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Several pathways for potentially greenhouse gas neutral production of ammonia have been investigated compared to today's conventional ammonia production at chemical sites in Antwerp, Dormagen, and Geleen. These pathways include on‐site water electrolysis using grid electricity, off‐site production via water electrolysis using renewable electricity and supply of green hydrogen to the site, pyrolysis of natural gas and conventional ammonia production coupled with CO2‐capture on‐site and transport to a storage site. All pathways effectively eliminate scope 1 emissions present in conventional production but continue to emit scope 2 emissions from grid electricity consumption. Eventually, a coordinated industry‐wide and cross‐industry effort is needed to address the transformational changes and develop the common cross‐border infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies can lead to a net reduction of CO2 emissions but also to a transfer from emissions between different regulatory areas. This paper presents a tool to evaluate the impact of CCU technology within the European regulatory framework with respect to the accounting of carbon transferred between the CO2 source and its subsequent application. Additional emissions caused by energy requirements of the capture or any conversion steps are not considered. The tool is applied to a variety of possible combinations and their respective impact evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]