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We aimed to prospectively assess the association between variety and quantity of fruits and vegetables (FV) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) incidence and mortality due to the limited evidence. Our analysis included 2,918 adults with a follow-up period of 29,559 person-years. An inverse association was detected between fruit intake and the risk of incidence and mortality from CVD. We found no association between diversity scores of fruits, vegetables, and FV with CVD risk. Subjects with high quantity-high variety, high quantity-low variety, and low quantity-high variety of fruits, vegetables, or FV exhibited no difference in CVD risk compared to the subjects with low quantity-low variety intake. Increasing the variety of FV was associated with increases in the intake of β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, vitamin C, selenium, fibre, fat, and protein after adjustment for the quantity and covariates. We detected an inverse association between fruit intake and the incidence and mortality rates of CVD.

Background: Even though studies have demonstrated that the Nordic diet is beneficial for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, it is unknown if this diet is associated with actual CVD cases. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between a modified Nordic diet and the risk of CVD in non-Nordic adults., Methods: In this cohort study, 2918 people who participated in the third phase of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) were examined. All participants had no CVD at the beginning of the study, which was monitored until 2018. The Nordic score was calculated using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Patients' medical records were examined for cardiovascular events such as coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and mortality from CVD. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the relationship between the Nordic score and the risk of CVD., Results: During a median follow-up of 10.6 years, 203 subjects experienced cardiovascular events. The third and fourth quartiles of the Nordic score were associated with a 35% (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.95) and 60% (HR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.65) reduced risk of CVD compared to the lowest quartile. Subgroup analyses revealed that a high Nordic score was inversely associated with a lower risk of CVD in adults older than 45 years of age, both sexes, and all BMI categories. Each 1-score increase in cereal consumption was associated with a 24% (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.67 to 0.87) lower risk of CVD; low-fat milk with a 23% (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.87); and fish with a 22% (HR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.69 to 0.89) lower risk of CVD., Conclusion: We found that high Nordic score adherence may prevent cardiovascular events in non-Nordic populations. Cereals, fish, and low-fat milk were the primary components of the Nordic diet that indicated an inverse relationship with CVD., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

We aimed to summarize the associations between food sources of fructose and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, and all-cause mortality risk using a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to November 2020. We included cohort studies that investigated the relationship between mortality risk (all-cause, CVD, specific CVD, and total and site-specific cancers) and intake of ≥1 food source of fructose (fruit, fruit juice, breakfast cereals, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), sweets, and yogurt) in general adult population. Summary hazard ratios and 95% CIs were estimated using a random-effects model for linear and nonlinear relationships. Findings indicated that each 100 g/d increase in fruit intake was associated with 8-13% lower risk of CVDs, stroke, gastrointestinal, and lung cancer mortality. For all-cause mortality, there was a beneficial relationship up to 200 g/d fruit, and then plateaued. For ischemic heart disease and cancer mortality, there was a beneficial relationship up to 300 g/d followed by a slight increase. Ingestion of breakfast cereals and sweets was also associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality. For yogurt, a non-linear marginal decrease in all-cause mortality was found. Ingestion of each 200 g/d yogurt was associated with a 14% lower risk of CVD mortality. Every 60 g/d increase in sweet intake was linked to a 5% lower risk of all-cause mortality. Contrariwise, every 250 g/d increase in SSBs intake was associated with 7-10% higher risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. In conclusion, beneficial associations were found between fruit, breakfast cereals, sweets, and yogurt with all-cause and/or CVD mortality risk. Fruit intake had also an inverse link with cancer mortality. Conversely, SSBs had a harmful relationship with all-cause and CVD mortality.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.2000361 . Registry number: CRD42019144956.

Inulin is a prebiotic and has beneficial effects on health, such as improving the immune function, lipid profile, and gut microbiota. Some previous studies have assessed the effects of inulin supplementation on cardiometabolic diseases, but the relationship between dietary inulin and these diseases has not been investigated yet. Thus, this survey was designed to assess the potential association between the dietary intake of inulin and the incidence of cardiometabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension (HTN), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and type 2 diabetes (T2D) among adults. The present prospective cohort study was conducted on participants in the third wave of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2008) and was followed up until March 2018. The dietary intake of inulin was estimated using a special database that reports values of inulin and oligofructose in grams per 100 g of each food. Cox proportional hazards regression showed that higher consumption of inulin was associated with a lower risk of HTN (HR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.63 to 0.99) and T2D (HR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89 to 1.00). We found no relationship between higher consumption of dietary inulin and the incidence of CKD and CVD in our population. According to our results, it seems inulin from foods had a preventive effect against HTN and T2D, which are major risk factors for cardiovascular and renal events. However, more investigations are warranted.

The Mediterranean-DASH intervention for neurodegenerative delay (MIND) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has yet to be studied. As a result, the objective of this study was to investigate if there was a link between MIND diet adherence and the risk of CVD in adults over a 10.6-year period of time. There were 2863 participants in this research cohort who were free of CVD and were followed-up for 10.6 years. Using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the MIND diet score was calculated. Reliable medical data was used to evaluate cardiovascular events, including coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and CVD-related mortality. A total of 200 CVD occurrences (159 CHD, 21 stroke, and 20 CVD fatalities) were documented throughout the 10.6-year follow-up period. Our results indicated each increase in MIND diet score reduced the incidence of CVD by 16% (HR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.74 to 0.96). We also detected an inverse association relationship between the MIND diet and the incidence of CVD after classifying the MIND diet score into tertiles as well (HR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.47 to 0.97). Among the components of the MIND diet, each increase in whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and beans reduced the risk of CVD by 60%, 45%, and 65%, respectively. Finally, our findings revealed that the higher adherence to the MIND was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events. Besides, we found an inverse association between consumption of whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and beans and the number of CVD incidents. However, more well-designed cohort studies are needed before conclusive conclusions can be formed.

Background: Several studies have assessed the association between dietary choline and betaine and cardiovascular disease (CVD), but their results are inconsistent. The present study aimed to determine the association between dietary intake of choline and betaine and the risk of CVD in the general population over a 10.6-year period of follow-up., Methods: The present cohort study was conducted on participants in the third wave of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2008) and was followed-up until March 2018. Dietary intake of choline and betaine was calculated using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database. Patients' medical records were used to collect data on CVD., Results: In this study, 2606 subjects with no previous CVD participated and were followed-up for a median of 10.6 years. During the follow-up periods, 187 incidences of CVD were detected. Results of the Cox proportional hazards regression indicated that neither energy-adjusted total choline nor betaine was associated with the incidence of CVD. Among individual choline forms, only higher intake of free choline (FC) was associated with a lower risk of CVD (HR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.42-0.98). There was no significant association between each 10 mg/d increase in choline and betaine content of each food category and CVD., Conclusion: Our investigation indicates no association between energy-adjusted total choline and betaine and a 10.6-year risk of CVD among adults. Besides, we found no relationship between individual choline forms (except FC) and CVD. We also found energy-adjusted choline and betaine obtained from food categories were not associated with the risk of CVD., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Phytochemicals are natural non-nutritive bioactive compounds found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and legumes, as well as other plant foods. In the present study, we assessed the dietary phytochemical index (PI) in relation to cardiometabolic risk factors among Iranian adults., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of third phase of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study 2006-2008. For the present study, 2567 subjects aged 19-70 years (1129 men and 1438 women) were selected randomly. Dietary data were collected using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire with 168 food items. The PI was calculated based on daily energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods. The odds ratios of abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertriglyceridaemia, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and hypertension were assessed across PI quartile categories., Results: The mean (SD) age of participants was 39.4 (13.2) years. Participants in the upper quartile of PI were older, and had a lower weight and waist circumference. The mean (SD) of the PI was 17.3 (5.6), 25.5 (6.4), 32.7 (8.3) and 42.8 (10.5) in the first, second, third and fourth quartiles, respectively. Compared with those in the lower quartile of PI, participants in the upper quartiles had a 66% lower risk of abdominal obesity [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23-0.51] and a 36% lower risk of hypertriglyceridaemia (95% CI, 0.47-0.86), after adjustment for potential confounders., Conclusions: Higher intakes of phytochemical-rich foods are associated with a lower risk of abdominal obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia as the main cardiometabolic risk factors., (© 2013 The Authors Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics © 2013 The British Dietetic Association Ltd.)

Background: Although fast food consumption has drastically increased in Iran in recent years; there is a paucity of data in relation to the association between fast food consumption, dietary intake, and cardiovascular risk factors. This study aims to determine fast food consumption status among young and middle-aged Iranian adults, and to assess its impact on dietary intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors., Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted on 1944 young and middle-aged adults (840 men and 1104 women), who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2008). We collected dietary data by using a validated 168 item, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Total fast food consumption was calculated by summing up weekly consumption of the most commonly consumed fast foods in Iran., Results: Mean consumption of fast food was 161g/week (95% CI: 147-175) for young adults and 108 g/week (95% CI: 101-115) for middle-aged adults. Mean dietary intakes of energy, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, meat, and soft drinks increased significantly (P < 0.05), while carbohydrate and refined grain consumption decreased (P < 0.01) across tertiles of fast food in both age groups. In young adults, dietary energy density and protein intake increased significantly (P < 0.01) where as intake of non-starchy vegetables and carotenoids decreased (P < 0.05). In middle-aged adults dietary intakes of fiber, folate, calcium, and fruits significantly decreased across fast food tertiles (P < 0.05). After adjustment for confounders, there was an association between fast food consumption and body mass index (BMI; β = 0.104; P < 0.01) and waist circumference (WC; β= 0.083; P < 0.01) in young adults, and serum triglycerides (β = 0.072; P < 0.05), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; β = -0.051; P < 0.05), and atherogenic index of plasma (β = 0.056; P < 0.05) in middle-aged adults., Conclusion: The results show that increased consumption of fast foods is associated with poor dietary intake and some of the CVD risk factors in Iranian adults.

Background: Hypertension and increased inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetic patients are two major risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, management of these two cardiovascular diseases risk factors is of the first magnitude in type 2 diabetic patients. This study was aimed to determine effect of processed Berberis vulgaris on blood pressure and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: Type 2 diabetic patients were recruited into a clinical trial (n =57) and randomly assigned into 3 groups: 1) processed B. vulgaris (n =19), daily consumption of 1 Tsp processed B.vulgaris in apple vinegar, 2) apple vinegar group (n =19), daily consumption of 2 Tsp apple vinegar and 3) control group with no intervention. Nutritional intake, anthropometric indices, inflammatory markers and systolic- and diastolic blood pressure were measured at the baseline and the end of 8th week. Results: At the end of 8 weeks, mean of nutritional intake, anthropometric indices, hs CRP concentration, systolic- and diastolic blood pressure did not change in processed B.vulgaris, apple vinegar and control groups significantly. Interleukin-6 concentration did not shift in processed B.vulgaris and control groups but in apple vinegar group decreased significantly. Conclusion: These findings had shown processed B.vulgaris had no effect on systolic- and diastolic blood pressure but apple vinegar had positive effect on interleukin-6. Nevertheless, further investigations about B.vulgaris effect on blood pressure and inflammatory markers are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]