilab, none of which are related to the current article. Dr. Bacon also holds a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Mentoring Chair (SMC-151518) and Fonds de recherche du Québec Chair (251618 and 309815). Harpreet Bajaj reports receiving grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Gilead, Janssen, Kowa Pharmaceuticals, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Sanofi and Tricida; and honoraria for lectures from Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk. Mark Gelfer reports receiving consulting fees from Telus Health Care Centres and holding an unpaid role as board chair of GenXys Health Care Systems, in which Dr. Gelfer also holds stock options. Jeffrey Habert reports receiving consulting fees from MDBriefcase, Liv, MedPlan, Master Clinician Alliance, Academy, Bridge, Seacourses, Thrombosis Canada, Meducom, Antibody, the Canadian Heart Research Centre, CTC Communications, STA Healthcare Communications, Canadian Collaborative Research Network, CPD Network, Telus Health, EOCI Pharmacomm and Operatic. Dr. Habert has also received honoraria from Pfizer, Amgen, BMS, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, Purdue, Bausch, Allergan, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Lundbeck, Canadian Cardiovascular Health Education Program (CHEP+), Novo Nordisk, Janssen, Eisai, HLS, Otsuka, Sunovion and Jazz. Dr. Habert was the previous co-chair of the Thrombosis Canada Clinical Guides (2018–2021). Karim Keshavjee reports receiving consulting fees from McMaster University, Demers Professional Corporation and Normative. Darlene Kitty reports receiving teaching stipends from the University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine and the McGill University Faculty of Medicine for occasional lectures, and travel support as director for the Indigenous Program of the University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine. Dr. Kitty is the chair of the Indigenous Health Committee, College of Family Physicians of Canada. David Lau reports receiving grants from Novo Nordisk; consulting fees from Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CME at Sea, HLS Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Viatris; honoraria from Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CME at Sea, HLS Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk; and payment for expert testimony from the Canadian Medical Protective Association. Dr. Lau has served in leadership roles with Obesity Canada and the Canadian Association of Bariatric Physicians and Surgeons. Laurent Macle reports receiving grants and honoraria from BMS-Pfizer, Servier and Bayer. Michael McDonald reports receiving consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, and honoraria from Novartis and Servier. Dr. McDonald also participated in the data safety monitoring board for the IVVE Trial. Kara Nerenberg reports membership with the clinical practice guideline committees for the Heart and Stroke Foundation, Obesity Canada, Hypertension Canada, Diabetes Canada and the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Glen Pearson reports receiving consulting fees from Novartis Canada as an advisory board participant. Alexandre Poppe reports receiving a research grant from Stryker and an honorarium from Pfizer-BMS. Dr. Poppe has also participated on a data safety monitoring board for the FLOW trial of fluoxetine after stroke and the safety committee for the Alteplase Compared to Tenecteplase in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke (AcT trial) of tenecteplase for acute stroke. Dr. Poppe has received fellowship program support from Servier. Diana Sherifali reports receiving personal funding through her Heather M. Arthur Population Health Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research. Peter Selby reports receiving grants from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Pfizer (Global Research Awards for Nicotine Dependence). Dr. Selby has also participated on the C-CHANGE guideline panel since 2010. Eric Smith reports receiving consulting fees from Bayer, Biogen, Alnylam and Cyclerion. Sol Stern reports receiving consulting fees and honoraria from MDBriefcase.com and Sea Courses Inc. George Thanassoulis reports receiving grants, consulting fees and honoraria from Amgen, Sanofi, Novartis and Silence. Dr. Thanassoulis has also been a member of the CCS Dyslipidemia Guideline committee. Kristin Terenzi reports receiving consulting fees for advisory boards of, honoraria for speaking events for, and support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Astellas, Allergan, Amgen, Aspen, Bayer, Lilly, Lundbeck, AbbVie, Aralez, GSK, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Novartis. Karen Tu reports receiving grants (payments to institution) from CIHR, St. Michael’s Hospital Foundation, The College of Family Physicians of Canada, Foundation for Advancing Family Medicine, Canadian Medical Association Foundation, North York General Hospital Exploration Fund, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario, United States Department of Defense, University of Toronto — Department of Family and Community Medicine, MaRS Innovation Fund, Canadian Dermatology Foundation, Canadian Rheumatology Association (Canadian Initiative for Outcomes in Rheumatology Care), PSI Foundation, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto Rehab Institute Chair Fund, UTOPIAN, Arthritis Society, MS Society of Canada, The Canadian Vascular Network, Ontario SPOR Support Unit Targeted IMPACT Award and Rathlyn Foundation. Dr. Tu holds a Research Scholar Award from the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Toronto. Jacob Udell reports receiving grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Sanofi and Novartis; and honoraria from AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline and Sanofi. Dr. Udell has also participated on advisory boards for Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi and Novartis. Sean Virani reports receiving grants from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Novartis, Servier, Otsuka and Medtronic; consulting fees from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Novartis, Seriver and Otsuka; and honoraria from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer, Novartis, Servier, Otsuka and Medtronic. Dr. Virani has also participated in data safety monitoring boards or advisory boards for Abott and Medtronic. Richard Ward reports receiving consulting fees from Eisai and Lilly-Boehringer Ingelheim, and payment or honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Janssen, Amgen, Lilly, Pfizer and Takeda. Dr. Ward also serves as director of the Alberta Medical Association. Sean Wharton reports receiving grants and honoraria from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Bausch Health Canada and Boehringer Ingelheim; has participated in data safety monitoring boards for Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Bausch Health Canada and Boehringer Ingelheim; and has received equipment, medical writing or other services from Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Bausch Health Canada. Dr. Wharton has also played a leadership role in The Obesity Society and Obesity Canada. Jennifer Zymantas reports receiving an honorarium from Pfizer for a moderator role during speaking engagements related to anticoagulation. Diane Hua-Stewart holds the role of director of CHEP+. Peter Liu reports receiving grants from Genome Canada, the Heart and Stroke Foundation and CIHR. Dr. Liu holds a patent for IGFBP7 as a biomarker for heart failure and is chief scientific officer with the University of Ottawa Heart Institute. Sheldon Tobe reports receiving a KMH clinic unrestricted grant and in-kind support for the Zero to Five study, paid to Sunnybrook Research Institute; consulting fees from AstraZeneca; and payment for the CHEP+ education program from Amgen, Astra-Zeneca, BMS, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi Genzyme. Dr. Tobe also holds a volunteer role with the American Hypertension Specialists Certification Program. No other competing interests were declared.

Background: Early identification of people with diabetes or prediabetes enables greater opportunities for glycemic control and management strategies to prevent related complications. To identify gaps in screening for these conditions, we examined population trends in receipt of timely glucose testing overall and in specific clinical subgroups., Methods: Using linked administrative databases, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of people aged 40 years and older without diabetes at baseline. Our primary outcome was up-to-date glucose testing, defined as having received testing at least once in the 3 years before each index year from 2010 to 2017, using linked administrative databases of people residing in Ontario, Canada. We calculated rates of up-to-date testing by age group, sex, ethnicity (South Asian, Chinese, general population) and comorbidities (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease)., Results: Over the 8-year study period, up-to-date glucose testing rates were stable at 67% for men and 77% for women (both relative risk 1.00 per year; 95% confidence interval 1.00-1.00). Testing rates were significantly lower in men than in women (all age groups p < 0.001) and lower in younger than older age groups (except those aged ≥ 80 yr). South Asian people had the highest testing rates, although among people aged 70 years or older, testing was highest in the general population ( p < 0.001). Among people with hypertension, hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease, annual testing rates were also stable, but only 58% overall among people with hypertension., Interpretation: We found lower glucose testing rates in younger men and people with hypertension. Our findings reinforce the need for initiatives to increase awareness of glycemic testing., Competing Interests: Competing interests: Catherine Yu reports receiving research grants from the St. Michael’s Hospital Medical Services Association, St. Michael’s Hospital (Unity Health Toronto), the Ontario SPOR SUPPORT Unit and the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. Kim Connelly reports receiving research grants and payment for presentations from AstraZeneca, Servier, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Merck. Dr. Connelly also reports serving on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for AstraZeneca, Servier, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Merck. Gillian Booth reports receiving grants or contracts from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and the Thistledown Foundation. Karen Tu reports receiving payments (to institutions) from CIHR, St. Michael’s Hospital Foundation, The College of Family Physicians of Canada, Foundation for Advancing Family Medicine, Canadian Medical Association Foundation, North York General Hospital, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Ontario, Department of Defense (United States), University of Toronto (Department of Family and Community Medicine), MaRS Innovation Fund, Canadian Dermatology Foundation, Canadian Rheumatology Association (Canadian Initiative for Outcomes in Rheumatology Care), PSI Foundation, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Chair Fund, University of Toronto Practice-Based Research Network, Arthritis Society, MS Society of Canada, The Canadian Vascular Network and the Ontario SPOR SUPPORT Unit Targeted IMPACT Award. Sheldon Tobe reports receiving a KMH clinic unrestricted grant and in-kind support for the Zero to Five study, and consulting fees from AstraZeneca (all paid to Sunnybrook Research Institute). Dr. Tobe also reports receiving payment from Amgen, Astra-Zeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer and Sanofi Genzyme for the CHEPPLUS education program. Dr. Tobe has worked on a volunteer basis with the American Hypertension Specialists Certification Program. No other competing interests were declared., (© 2022 CMA Impact Inc. or its licensors.)

Clinical practice guidelines serve an important role in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. There is variability among guideline groups in the methods used to assess and grade clinical evidence, resulting in discrepancies in various guidelines. Multiple guidelines focused on different aspects of cardiovascular care can lead to recommendations that are out of sync. Discrepancies between a practice recommendation from 2 different Canadian guideline groups can lead to confusion among clinicians and patients, reducing the likelihood that the practice recommendation will be carried out. Assisting cardiovascular-focused guideline groups to align, to harmonize, and to score highly on appraisal has been a main function of the Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guidelines Endeavour (C-CHANGE). Validated appraisal tools, harmonized guideline initiatives, and continuous evaluation of the impact of guidelines on quality indicators and practice outcomes are crucial for improving cardiovascular care for all Canadians., (Copyright © 2019 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: Todd Anderson reports receiving grants from Amgen and DalCor, and personal fees from Sanofi, Merck, and Amgen, outside the submitted work. Alice Cheng reports personal fees from Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Servier and Takeda, outside the submitted work. Gord Gubitz reports receiving personal fees from Bayer, Pfizer and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. David Lau reports receiving research funding and speaker fees from AstraZeneca and Novo Nordisk and has received speaker fees and/or served as consultant from Amgen, Akcea, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Merck, Shire and Valeant, outside the submitted work. Lawrence Leiter has received research funding from, has provided CME on behalf of, or has acted as an adviser to Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Esperion, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Kowa, the Medicines Company, Merck, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Resverlogix, Sanofi, Servier and The Medicines Company, outside the submitted work. Peter Selby reports receiving grants from Pfizer Inc., Bhasin Consulting Fund, Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Pfizer Canada Inc.; personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer Canada Inc., Evidera Inc., Johnson & Johnson Group of Companies, Medcan Clinic, Miller Medical Communications, NVision Insight Group, Myelin & Associates; and is a vendor of record for providing smoking cessation pharmacotherapy (free or discounted) for research studies for Pfizer, Novartis, Johnson & Johnson, and Med-Plan Communications, outside the submitted work. Simon Bacon has received consultancy fees from Schering-Plough, Merck and Sygesa, speaker fees from Novartis, and investigator-initiated grants from GlaxoSmithKline and Abb Vie. Sheldon Tobe reports grants from Eli Lilly, Astra Zeneca, AbbVie and Bayer, as well as personal fees from Servier and Valeant, during the conduct of the study. He has also had travel reimbursed by the Novartis Foundation. Sean Wharton reports personal fees from Novo Nordisk, Janssen and Eli Lilly, outside the submitted work. Eileen O’Meara reports clinical trial and national leader function fees paid to her institution from Novartis; clinical trial and national leader function fees paid to her instution, as well as consulting fees from Astra Zeneca; clinical trial fees paid to her institution from Merck; clinical trial fees paid to her institution and consulting fees from Bayer; and clinical trial and steering committee fees paid to her institution from Amgen. James Stone reports personal fees from Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Lilly, Sanofi, Novo-Nordisk and Servier, as well as personal fees for a clinical research trial from Sanofi, outside the submitted work. No other competing interests were declared.

Hypertension Canada provides annually updated, evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis, assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children. This year, the adult and pediatric guidelines are combined in one document. The new 2018 pregnancy-specific hypertension guidelines are published separately. For 2018, 5 new guidelines are introduced, and 1 existing guideline on the blood pressure thresholds and targets in the setting of thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke is revised. The use of validated wrist devices for the estimation of blood pressure in individuals with large arm circumference is now included. Guidance is provided for the follow-up measurements of blood pressure, with the use of standardized methods and electronic (oscillometric) upper arm devices in individuals with hypertension, and either ambulatory blood pressure monitoring or home blood pressure monitoring in individuals with white coat effect. We specify that all individuals with hypertension should have an assessment of global cardiovascular risk to promote health behaviours that lower blood pressure. Finally, an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor combination should be used in place of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker in individuals with heart failure (with ejection fraction < 40%) who are symptomatic despite appropriate doses of guideline-directed heart failure therapies. The specific evidence and rationale underlying each of these guidelines are discussed., (Copyright © 2018 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Initiation of blockade of the renin-angiotensin system may cause an acute decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR): the prognostic significance of this is unknown. We did a post hoc analysis of patients with, or at risk for, vascular disease, in two randomized controlled trials: Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET) and the Telmisartan Randomized AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant participants with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND), whose median follow-up was 56 months. In 9340 patients new to renin-angiotensin system blockade, who were then randomized to renin-angiotensin system blockade, a fall in GFR of 15% or more at 2 weeks after starting renin-angiotensin system blockade was seen in 1480 participants (16%), with persistence at 8 weeks in 700 (7%). Both acute increases and decreases in GFR after initiation of renin-angiotensin system blockade were associated with tendencies, mostly not statistically significant, to increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes, which occurred in 1280 participants, and of microalbuminuria, which occurred in 864. Analyses of creatinine-based outcomes were suggestive of regression to the mean. In more than 3000 patients randomized in TRANSCEND to telmisartan or placebo, there was no interaction between acute change in GFR and renal or cardiovascular benefit from telmisartan. Thus, both increases and decreases in GFR on initiation of renin-angiotensin system blockade are common, and may be weakly associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and renal outcomes. Changes do not predict increased benefit from therapy., (Copyright © 2016 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis may cause kidney function loss, but effects of stenting on eGFR and clinical events associated with CKD are uncertain. Our study objectives were to determine effects of stenting on eGFR and predictors of clinical events., Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: Participants (n=931) in the Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Artery Stenosis Trial (from May of 2005 to September of 2012) had >60% atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and systolic hypertension on two or more antihypertensive drugs and/or stage ≥3 CKD. The intervention was stenting versus no stenting on a background of risk factor management: renin-angiotensin system inhibition, statin, antiplatelet therapy, and smoking cessation education. The effect of stenting on eGFR by the serum creatinine-cystatin C Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation was the prespecified analysis of kidney function. Predictors of eGFR and CKD outcomes (≥30% eGFR loss, ESRD, and death) and cardiovascular disease outcomes (stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and death) controlling for eGFR and albuminuria were also determined., Results: eGFR was 59±24 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) (mean±SD) at baseline. Over 3 years, eGFR change, assessed by generalized estimating equations, was -1.5±7.0 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year in the stent group versus -2.3±6.3 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) per year in the medical therapy only group (P=0.18). eGFR predictors (multiple variable generalized estimating equations) were age, albuminuria, systolic BP, and diabetes (inverse associations) as well as men, total cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol (positive associations). CKD outcomes events occurred in 19% (175 of 931), and predictors (Cox proportional hazards models) included albuminuria (positive association), systolic BP (positive association), and HDL cholesterol (inverse association). Cardiovascular disease outcomes events occurred in 22% (207 of 931), and predictors included age, albuminuria, total cholesterol, prior cardiovascular disease, and bilateral atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (positive associations)., Conclusions: Stenting did not influence eGFR in participants with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis receiving renin-angiotensin system inhibition-based therapy. Predictors of clinical events were traditional risk factors for CKD and cardiovascular disease., (Copyright © 2016 by the American Society of Nephrology.)

Introduction: Hypertension (persistent diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or greater or systolic blood pressure 140 mmHg or greater) affects 20% to 35% of the world's adult population and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, end-stage renal disease, and mortality., Methods and Outcomes: We conducted a systematic overview, aiming to answer the following clinical question: What are the effects of selected dietary modification for people with hypertension? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to October 2013 (Clinical Evidence overviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this overview)., Results: At this update, searching of electronic databases retrieved 669 studies. After deduplication and removal of conference abstracts, 464 records were screened for inclusion in this overview. Appraisal of titles and abstracts led to the exclusion of 376 studies and the further review of 88 full publications. Of the 88 full articles evaluated, three systematic reviews and three RCTs were added. We performed a GRADE evaluation for eight PICO combinations., Conclusions: In this systematic overview, we categorised the efficacy for five interventions based on information about the effectiveness and safety of calcium supplements, a low-salt diet (including the DASH diet), magnesium supplements, a Mediterranean diet, and potassium supplements.

Cardiovascular and renal disease are highly prevalent in Canada's Aboriginal population even though rates of cardiovascular disease are falling in the rest of the country. High and rising prevalence rates of diabetes must be addressed to impact significantly on global cardiovascular and renal risk. Type 2 diabetes is occurring in Aboriginal youth, putting them at greater risk of long-term complications. The reasons for the sudden upswing in diabetes rates in the past 60 years are a result in large part to social determinants of health, which for Aboriginal people include the multigenerational effects of colonization and consequences of the residential school system. Addressing cardiovascular and renal risk therefore requires the knowledge and skills to implement clinical practice guideline-based interventions, the ability to create culturally safe chronic disease management programs in partnership with Aboriginal communities, and advocacy across sectors for improvements in the social determinants of health., (Copyright © 2015 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

β-Blockers are among the most commonly used medications in the treatment of hypertension. However, 45 years after their initial indication for that treatment, their place in the treatment of hypertensive patients is under evaluation and their usefulness has been questioned based on evidence from meta-analyses of clinical trials. The β-blocker class consists of various agents with diverse pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties including lipo- and hydrophilicity, duration of action, intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, vasodilation, and metabolism linked to genetic polymorphisms. Because of their various properties, some β-blockers are indicated for cardiovascular conditions such as angina, rate control of atrial fibrillation, chronic heart failure, and after myocardial infarction, and other indications such as migraine and essential tremor. There have been more than 17 large trials influencing the recommendations on the use of these agents in the treatment of hypertension. The results of these trials initially led to the widespread recommendation for the use of β-blockers in the management of hypertension. However, the recent multiple meta-analyses using these trials have raised a controversy on their place in that treatment. The Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations have included β-blockers as a first-line treatment option for patients younger than 60 years of age based on the evidence from these large trials, and this has been supported by 2 of the meta-analyses. This article reviews these studies to help clinicians better understand the role of β-blockers in managing hypertension., (Copyright © 2014 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

β-Adrenergic receptor blockers or β-blockers represent one of the oldest classes of cardiovascular agents and have been considered a cornerstone therapy for hypertension and heart disease for the past 5 decades. They are advocated as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated essential hypertension in patients younger than 60 years of age as recommended by the Canadian Hypertension Education Program. However, despite the well-established antihypertensive and cardiovascular benefits of β-blockers, a number of studies argue that they might not have the same clinical advantages of other classes of agents in terms of morbidity/mortality outcomes. This review will focus on the heterogeneity of the pharmacologic characteristics of β-blockers, and we will discuss the metabolic and hemodynamic differences within the β-blocker class and try to assess the potential implications of these differences for optimal selection in hypertension., (Copyright © 2014 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We updated the evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis, assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults for 2013. This year's update includes 2 new recommendations. First, among nonhypertensive or stage 1 hypertensive individuals, the use of resistance or weight training exercise does not adversely influence blood pressure (BP) (Grade D). Thus, such patients need not avoid this type of exercise for fear of increasing BP. Second, and separately, for very elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension (age 80 years or older), the target for systolic BP should be < 150 mm Hg (Grade C) rather than < 140 mm Hg as recommended for younger patients. We also discuss 2 additional topics at length (the pharmacological treatment of mild hypertension and the possibility of a diastolic J curve in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease). In light of several methodological limitations, a recent systematic review of 4 trials in patients with stage 1 uncomplicated hypertension did not lead to changes in management recommendations. In addition, because of a lack of prospective randomized data assessing diastolic BP thresholds in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension, no recommendation to set a selective diastolic cut point for such patients could be affirmed. However, both of these issues will be examined on an ongoing basis, in particular as new evidence emerges., (Copyright © 2013 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We updated the evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis, assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults for 2012. The new recommendations are: (1) use of home blood pressure monitoring to confirm a diagnosis of white coat syndrome; (2) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists may be used in selected patients with hypertension and systolic heart failure; (3) a history of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension should not be a factor in deciding to prescribe an angiotensin-receptor blocker for the treatment of hypertension; and (4) the blood pressure target for patients with nondiabetic chronic kidney disease has now been changed to < 140/90 mm Hg from < 130/80 mm Hg. We also reviewed the recent evidence on blood pressure targets for patients with hypertension and diabetes and continue to recommend a blood pressure target of less than 130/80 mm Hg., (Copyright © 2012 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The concepts of "cardiometabolic risk," "metabolic syndrome," and "risk stratification" overlap and relate to the atherogenic process and development of type 2 diabetes. There is confusion about what these terms mean and how they can best be used to improve our understanding of cardiovascular disease treatment and prevention. With the objectives of clarifying these concepts and presenting practical strategies to identify and reduce cardiovascular risk in multiethnic patient populations, the Cardiometabolic Working Group reviewed the evidence related to emerging cardiovascular risk factors and Canadian guideline recommendations in order to present a detailed analysis and consolidated approach to the identification and management of cardiometabolic risk. The concepts related to cardiometabolic risk, pathophysiology, and strategies for identification and management (including health behaviours, pharmacotherapy, and surgery) in the multiethnic Canadian population are presented. "Global cardiometabolic risk" is proposed as an umbrella term for a comprehensive list of existing and emerging factors that predict cardiovascular disease and/or type 2 diabetes. Health behaviour interventions (weight loss, physical activity, diet, smoking cessation) in people identified at high cardiometabolic risk are of critical importance given the emerging crisis of obesity and the consequent epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Vascular protective measures (health behaviours for all patients and pharmacotherapy in appropriate patients) are essential to reduce cardiometabolic risk, and there is growing consensus that a multidisciplinary approach is needed to adequately address cardiometabolic risk factors. Health care professionals must also consider risk factors related to ethnicity in order to appropriately evaluate everyone in their diverse patient populations., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

With the objectives of clarifying the concepts related to "cardiometabolic risk," "metabolic syndrome" and "risk stratification" and presenting practical strategies to identify and reduce cardiovascular risk in multiethnic patient populations, the Cardiometabolic Working Group presents an executive summary of a detailed analysis and position paper that offers a comprehensive and consolidated approach to the identification and management of cardiometabolic risk. The above concepts overlap and relate to the atherogenic process and development of type 2 diabetes. However, there is confusion about what these terms mean and how they can best be used to improve our understanding of cardiovascular disease treatment and prevention. The concepts related to cardiometabolic risk, pathophysiology, and strategies for identification and management (including health behaviours, pharmacotherapy, and surgery) in the multiethnic Canadian population are presented. "Global cardiometabolic risk" is proposed as an umbrella term for a comprehensive list of existing and emerging factors that predict cardiovascular disease and/or type 2 diabetes. Health behaviour interventions (weight loss, physical activity, diet, smoking cessation) in people identified at high cardiometabolic risk are of critical importance given the emerging crisis of obesity and the consequent epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Vascular protective measures (health behaviours for all patients and pharmacotherapy in appropriate patients) are essential to reduce cardiometabolic risk, and there is growing consensus that a multidisciplinary approach is needed to adequately address cardiometabolic risk factors. Health care professionals must also consider ethnicity-related risk factors in order to appropriately evaluate all individuals in their diverse patient populations., (Copyright © 2011 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria are risk factors for cardiovascular disease and markers of renal function., Objective: To examine the contribution of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio beyond that of traditional cardiovascular risk factors to classification of patient risk for cardiovascular and renal outcomes., Design: Prospective cohort study that pooled all patients of ONTARGET (ONgoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial) and TRANSCEND (Telmisartan Randomized Assessment Study in Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme-Inhibitor Intolerant Subjects with Cardiovascular Disease)., Patients: 27,620 patients older than 55 years with documented cardiovascular disease, who were followed for a mean of 4.6 years., Measurements: Baseline eGFR, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio, and cardiovascular risk factors. Outcomes were all-cause mortality; a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and hospitalization for heart failure; long-term dialysis; and a composite of long-term dialysis and doubling of serum creatinine level., Results: Lower eGFRs and higher urinary albumin-creatinine ratios were associated with the primary cardiovascular composite outcome (for example, an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.53 [95% CI, 1.61 to 3.99] for an eGFR <30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and a very high urinary albumin-creatinine ratio). However, adding information about eGFR and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio to the risk reclassification analyses led to no meaningful decrease in the proportion of patients assigned to the intermediate-risk category (31% without vs. 32% with renal information). In contrast, eGFR and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio were strongly associated with risk for long-term dialysis and greatly improved both model calibration and risk stratification capacity when added to traditional cardiovascular risk factors (65% assigned to intermediate-risk categories without renal information vs. 18% with renal information)., Limitation: Creatinine levels were not standardized., Conclusion: In patients with high vascular risk, eGFR and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio add little to traditional cardiovascular risk factors for stratifying cardiovascular risk but greatly improve risk stratification for renal outcomes., Primary Funding Source: Boehringer Ingelheim, Population Health Research Institute, and the European Commission.

Objective: To provide updated, evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and assessment of adults with hypertension., Evidence: MEDLINE searches were conducted from November 2008 to October 2009 with the aid of a medical librarian. Reference lists were scanned, experts were contacted, and the personal files of authors and subgroup members were used to identify additional studies. Content and methodological experts assessed studies using prespecified, standardized evidence-based algorithms. Recommendations were based on evidence from peer-reviewed full-text articles only., Recommendations: Recommendations for blood pressure measurement, criteria for hypertension diagnosis and follow-up, assessment of global cardiovascular risk, diagnostic testing, diagnosis of renovascular and endocrine causes of hypertension, home and ambulatory monitoring, and the use of echocardiography in hypertensive individuals are outlined. Changes to the recommendations for 2010 relate to automated office blood pressure measurements. Automated office blood pressure measurements can be used in the assessment of office blood pressure. When used under proper conditions, an automated office systolic blood pressure of 135 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 85 mmHg or higher should be considered analogous to a mean awake ambulatory systolic blood pressure of 135 mmHg or higher and diastolic blood pressure of 85 mmHg or higher, respectively., Validation: All recommendations were graded according to strength of the evidence and voted on by the 63 members of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program Evidence-Based Recommendations Task Force. To be approved, all recommendations were required to be supported by at least 70% of task force members. These guidelines will continue to be updated annually.

Objective: To update the evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and treatment of hypertension in adults for 2010., Options and Outcomes: For lifestyle and pharmacological interventions, randomized trials and systematic reviews of trials were preferentially reviewed. Changes in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality were the primary outcomes of interest. However, for lifestyle interventions, blood pressure lowering was accepted as a primary outcome given the general lack of long-term morbidity and mortality data in this field. Progressive renal impairment was also accepted as a clinically relevant primary outcome among patients with chronic kidney disease., Evidence: A Cochrane Collaboration librarian conducted an independent MEDLINE search from 2008 to August 2009 to update the 2009 recommendations. To identify additional studies, reference lists were reviewed and experts were contacted. All relevant articles were reviewed and appraised independently by both content and methodological experts using prespecified levels of evidence., Recommendations: For lifestyle modifications to prevent and treat hypertension, restrict dietary sodium to 1500 mg (65 mmol) per day in adults 50 years of age or younger, to 1300 mg (57 mmol) per day in adults 51 to 70 years of age, and to 1200 mg (52 mmol) per day in adults older than 70 years of age; perform 30 min to 60 min of moderate aerobic exercise four to seven days per week; maintain a healthy body weight (body mass index 18.5 kg/m(2) to 24.9 kg/m(2)) and waist circumference (less than 102 cm for men and less than 88 cm for women); limit alcohol consumption to no more than 14 standard drinks per week for men or nine standard drinks per week for women; follow a diet that emphasizes fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products, dietary and soluble fibre, whole grains and protein from plant sources, and that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol; and consider stress management in selected individuals with hypertension. For the pharmacological management of hypertension, treatment thresholds and targets should be predicated on the patient's global atherosclerotic risk, target organ damage and comorbid conditions. Blood pressure should be decreased to less than 140/90 mmHg in all patients, and to less than 130/80 mmHg in patients with diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease. Most patients will require more than one agent to achieve these target blood pressures. Antihypertensive therapy should be considered in all adult patients regardless of age (caution should be exercised in elderly patients who are frail). For adults without compelling indications for other agents, considerations for initial therapy should include thiazide diuretics, angiotensin- converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (in patients who are not black), long-acting calcium channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or beta-blockers (in those younger than 60 years of age). A combination of two first-line agents may also be considered as initial treatment of hypertension if systolic blood pressure is 20 mmHg above target or if diastolic blood pressure is 10 mmHg above target. The combination of ACE inhibitors and ARBs should not be used, unless compelling indications are present to suggest consideration of dual therapy. Agents appropriate for first-line therapy for isolated systolic hypertension include thiazide diuretics, long-acting dihydropyridine CCBs or ARBs. In patients with coronary artery disease, ACE inhibitors, ARBs or betablockers are recommended as first-line therapy; in patients with cerebrovascular disease, an ACE inhibitor/diuretic combination is preferred; in patients with proteinuric nondiabetic chronic kidney disease, ACE inhibitors or ARBs (if intolerant to ACE inhibitors) are recommended; and in patients with diabetes mellitus, ACE inhibitors or ARBs (or, in patients without albuminuria, thiazides or dihydropyridine CCBs) are appropriate first-line therapies. In selected high-risk patients in whom combination therapy is being considered, an ACE inhibitor plus a long-acting dihydropyridine CCB is preferable to an ACE inhibitor plus a thiazide diuretic. All hypertensive patients with dyslipidemia should be treated using the thresholds, targets and agents outlined in the Canadian lipid treatment guidelines. Selected patients with hypertension who do not achieve thresholds for statin therapy, but who are otherwise at high risk for cardiovascular events, should nonetheless receive statin therapy. Once blood pressure is controlled, low-dose acetylsalicylic acid therapy should be considered., Validation: All recommendations were graded according to the strength of the evidence and voted on by the 63 members of the Canadian Hypertension Education Program Evidence-Based Recommendations Task Force. All recommendations reported here achieved at least 80% consensus. These guidelines will continue to be updated annually., Sponsors: The Canadian Hypertension Education Program process is sponsored by the Canadian Hypertension Society, Blood Pressure Canada, the Public Health Agency of Canada, the College of Family Physicians of Canada, the Canadian Pharmacists Association, the Canadian Council of Cardiovascular Nurses, and the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada.

Objective: Heart failure (HF) often develops in patients with diabetes and is recognized for its role in increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in this population. Most existing models predict risk in patients with prevalent rather than incident diabetes and fail to account for sex differences in HF risk factors. We derived sex-specific models in Ontario, Canada to predict HF at diabetes onset and externally validated these models in the U.K.Research Design and Methods: Retrospective cohort study using international population-based data. Our derivation cohort comprised all Ontario residents aged ≥18 years who were diagnosed with diabetes between 2009 and 2018. Our validation cohort comprised U.K. patients aged ≥35 years who were diagnosed with diabetes between 2007 and 2017. Primary outcome was incident HF. Sex-stratified multivariable Fine and Gray subdistribution hazard models were constructed, with death as a competing event.Results: A total of 348,027 Ontarians (45% women) and 54,483 U.K. residents (45% women) were included. At 1, 5, and 9 years, respectively, in the external validation cohort, the C-statistics were 0.81 (95% CI 0.79-0.84), 0.79 (0.77-0.80), and 0.78 (0.76-0.79) for the female-specific model; and 0.78 (0.75-0.80), 0.77 (0.76-0.79), and 0.77 (0.75-0.79) for the male-specific model. The models were well-calibrated. Age, rurality, hypertension duration, hemoglobin, HbA1c, and cardiovascular diseases were common predictors in both sexes. Additionally, mood disorder and alcoholism (heavy drinker) were female-specific predictors, while income and liver disease were male-specific predictors.Conclusions: Our findings highlight the importance of developing sex-specific models and represent an important step toward personalized lifestyle and pharmacologic prevention of future HF development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: First Nations communities are known to have high rates of diabetes. The rural First Nations communities in northwest (NW) Ontario are particularly affected. Regional studies in 1985 and 1994 found a high prevalence of diabetes. More recently, they are estimated to have the highest prevalence in Ontario at 19%, double the provincial norm. The purpose of this study is to examine the epidemiology and prevalence of diabetes in the total population and cardiovascular comorbidities in the adult population of 25 First Nations communities in NW Ontario. Methods: This retrospective diabetes prevalence study used primary care electronic medical record data for a 3-year period, 1 August 2014--31 July 2017. Diabetes prevalence was calculated for both the total and the adult (18+) populations and comorbid hypertension and dyslipidaemia were identified in adults. Results: The age-adjusted diabetes prevalence for the total population was 15.1% versus a Canadian prevalence of 8.8%. The age-adjusted adult prevalence was 14.1%, double Canada's average of 7.1%. The average age of adults with diabetes was 52 years (±14.9); 57% were female. Comorbid hypertension (58%) and dyslipidaemia (73%) were common. Metformin was the most commonly used medication (58%), followed by insulin/analogues (23%) and sulphonylureas (13%). Conclusion: The diabetes prevalence in the First Nations population of NW Ontario is double Canada's norm. Addressing it will require addressing relevant social determinants of health, including poverty and food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 2018 update to the Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonized National Guideline Endeavour (C-CHANGE), a guideline which targets primary care health care practitioners. The 2018 update includes a total of 77 recommendations and 52 new recommendations, including multifaceted care for patients with cardiovascular risks. The guideline added a new category for hypertension for high-risk individuals and lists of risk factors of heart failure, hypertension and stroke.

The article offers information on the theories of doctors related to the need of appropriate blood pressure targets for patients suffering from hypertension and diabetes. It discusses the possibility of adverse cardiovascular events for patients suffering from both hypertension and diabetes which also increases the possibility of stroke and myocardial infarction.

The article discusses the harmonization of the clinical practice guidelines that prevent and treat cardiovascular disease in Canada. It states that the Canadian Cardiovascular Harmonization of National Guidelines Endeavour (C-CHANGE) initiative was developed to harmonize the 400 recommendations into 89 key recommendations through using a consensus model. It mentions that the initiative proposes an outcome evaluation plan for tracking of clinical and health system outcomes.

As the leading risk for death, population control of increased blood pressure represents a major challenge for all countries of the Americas. In the early 1990's, Canada had a hypertension control rate of 13%. The control rate increased to 68% in 2010, accompanied by a sharp decline in cardiovascular disease. The unprecedented improvement in hypertension control started around the year 2000 when a comprehensive program to implement annually updated hypertension treatment recommendations started. The program included a comprehensive monitoring system for hypertension control. After 2011, there was a marked decrease in emphasis on implementation and evaluation and the hypertension control rate declined, driven by a reduction in control in women from 69% to 49%. A coalition of health and scientific organizations formed in 2011 with a priority to develop advocacy positions for dietary policies to prevent and control hypertension. By 2015, the positions were adopted by most federal political parties, but implementation has been slow. This manuscript reviews key success factors and learnings. Some key success factors included having broad representation on the program steering committee, multidisciplinary engagement with substantive primary care involvement, unbiased up to date credible recommendations, development and active adaptation of education resources based on field experience, extensive implementation of primary care resources, annual review of the program and hypertension indicators and developing and emphasizing the few interventions important for hypertension control. Learnings included the need for having strong national and provincial government engagement and support, and retaining primary care organizations and clinicians in the implementation and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]