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Background: The cardiometabolic syndrome focuses on the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), whereas the cardiorenal syndrome focuses on the association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure (HF). Consideration of these two syndromes as a single entity has not been well described. Methods: We used the electronic medical records of Kaiser Permanente Northwest to identify 387,985 members aged 18+ years with a serum creatinine measured from 2005 to 2017. If the estimated glomerular filtration rate was <60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 , we required a second confirmatory measurement 3-12 months later. Patients were followed through 2019. We calculated the age- and gender-adjusted incidence and progression of CKD per 1000 person-years using generalized estimating equations. We used Cox proportional hazard models to assess the time-dependent effect of each condition on incidence of the other conditions. Results: CKD incidence rates were highest in patients with T2DM, ASCVD, and HF (27.0 per 1000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 24.8-29.4] vs. 5.9 [5.8-6.0] in patients with none of these conditions). Similar results were obtained for CKD progression (309.0, 283.9-336.4 for all three conditions vs. 147.9, 143.3-152.4 for no condition). In time-dependent models, all three conditions were independently associated with CKD incidence, being highest for HF (hazard ratio 2.14, 95% CI 2.07-2.21). All relationships between CKD, T2DM, ASCVD, and HF were significant and bidirectional. Conclusions: The presence of CKD, T2DM, HF, and ASCVD each conveys risk on the others. A cardiometabolic renal syndrome comprising these conditions may be an important disease entity that requires a comprehensive treatment approach.

The cardiorenal nexus encompasses a bidirectional relationship between the heart and the kidneys. Chronic abnormalities in cardiac function can lead to progressive kidney disease, and chronic kidney disease can lead to progressively decreasing cardiac function and increasing risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure. About 15% of US adults have chronic kidney disease, 2% have heart failure, and 9% have cardiovascular disease. Prevalence rates of chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and associated morbidities such as type 2 diabetes are expected to increase with an aging population. Observational studies provide evidence for the cardiorenal nexus. Follow-up data from placebo arms of clinical trials in chronic kidney disease or cardiovascular disease show higher rates of renal and cardiovascular outcome events in patient subgroups with type 2 diabetes than in those without type 2 diabetes. The cardiorenal syndromes develop along an interlinked pathophysiological trajectory that requires a holistic, collaborative approach involving a multidisciplinary team. There is now a compendium of treatment options. Greater understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the cardiorenal nexus will support optimization of the management of these interlinked disease states.

CKD frequently leads to chronic cardiac dysfunction. This complex relationship has been termed as cardiorenal syndrome type 4 or cardio-renal link. Despite numerous studies and reviews focused on the pathophysiology and therapy of this syndrome, the role of arterial stiffness has been frequently overlooked. In this regard, several pathogenic factors, including uremic toxins ( i.e. , uric acid, phosphates, endothelin-1, advanced glycation end-products, and asymmetric dimethylarginine), can be involved. Their effect on the arterial wall, direct or mediated by chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, results in arterial stiffening and decreased vascular compliance. The increase in aortic stiffness results in increased cardiac workload and reduced coronary artery perfusion pressure that, in turn, may lead to microvascular cardiac ischemia. Conversely, reduced arterial stiffness has been associated with increased survival. Several approaches can be considered to reduce vascular stiffness and improve vascular function in patients with CKD. This review primarily discusses current understanding of the mechanisms concerning uremic toxins, arterial stiffening, and impaired cardiac function, and the therapeutic options to reduce arterial stiffness in patients with CKD., (Copyright © 2019 by the American Society of Nephrology.)

Introduction and Objectives: High-sensitivity troponin T assays (Hs-TnT) have been carried out in selected populations in clinical trials and in registries of the general population with low cardiovascular risk (CVR). The aim of this study was to determine the proportion of individuals with detectable Hs-TnT and the proportion of individuals with elevated Hs-TnT in a Spanish population of asymptomatic individuals with very high CVR, as well as the parameters associated with Hs-TnT elevation., Methods: The study included 690 patients. Hs-TnT detection and Hs-TnT elevation (≥99th percentile value), as well the association of elevated Hs-TnT and clinical, analytical, and treatment data were analyzed., Results: Hs-TnT was analyzed in 646 patients and was detected in 645. Elevated TnT was detected in 212 patients (32.9%). On multivariate analysis, elevated TnT was independently associated with male sex (OR, 2.81; 95%CI, 1.67-4.73; P < .001), older age (OR, 1.06; 95%CI, 1.04-1.09; P < .001), a higher body mass index (OR, 1.07; 95%CI, 1.02-1.12; P < .002), insulin therapy (OR, 1.99; 95%CI, 1.15-3.46; P = .01), history of heart failure (OR, 3.92; 95%CI, 1.24-12.39; P = .02), and estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by CKD-EPI (OR, 0.96; 95%CI, 0.95-0.97; P < .001)., Conclusions: In a Spanish population of asymptomatic individuals at very high CVR, Hs-TnT was associated with older age, male sex, higher body mass index, insulin therapy, history of heart failure, and lower glomerular filtration rate., (Copyright © 2016 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Current concepts of the development and pathogenesis of cardiorenal syndrome are considered. Special emphasis is laid on the data concerning chronic renal diseases (CRD) as risk factors of cardiovascular disorders (CVD), pathophysiological features of CVD concomitant with CRD, and relationships between CRD and traditional risk factors of CVD. The development of renal dysfunction is regarded as a complication of the heart failure.