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In the 1980s, new methods such as intra-operative ultrasonography, hemihepatic vascular occlusion and ultrasonically guided subsegmentectomy were introduced in clinical practice for use in hepatic surgery. Because of the progress, surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinomas associated with cirrhosis became safer, and curativity and hepatic functional preservation were promoted. The long-term survival rate after operation has improved. Recently, the use of the procedures of vascular surgery transplant surgery has allowed the indication for hepatectomy to be expanded. Here we describe the transition and progress in hepatic surgery.

Background: The main therapeutic options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are hepatic resection, transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE), percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) and regional chemotherapy (RC)., Methods: This study retrospectively examined the results of primary treatment of 600 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma selected according to the treatment guidelines of our facility and the results of various combination therapies for recurrent cases. The selection criteria of therapeutic options included the number and size of tumours and hepatic function., Results: The selected primary treatment was hepatic resection for 53.7% of the cases, TAE for 31.5%, PEIT for 8.2% and RC for 6.6%,. The treatment for post-resection recurrence was TAE alone for 62.4% of the cases, TAE + RC for 4.0%, PEIT for 15.2%, TAE + PEIT alone for 4.8%, RC for 8.0% and hepatic resection for 5.6%. The treatment for post-TAE recurrence was TAE alone for 83% of the cases, TAE + PEIT for 9%, TAE + RC for 3%, RC alone for 3% and PEIT alone for 2%. For post-PEIT, therapy was PEIT alone for 71.4% of the cases and PEIT + TAE for 28.6%. For post-RC, RC alone was used for 92.5% and RC + PEIT for 7.5%. The cumulative 3 and 5-year survival rates were 84.4% and 70.6%, respectively for stage I; 61.5% and 48.6% for stage II; 52.7% and 20.5% for stage III; and 22.8% and 17.1% for stage IVA. The cumulative 5 and 7-year survival rates after the primary treatments were 52.% and 40.1%, respectively, for hepatic resection; 46.5% and 38.7%, for TAE; 49.6% and 33.1% for PEIT; and 16.7% and 8.3% for RC., Conclusions: To improve the treatment results for HCC, early detection is essential and various modalities of treatments in combination should be used for recurrence after primary treatment.

Purpose: To assess the clinical value of three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler imaging of intratumoral blood flow., Materials and Methods: Two hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), one renal cell carcinoma, one hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), and one iliac bone metastasis of HCC were used. Images were collected by power mode using the GE-Yokogawa LOGIQ 700. Power Doppler images were recorded on S-VHS videotape and fed into a workstation. Flow information was then extracted, and 3D images were constructed by surface rendering., Results: Preparation of 3D images could be accomplished in one minute after feeding flow information into the workstation. Intratumoral vascular structure could be easily evaluated. This 3D imaging was useful for the differential diagnosis of hepatic tumors, especially HCC and FNH, which were confirmed in 3D imaging to have distinctly different intratumoral vascular structures., Conclusion: 3D imaging of intratumoral blood flow was possible by 3D processing of the power Doppler images. 3D power Doppler imaging is expected to be helpful for the differential diagnosis of tumors.

We present a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma accompanied by portal vein and bile duct tumor thrombi. The patient was treated with a spiral Z-stent covered by a polyethylene sheet placed in the bile duct, a Wallstent placed in the portal vein, chemoembolization, and external radiation therapy. The patient is alive with patency of both endoprostheses 18 months later.

To clarify the optimal dose of Lipiodol (Andre Guerbet, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France) during Lipiodol-transcatheter arterial embolization (L-TAE) and segmental L-TAE used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma, we studied the relationship between the volume of Lipiodol used during these procedures and the necrosis rates in resected specimens, as well as the correlation with the Lipiodol accumulation pattern based on the computed tomography findings (L-CT) and the volume of Lipiodol in resected and nonresected cases after L-TAE or segmental L-TAE. The L-CT and the dose of Lipiodol injected (mL) were studied correlatively in 198 cases (28 resected cases and 170 nonresected cases; tumor size < or = 5 cm in 52 cases and > 5 cm in 118 cases) that underwent L-TAE and in 80 cases (14 resected cases and 66 nonresected cases, tumor size < or = 5 cm in 52 cases and > 5 cm in 14 cases) that underwent segmental L-TAE. The L-CT was classified into four types: type I, homogeneous accumulation (type Ia, accumulation around the tumor; type Ib, no accumulation around the tumor); type II, partial defect; type III, sporadic accumulation; and type IV, punctate or no accumulation. In the 42 resected cases (L-TAE, 28 cases; segmental L-TAE, 14 cases), type I was seen in 68% (Ib, 100%) of the L-TAE cases and 93% (Ia, 79%; Ib, 14%) of the segmental L-TAE cases. The necrosis rate of the cases with type Ib L-CT was 90% to 100%, and all type Ia cases showed complete necrosis. In the 236 nonresected cases (L-TAE, 170 cases; segmental L-TAE, 66 cases), the volume of Lipiodol injected correlated with the L-CT type. In the L-TAE cases with a tumor size < or =5 cm, the frequency of the injected Lipiodol volume (D) being greater than the tumor diameter (d) (D > or = d) was 90%, and 87% of the cases with D > or = d showed type Ib L-CT. In the group whose tumor diameter (d) was more than 5 cm, the frequency of D > or = d was 25%, and 70% of the cases of D > or = d were type Ib. The frequency of D < d was 75%, and in 13% of these cases the L-CT was type Ib and the maximum dose was approximately 10 mL. In segmental L-TAE using the same dose of Lipiodol as in L-TAE, the frequency of D > or = d was 83%, and 93% of those cases showed type I, including 85% of type Ia. There was a correlation between the L-CT type and the necrosis rate, and type I, especially Ia in segmental L-TAE, showed complete necrosis in almost all cases. In L-TAE, standards for the optimal dose of Lipiodol are thought to be as follows: D > or = d in cases with d < or = 5, and slightly D < d and 10 mL maximally in cases with d > 5. In segmental L-TAE using the same dose of Lipiodol as in L-TAE, enhancement of the therapeutic effect was seen compared with L-TAE. This is surmised to have been because of the higher Lipiodol volume with anticancer agents per unit volume of the tumor in segmental L-TAE.

As chemoembolotherapy (TAE) for relatively small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) including small HCC of less than 2 cm in diameter, which is restricted to a sub-subsegment, subsegment or segment of the liver, segmental Lp-TAE using Lipiodol (Lp) mixed with an anticancer agent, which includes subsegmental and sub-sub-segmental therapy, not restricted to the tumor-bearing segment, is expected to move to the forefront of HCC treatments and also causes fewer complications and less strain to the patient. Of the 15 cases that underwent surgery following segmental Lp-TAE, complete necrosis was found histopathologically in more than 80% of the main tumor, satellite nodules in the embolized region and areas of capsular invasion. Its therapeutic efficacy for 51 cases with tumors smaller than 3 cm was comparable to that of surgery.

We compared power Doppler sonography (PDS) with conventional color Doppler sonography (CDS) in the visualization of intratumoral blood flow of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and evaluated the usefulness of PDS for assessing of the effects of TAE with Lipiodol and anticancer agents (Lp-TAE) and for the diagnosis of recurrence of HCC after Lp-TAE. The ability of PDS and CDS to visualize intratumoral blood flow was compared in 36 patients with HCC, and the usefulness of PDS for the diagnosis of HCC was evaluated. Also, in 17 patients with HCC who underwent Lp-TAE, the usefulness of PDS for evaluating the therapeutic effects of Lp-TAE and the diagnosis of recurrence after Lp-TAE was examined. The ability of PDS to visualize intratumoral blood flow and delineate tortuous and meandering intratumoral vasculature was superior to that of CDS. The effects of Lp-TAE could be evaluated and recurrence detected accurately and easily by PDS on the basis of residual intratumoral blood flow and the appearance of new blood flow. PDS is expected to achieve widespread acceptance as a useful imaging modality for the diagnosis of HCC, assessment of therapeutic effects of TAE, and detection of recurrence of HCC after TAE.

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of combining placement of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) and transcatheter hepatic segmental artery chemoembolization with Lipiodol (Seg-Lp-TAE) in patients with cirrhosis, esophagogastric varices, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)., Methods: Five patients with bleeding or large, high-flow esophagogastric varices and HCC were treated by TIPS and Seg-Lp-TAE., Results: The mean portosystemic pressure gradient decreased from 20.8 cm H2O to 7.8 cm H2O after TIPS. The direct portogram and endoscopic examination revealed reduction of varices. At 6 months, one shunt had functionally occluded and could not be reopened; the other TIPS remained functional. Follow-up CT and the changes of alpha fetoprotein indicated effective therapy of Seg-Lp-TAE for HCC. Four patients are in stabile clinical condition at 9, 6, 1, and 1 months after the combined therapy; one died after 14 months due to decompensated liver cirrhosis., Conclusion: The combined therapy of TIPS and Seg-Lp-TAE will become a new interventional approach for patients with HCC and esophagogastric varices.

Purpose: Multivariate analysis was used to study the effectiveness and optimum dose level of Lipiodol (LP) in transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)., Methods: A total of 219 cases of nodular type HCC, with a tumor diameter less than 7 cm, were studied. TAE was performed using both Gelfoam sponge (GS) and LP in 158 cases; in the remaining 61 cases only GS was used., Results: Statistical stepwise variable selection revealed that only LP had a negative T-value, suggesting that LP is a useful factor for prognosis. The most favorable effect on patient prognosis was obtained with an LP dose level (expressed in mm) of 1-1.5 times the absolute value of the tumor diameter (expressed in cm)., Conclusion: A significant difference (p < 0.01, log-rank test) in survival was found between the GS with LP group and the GS only group, using Cox's proportional hazard model.

We developed segmental Lp-TAE, which is transcatheter hepatic sub-subsegmental, subsegmental, or segmental chemoembolization using Lipiodol introduced into the tumor-bearing hepatic sub-subsegment, subsegment, or segment as the target area. A total of 98 patients with nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing segmental Lp-TAE (Seg-Lp-TAE) were studied, and the relationship between the CT pattern observed after Seg-Lp-TAE (Seg-Lp-CT) and the therapeutic results obtained in those patients was evaluated. Seg-Lp-CT was classified into four types (type I, homogeneous; type II, defective; type III, inhomogeneous; and type IV, only slight accumulation, if any) according to the Lipiodol accumulation pattern observed after Seg-Lp-TAE. The cumulative nonrecurrence rates of type I were higher than those of types II-IV. The cumulative survival rates of type Ia, in which Lp accumulation is also seen around the main tumor, were the highest (93.8% at 1 year, 85.9% at 2 years, 85.9% at 3 years, and 57.3% at 4 years). The cumulative survival rates achieved with Seg-Lp-TAE were 89.2% at 1 year, 69.4% at 2 years, 58.9% at 3 years, 44.0% at 4 years, and 30.2% at 5 years, which were higher than those achieved with conventional Lp-TAE. Seg-Lp-TAE is very useful in the treatment of HCC limited to one sub-subsegment, subsegment, or segment, and it is important to choose sub-subsegmental, subsegmental, or segmental Lp-TAE on the basis of the size and site of the tumor as well as the type and the number of feeding arteries.

Purpose: To evaluate the usefulness of percutaneous hot saline injection therapy (PSIT) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)., Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with HCC (23 nodules) underwent PSIT. Mean tumor diameter was < or = 30 mm. PSIT was performed by injecting hot saline into the HCC. The therapeutic effect of PSIT was evaluated with computed tomography, angiography, measurement of alpha-fetoprotein levels, and histopathologic examination of needle biopsy and resected specimens., Results: No complications were encountered, and a therapeutic effect was obtained in all cases. When the injected material cools, it becomes physiologic saline making it possible to inject relatively large volumes in a single session., Conclusion: PSIT has promise as a form of curative local therapy for small HCCs and is expected to exert a safe and favorable therapeutic effect on large HCCs as well.

Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) has become widely used in the treatment of HCC. However, the indications for this method are limited by the toxicity of ethanol itself. Against this background, the authors turned their attention to the heat coagulation necrosis effect induced by boiled physiological saline (hot water) and devised percutaneous hot water injection therapy (PHoT) as a new local treatment method. PHoT was performed a total of 41 times in 13 patients (16 nodules) with HCCs measuring < or = 3 cm. Changes in AFP values, CT findings, angiographic findings before and after treatment, and histopathological findings of needle biopsy or resected specimen were investigated. AFP values decreased in all of the seven patients who initially showed high values. On CT, all lesions receiving PHoT became hypodense, with this change thought to indicate necrosis. Disappearance of the tumor stain was confirmed in the four patients in whom follow-up angiography was performed. In the six patients in whom needle biopsy was performed, disappearance and scaring of tumor cells were observed, while in the one patient in whom the tumor was resected, complete necrosis of the tumor was confirmed. PHoT, despite a small number of punctures, shows good anti-tumor effects, and has promise not only as a curative local treatment method for small HCCs but also in combination with TAE for large HCCs.

The distribution of blood flow was determined from the distribution of CO2 by US performed during the infusion of CO2 microbubbles via an implantable port (IP-CO2US) in intraarterial chemotherapy for hepatic tumor, and the usefulness of this method in determining tumor vascularity and evaluating the effects of therapy was investigated. A total of 16 patients, 12 of whom had metastatic liver tumor, two hepatocellular carcinoma, one gall bladder carcinoma, and one cholangiocellular carcinoma were studied. The enhanced areas in the liver in 16 patients in whom IP-CO2US was performed a total of 24 times were consistent in all cases with the enhanced areas demonstrated by IP-RI angiography performed a total of 10 times within 10 days, and were also consistent with one exception with the enhanced areas demonstrated by IP-CTA performed 14 times. The tumor detection rate was markedly higher with IP-CO2US than with plain US or IP-DSA, and was similar to that of IP-CTA. Evaluation of the vascularity of individual nodules by IP-CO2US surpassed that by IP-DSA, and was similar to that of IP-CTA. It was demonstrated that blood flow distribution (intrahepatic drug distribution) can be equally well grasped with IP-CO2US, which is a simple and convenient method, as with IP-RI angiography. It was also suggested that IP-CO2US is useful in the evaluation of tumor vascularity and the effect of therapy.

Eight patients with histologically or clinically diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma and a total of 23 nodules were studied. SE 2000/20 (PDW-SE), SE-2000/80 (T2W-SE), SE 500/20 (T1W-SE), GRE 167/13/70 degrees (T1W-GE), and GRE 167/13/15 degrees (T2*W-GE) were used. Using each pulse sequence the pre-and post-contrast detection rates of the 23 nodules visualized by CT arterial portography (CTAP) were compared. With plain MRI, the detection rates were PDW-SE: 48%, T2W-SE: 74%, T1W-SE: 52%, T1W-GE 48% and T2*W-GE: 48%. After the administration of contrast medium all pulses sequences showed enhanced detection rates: 100%, 83%, 87%, 91%, and 96% respectively. Superparamagnetic iron oxide particle enhanced MRI showed a high detection rate comparable to CTAP, suggesting that this agent can make a major contribution to the diagnosis of HCC, particularly the detection of small HCC.

To determine the usefulness of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in determining recurrence of HCC after interventional angiography (IVA) and to define the relation between AFP and the imaging diagnosis of HCC recurrence, changes in AFP values in 160 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who were treated by IVA > or = two times were classified into four patterns: A: the AFP value was decreased after the first IVA, increased at recurrence and decreased again after the second IVA; B: the AFP value was unchanged after the first IVA, but increased at recurrence and decreased after the second IVA; C: the AFP value was decreased after the first IVA, but was not increased at recurrence; D: the AFP value showed no change. The frequency of each AFP pattern and the diagnosis of recurrence by AFP were determined. The relation between tumor type and AFP was defined. Pattern A was the most frequently detected. In 62.6%, AFP was increased at recurrence (A and B), and there was a positive correlation between changes in the AFP value and the findings of imaging diagnosis. In another 37.5%, AFP was not increased at recurrence (C and D), and therefore, the diagnosis of HCC recurrence by imaging methods was very important.

To determine the effect of appraising subsegmental or segmental transarterial embolization with Lipiodol mixed with anticancer drugs followed by gelatin particles (Segmental Lp-TAE) on inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma, we examined CT patterns and therapeutic results in 57 patients after Segmental Lp-TAE. Fifty-six tumors including 47 tumors less than 5 cm in size were the nodular type and 1 tumor was the massive type. The mean tumor size was 3.6 cm and the mean amount of Lipiodol was 4.4 ml. Portal veins in the embolized segment were highly visualized by injected Lipiodol on plain film immediately after Segmental Lp-TAE. On the follow-up CT, the size of the tumor with dense Lipiodol accumulation were reduced in all cases, and atrophy of the embolized segment was recognized. Forty-four of the 57 patients are alive, with the longest surviving patient still alive at 4 years and 5 months. Seventeen patients have survived for more than 2 years (direct crude survival rate: 65.0%), with the cumulative survival rates 93.2% at 1 year, 71.6% at 2 years. No recurrence was recognized in 33 of the 41 patients (80.0%) that were followed up for more than 1 year after Segmental Lp-TAE is a useful therapeutic method for hepatocellular carcinoma.

The effectiveness of Lipiodol (iodized oil) in transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was retrospectively evaluated using statistical analysis. A total of 343 HCC patients who underwent TAE at 5 institutions between 1984 and 1989 were divided into 2 groups: the GS-TAE group underwent TAE with Gelfoam sponge alone, whereas the LP-TAE group was given Lipiodol (LP) immediately before GS-TAE. The statistical T value calculated for the LP-TAE group showed that the administration of LP, the tumor size, intrahepatic metastasis, portal vein infiltration, and serum total bilirubin and alpha-fetoprotein levels significantly (P < 0.01) affected the patients' survival. Both the cumulative survival determined using the Kaplan-Meier model and the cumulative hazard calculated using Cox's proportional hazard model differed significantly (P < 0.01) between the GS-TAE group and the LP-TAE group (log-rank test). These results confirmed the effectiveness of LP used in combination with Gelfoam sponge for TAE of HCC.

The behavior of an anti-cancer drug consisting of transcatheter hepatic segmental arterial chemoembolization using Lipiodol mixed with an anti-cancer drug followed by gelatin sponge (segmental Lp-TAE: Seg-Lp-TAE) was assessed in comparison to that of the non-segmental Lp-TAE to whole liver (Lp-TAE) by means of Tc-99m pertechnetate (RI). Injection of Lipiodol mixed with Adriamycin and 740 mBq of RI followed by gelatin sponge was carried out from segmental or subsegmental hepatic artery in 12 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma and from proper or right hepatic artery in 11 cases (9 with hepatocellular carcinoma and 2 with metastatic liver tumor). The distribution and retention of RI were studied from the time activity curves of ROIs in tumor and non-tumor area, and scintigrams at 4 and 24 hours after injection. The integral value ratio of tumor to non-tumor was significantly higher in Seg-Lp-TAE, indicating that es the distribution of RI after Seg-Lp-TAE is selective in the segments where tumor exists. In Seg-Lp-TAE, the T1/2 was higher and the count ratio of tumor to non-tumor was significantly higher at 4 hours and even higher at 24 hours after injection. These results suggest that an anti-cancer drug reinforces the effect on tumor with little adverse effect on normal liver in Seg-Lp-TAE, which is more advantageous to the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Transcatheter hepatic segmental arterial chemoembolization using Lipiodol mixed with an anticancer drug followed by the injection of Gelfoam particles, introduced into the tumor-bearing hepatic segment as the target area (segmental Lipiodol-TAE), was carried out in 54 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 7 of whom were later resected. In 5 of the resected 7 cases, complete necrosis was histologically verified. No death due to HCC was encountered in 47 nonoperated cases, and better therapeutic results were obtained with segmental Lipiodol-TAE. It was concluded that this technique does not adversely affect normal tissues, and it does reinforce the effect of TAE.

The practical limitations of catheters used for infusion were studied by their types in 47 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who were treated by Segmental Lp-TAE. For catheterization into the arterial branches of S5 and S8, a coaxial infusion catheter was helpful. However, a coaxial infusion catheter was seldom used for catheterization into the arterial branches of S6 and S7. For infusion into vessels having diameters of less than 1.9 mm at the tip end of the catheter, positive use of a coaxial infusion catheter is strongly recommendable. A Tracker-18 catheter was especially helpful for catheterization into the vessels of S5.

We analyzed the ultrasonic detectability of multiple daughter nodules accompanied by 18 hepatocellular carcinomas and multiple small nodules in 11 metastatic liver tumors identified by infusion hepatic angiography. In the cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, ultrasonic detectability of daughter nodules was remarkably limited. If any daughter nodules are detected by US, there is the great possibility that many other daughter nodules are undetected. However, US is effective in detecting small nodules in the metastatic liver tumor.

The therapeutic results of Lp-TAE (transcatheter arterial embolization with Gelfoam particles preceded by the infusion of a mixture of lipiodol and an anticancer drug via the proper hepatic artery) were evaluated in hepatocellular carcinomas (523 non-resected and 24 resected cases). Excellent therapeutic effects were confirmed not only for the main tumor but also for the daughter nodules by a histological examination of the liver tissues resected after Lp-TAE. The cumulative 1-year, 2-year and 3-year survival rates in the 523 non-resected cases were 60.4%, 42.9% and 28.0% respectively. These survival rates were all higher than those achieved by Gelfoam TAE. The above results suggest the usefulness of Lp-TAE in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) was performed in 97 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Ethiodol (iodized oil) containing an anticancer drug was infused via the hepatic artery followed by Gelfoam particles. The Ethiodol emulsion was selectively retained in the tumor vessels and also remained in the small daughter nodules that could not be detected by angiography or computed tomography (CT) prior to TAE. Ethiodol remained in the tumor for more than 1 year. Following TAE, main tumors and small daughter nodules appeared as areas of markedly high density on CT. In most patients there was a reduction in the tumor size following TAE, and serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were reduced in all patients whose initial levels had exceeded 400 ng/ml. This method is considered to be effective not only for treatment of hepatic tumor but also useful for evaluation of post-TAE changes in the tumor and diagnosis of small daughter nodules, due to the long-term accumulation of Ethiodol in tumor vessels.

Changes in tumor area and the attenuation value determined from computed tomography (CT) slice section of the tumor at its maximum size were investigated in 18 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who were studied by CT after arterial embolization therapy. The tumor area was reduced in all cases after embolization therapy. Greater than 50% reduction of the tumor area occurred during the follow-up period in 13 cases (87%). In cases evaluated by follow-up CT, the relative attenuation value of tumor to nontumor regions decreased during the initial stage after embolization therapy, but showed a tendency towards greater elevation than in the initial stage, despite tumor reduction. This change in the attenuation value was considered to reflect necrosis and shrinkage of the tumor after embolization therapy. The absence of such changes in nontumor regions supports the use of arterial embolization therapy as an effective, conservative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Follow-up examination by CT of hepatocellular carcinoma after embolization therapy contributes to the post-therapeutic evaluation of tumors and to the determination of the appropriate time for reembolization therapy.

Twelve cases of hepatocellular carcinoma treated by arterial embolization were followed with ultrasonography. Shrinkage of the tumor after the therapy was confirmed in all cases. Echo level reduction in the tumor occurred in 10 cases. High-level reverberation echoes with acoustic shadows emerged in seven cases; however, these echoes were not detected in any cases 3 weeks after the procedure. Echoes were considered either as the consequence of gas produced in the tumor or air trapped in the embolic substance. Ultrasonography, therefore, is an effective technique for the posttherapeutic evaluation of arterial embolization therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

The detectability of small daughter nodules of hepatocellular carcinoma by computed tomography after hepatic arterial infusion of Lipiodol (iodized oil) and by infusion hepatic angiography was studied in 102 cases. The Lipiodol was selectively accumulated by the tumor. Tumors and small daughter nodules appeared as high-density areas on computed tomography. In 24 cases daughter nodules were identified only by computed tomography. In 50 cases computed tomography demonstrated superior ability to detect the daughter nodules when compared with infusion hepatic angiography. In 21 cases the daughter nodules were detected for the first time in areas other than the main site of the primary tumor. Lipiodol-computed tomography is very effective in the diagnosis of daughter nodules of hepatocellular carcinoma.