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The essential oils (EOs) of the stem (SEO) and leaves (LEO) of Zygophyllum qatarense were analysed by GC/MS. Seventeen compounds comprising 94.0% of the total oil composition were identified in the essential oil leaves (LEO), while eleven compounds accounting 100% of the total oil composition were detected in the essential oil stem (SEO). The main constituents identified in the LEO were methyl-8-pimaren-18-oate (33.09%), methyl palmitate (10.55%), methyl linolenate (7.67%), 6,6-dimethylhept-1-en-4-yne (7.45%) and caryophyllene (6.14%). The SEO was found rich in urs-12-en-28-ol (21.81%), followed by 15-bromopentadecan-1-ol (13.67%), 8,8-diheptylpentadecane (10.35%), α-pinene (8.92%), octadecanamide (8.92%), 2,6,10,14-tetramethylheptadecane (8.87%), hentriacontane (8.52), and caryophyllene (7.15%). Both the EOs were further screened for carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), and α-glucosidase inhibitions. Essential oil leaves of Z. qatarense exhibited significant CA-II activity (IC50 = 68.4 ± 2.3 µg/mL) than stem (IC50 = 76.9 ± 1.32 µg/mL) compared to standard (acetazolamide, IC50 = 18.2 ± 1.2 µM). Similarly, stem oil presented significant α-glucosidase (IC50 = 10.18 ± 0.39 µg/mL) inhibition than leaves (IC50 = 19.9 ± 1.17 µg/mL) in comparison with standard Acarbose (377.7 ± 1.34 µg/mL). From the results, it can be concluded that EOs of both parts of the study plant might have potential to be used for treatment of diabetes mellitus and CA II related diseases. In addition to that, up to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the GC/MS analysis, α-glucosidase, and CA-II enzyme inhibition of the essential oils isolated from stem and leaves of Z. qatarense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of CA inhibition activity and the identification of the components of the essential oil of Frankenia pulverulenta (FPEO) and Boerhavia elegans (BEEO) were undertaken for the first time in this study. Twenty-five components were identified using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) in the FPEO, representing 92.7 % of the total oil. The major components were β-caryophyllene (32.5 %), δ-cadinene (8.4 %), alloaromadendrene (7.1 %), copaene (6.9 %), and ledol (5.3 %). Similarly, the BEEO contained 13 components representing 92.9 % of the total oil with β-caryophyllene (17.1 %) and β-amyrin (13.7 %) as the major components. The results determined that the FPEO was a rich source of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (69.8 %), while BEEO contains a higher concentration of aliphatic hydrocarbons (46.4 %). The EOS of both plants were further screened for carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II), and antimicrobial activities. Essential oil of F. pulverulenta exhibited significant CA-II activity with 101.5±2.35 % inhibition, while B. elegans essential oil presented promising bactericidal and fungicidal activities against Escherichia coli (Gramnegative bacteria) and Penicillium simplicissimumi. These results indicate that the essential oil of B. elegans can inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. In addition, FPEO significantly inhibited CA and might have the potential to be used for the treatment of CA-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current investigation, the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) from the stem and leaves of Acridocarpus orientalis A. Juss. were evaluated by gas chromatography (GC) and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main volatile constituents identified in the essential oil of stem were rich in methyl 8-pimaren-18-oate (43.8 %), octacosane (5.8 %), heptacosane (4.6 %) and hexacosane (4.1 %), methyl dehydroabietate (3.9 %) and methyl pimar-8(14)-en-18-oate (3.6 %), while tetracosane (16.6 %), heptacosane (16.4 %), docosane (13.9 %), hentriacontane (13.5 %), heneicosane (10.9 %) and α-pinene (7.7 %) were abundant in the EO of leaves. Both essential oils, screened against urease, α-glucosidase and carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II) enzyme inhibitory activities, were found active against CA-II and inactive against urease and α-glucosidase enzymes. The leaves of AO were found more active only against CA-II enzyme having IC50 values of 45.6 ± 1.0 μg/mL than stem (156.3 ± 1.5 μg/mL). The results determined that the EO of leaves could be a promising target for anti-cancer treatment. This is the first report, up to the best of the author's knowledge, on the chemical composition and CA-II activity of this essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]