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Textiles can be promising next‐generation wearable thermal management systems by exhibiting tunable infrared emissivity for dual‐mode control of cooling/warming, yet textiles often exhibit constant infrared emission. Herein, a dynamic thermoregulatory textile is woven from scalable‐manufactured radiative electrochromic fibers and is easily driven by a low voltage in a manner that results in a modulated emissivity of Δɛ≈0.35. Through a synergistic combination of the spiral outer electrode and electrochemically tunable carbon nanotube layer, excellent electrochemical controllability of the fibers is achieved over 100‐m length within 5s because of the decreased internal resistance with increasing length. As a result, the thermoregulatory textile suppresses substantial temperature variation and ensures excellent temperature regulation within ≈1.6 °C for simulated skin (much better than that of traditional textiles: ≈2.9 °C) under an ambient temperature fluctuation of 11.2 °C. Finally, wearable infrared camouflage and invisible infrared displays are also demonstrated by weaving or embroidering the radiative electrochromic fibers onto clothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent textile clothing is one of the most popular topics in the field. In recent decades, rapid advances have been made in the area of intelligent textile clothing research, and the intellectual structure pertaining to this domain has significantly evolved. We used CiteSpace 6.2.R4, VOSviewer 1.6.19, to evaluate and visualize the results, analyzing articles, countries, regions, institutions, authors, journals, citations, and keywords. Both a macroscopic sketch and a microscopic characterization of the entire knowledge domain were realized. The aim of this paper is to utilize bibliometric and knowledge mapping theories to identify relevant research papers on the subject of smart textiles and clothing that have been published by the China Knowledge Network Web of Science (WOS) within the last decade. It is concluded that the main topics of smart textile and garment research can be divided into nine categories: wearable electronics, smart textiles, flexible antennas, energy storage, textile actuators, mechanical properties, asymmetric supercapacitors, carbon nanotubes, and fiber extrusion. In addition to the latter analysis, emerging trends and future research foci were predicted. This review will help scientists discern the dynamic evolution of intelligent textile clothing research as well as highlight areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergistic combinations of the microsized copper filler and nanosized conductive fillers were applied to silicone-based conductive textile for improvement of electrical conductivity. Conductive composite textiles (CCTs) were manufactured through screen-printing and subsequent thermal curing of polydimethylsiloxane containing hybrid fillers. We examined changes in the electrical properties of the CCTs according to the type and concentration of nanosized fillers including silver nanowires, graphene nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes. It was found that upon the addition of 0.5 wt% graphene, the electrical resistance was improved by 27% compared to that of the original CCT owing to the formation of an excellent conductive network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there is a growing awareness of most customers upgrading their traditional clothes, which should be competent to improve their lives. Nanomaterials create an opportunity to manufacture multifunctional textiles with sustainable durability that can be integrated into smart textiles. Smart/interactive textiles are fabrics that can perceive and commit responses to external stimuli to align themselves with changes in the surrounding environment. The recent use of nanomaterials has given rise to the development of new functional fabrics, including self-cleaning and self-healing ability, which will be needed to sustain the textile and apparel industry. Nanoparticles also introduced a potential application for making adjunctive garments that can respond to external stimuli. This would be accomplished by innovating either techniques or devices for building up novel finishing materials, e.g. conducting composites, carbon nanotubes, and nano-coatings. The current review addresses the broad highlights of modern textile in the realm of smart application of nanotechnology to improve our daily life effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing concerns about the conservation of the environment and the minimal consumption of water, the self-cleaning approach for textile materials is gaining much popularity and interest day-by-day. There are various approaches for producing self-cleaning textiles surfaces, of which the application of nanoparticles is more effective. The self-cleaning property can be achieved by either creating super-hydrophobic surfaces or applying photocatalyst materials. Super-hydrophobic self-cleaning surface follows the principle of the behavior of liquid on surface roughness. On the contrary, under the exposure of light radiation, the photocatalytic self-cleaning surface follows the chemical redox reaction mechanisms to degrade the organic materials including microorganisms or stains. Several previous studies were done to implement self-cleaning functionality to textile materials. Hierarchical surface roughness using nano-whisker or nano-spherical structure using SiO2, carbon nanotubes or ZnO nanoflower produces super-hydrophobic self-cleaning surface with excellent water contact angle whereas different semiconductor nanoparticles including TiO2, ZnO, SnO2 exhibit photocatalytic properties. There are various suggested methods of synthesis and fabrication methods to impart nanoparticles on textile materials. In this review paper, the progress and technological advances in the field of nanoparticles impregnated self-cleaning textiles materials are discussed with different fabrication methods and nanoparticles. Apart from various challenges and limitations, nanoparticles coated self-cleaning textile materials have a wide range of applications in different fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical therapy is often essential for complete recovery after injury. However, a significant population of patients fail to adhere to prescribed exercise regimens. Lack of motivation and inconsistent in-person visits to physical therapy are major contributing factors to suboptimal exercise adherence, slowing the recovery process. With the advancement of virtual reality (VR), researchers have developed remote virtual rehabilitation systems with sensors such as inertial measurement units. A functional garment with an integrated wearable sensor can also be used for real-time sensory feedback in VR-based therapeutic exercise and offers affordable remote rehabilitation to patients. Sensors integrated into wearable garments offer the potential for a quantitative range of motion measurements during VR rehabilitation. In this research, we developed and validated a carbon nanocomposite-coated knit fabric-based sensor worn on a compression sleeve that can be integrated with upper-extremity virtual rehabilitation systems. The sensor was created by coating a commercially available weft knitted fabric consisting of polyester, nylon, and elastane fibers. A thin carbon nanotube composite coating applied to the fibers makes the fabric electrically conductive and functions as a piezoresistive sensor. The nanocomposite sensor, which is soft to the touch and breathable, demonstrated high sensitivity to stretching deformations, with an average gauge factor of ~35 in the warp direction of the fabric sensor. Multiple tests are performed with a Kinarm end point robot to validate the sensor for repeatable response with a change in elbow joint angle. A task was also created in a VR environment and replicated by the Kinarm. The wearable sensor can measure the change in elbow angle with more than 90% accuracy while performing these tasks, and the sensor shows a proportional resistance change with varying joint angles while performing different exercises. The potential use of wearable sensors in at-home virtual therapy/exercise was demonstrated using a Meta Quest 2 VR system with a virtual exercise program to show the potential for at-home measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Textile Leader is the property of China Textile Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

3D printing can be a promising approach for depositing polymers onto textiles. Printable materials with good mechanical flexibility; can be used for wearable thermoelectric devices that convert body heat energy into electricity. In this research, first, polypropylene filament was produced. The produced polypropylene filament was printed on polypropylene fabric with different parameters of printing speed, the number of layers, layer thickness, deposition angle, and extruder temperature. A peeling test evaluated the adhesion strength of polymer layers printed on polypropylene fabric. The results showed that a single layer printed with the average printing speed (50 mm/min), the highest extruder temperature (194°C), the medium layer thickness (0.3 mm), and the deposition angle Equal to a Zero degree had a higher peeling force. The cross‐sectional morphology of the printed layer on the fabric; was also investigated by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). To achieve thermoelectric properties, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes/copper oxide nanoparticles/polypropylene nanocomposite filament were produced and printed on the fabric by a 3D printer using FDM technology. The mechanical properties of the filaments; were investigated, and filaments were characterized by FE‐SEM, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimeter. Then the electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of nanocomposite filaments and printed layer on the fabric were measured. The electrical conductivity of the masterbatch, the nanocomposite filament, and the printed layer; was 1.667 × 5−10 s/cm, 2.586 × 6−10 s/cm, and 3.42 × 7−10 s/cm, respectively. Also, the Seebeck coefficient of masterbatch, the filament, and the polymer layer printed on the fabric; were 489, 430, and 220 μv/k, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart textiles based on actuator materials are of practical interest, but few types have been commercially exploited. The challenge for researchers has been to bring the concept out of the laboratory by working out how to build these smart materials on an industrial scale and permanently incorporate them into textiles. Smart textiles are considered as the next frontline for electronics. Recent developments in advance technologies have led to the appearance of wearable electronics by fabricating, miniaturizing and embedding flexible conductive materials into textiles. The combination of textiles and smart materials have contributed to the development of new capabilities in fabrics with the potential to change how athletes, patients, soldiers, first responders, and everyday consumers interact with their clothes and other textile products. Actuating textiles in particular, have the potential to provide a breakthrough to the area of smart textiles in many ways. The incorporation of actuating materials in to textiles is a striking approach as a small change in material anisotropy properties can be converted into significant performance enhancements, due to the densely interconnected structures. Herein, the most recent advances in smart materials based on actuating textiles are reviewed. The use of novel emerging twisted synthetic yarns, conducting polymers, hybrid carbon nanotube and spandex yarn actuators, as well as most of the cutting–edge polymeric actuators which are deployed as smart textiles are discussed.

Black textile filaments having good mechanical strength and low water absorbency were spun from carboxymethylated cellulose cross-linked with amine functionalized carboxylated carbon nanotubes (afc-CNT). Incorporating 1 wt.% afc-CNT by crosslinking resulted in filaments with increased mechanical strength (tenacity ~ 1.2 cN/dtex) and a lower water absorbency (water absorbency ~ 0.62 g water/g fiber). The fabricated cellulosic textile filaments also demonstrated antibacterial activity and UV protection capability due to incorporation of afc-CNT. Excellent level of color fastness was achieved for the composite textile filaments because of a chemical bond formation between carboxymethylated cellulose and afc-CNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) based nanocomposites demonstrate remarkable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding potential. However, the efficient and rapid fabrication of SWCNT-based nanocomposite remains a technical challenge. This study successfully one-step synthesizes iron (Fe) nanoparticle-enriched SWCNTs (Fe@SWCNT) using the floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD) method in the aerosol phase. The aerosol-synthesized Fe@SWCNTs were directly integrated with carbon cloth (CC) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to develop a compelling nanocomposite film for multifunctional EMI shielding. The composite film exhibits exceptional shielding effectiveness of 50.2 dB in the X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) with absolute shielding effectiveness (SSE t) of 3279.3 dB cm²/g. Notably, the film also displays rapid and uniform electrical heating at low voltages, reaching a temperature of 110.4 °C under a 1.0 V. Overall, this study reveals the potential applications of multifunctional textiles in fields such as EMI shielding, hydrophobicity, and thermal management. [Display omitted] • One-step synthesis of Fe@SWCNT in aerosol phase has been achieved. • The number of Fe nanoparticles can be well regulated by controlling the feeding rate. • The Fe@SWCNT film demonstrated EMI shielding of 50.2 dB at the X-band. • The composite film displays good hydrophobicity and electrical heating performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Textile Leader is the property of China Textile Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • Preparation of AgNPs/CNTs nonwoven fabric through a simple one-step method. • The photothermal conversion efficiency of the ACN fabric reaches as high as 89.7%. • ACN fabric is applicable in photothermal, electrothermal, and sensing applications. The convergence of nanotechnology and textile engineering has propelled the development and performance enhancement of multifunctional smart materials across various applications. In this study, a one-step method was used to synthesize a multifunctional smart textile by anchoring silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and spray coating them onto nonwoven fabric. Incorporating CNTs not only enhanced the conductivity, but also improved the heating efficiency of the resulting fabric, which can increases comfort in cold environments through electric heating. The incorporation of AgNPs contributed to the fabric's photothermal capability. The photothermal conversion efficiency reached 89.7 % under 100 mW/cm2 illumination, resulting in a temperature of 45.0 °C at a current of 1.0 A. The fabric demonstrated exceptional piezoresistive and strain-sensing capabilities with a response time of only 359 ms under a pressure of 3.25 kPa. In addition, the fabric was able to detect subtle physiological signals, such as the wearer's pulse, finger flexion, and spinal bending while also monitoring environmental humidity in real time. This research not only advances smart textile technology, but also addresses unique challenges to the one-step preparation of CNTs and AgNPs on nonwoven fabric, thus enabling the design and manufacture of innovative materials with tailored functionalities. These advancements will bear significant impacts on electric heating, photothermal applications, and personal wearable strain sensing in textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) generated by electronic devices is disruptive to surrounding electronic components and deemed harmful to human beings. As high-speed, miniaturized mobile devices become ubiquitous, developing lightweight, thin, and flexible electromagnetic shielding materials (ESMs) to replace the common metallic ones is of utmost importance. Here we report the development of a high-efficiency standalone ESM made of a self-standing CNT mat (CNTM). This textile is electrically conductive (∼50 × 103 S m−1) and can be post-treated by chemical oxidation or thin copper metalization, increasing the conductivity by ∼10 and ∼1000 times, respectively. CNTMs were tested for shielding effectiveness (SE) in an ultra-wide bandwidth of 30 kHz–70 GHz. Maximal SE of >120 dB was measured for a 30 g m−2 CNTM (<100 μm thickness) at 70 GHz. SE normalized by thickness (SE/t) reached a value of >20,000 dB cm−1 for an HCl-oxidized CNTM. Both SE values are the highest values for non-metal-based ESMs. The CNTMs' experimental EMI shielding behavior corresponds to Schelkunoff's theory which confirms that the CNTM SE is dominated by conductivity-dependent reflection at lower frequencies (<1 GHz) and thickness-dependent absorption at higher frequencies. CNTMs (20 g m−2) were utilized as EMI gaskets and in composite EMI enclosures, tested at 10–50 GHz and 50 MHz-90 GHz, respectively. EMI CNT gaskets reached an SE of 120.9 dB at 50 GHz, surpassing the performance of high-end commercial gaskets (600 g m−2). EMI composite boxes laminated with CNTMs reached an SE of 119.9 dB at 90 GHz, outperforming the non-CNT laminated reference. [Display omitted] • Direct-spun CNT mats were tested as thin, lightweight EMI shielding materials. • Tests were conducted in an ultra-wide bandwidth of 30 kHz–70 GHz. • 30 g m−1 CNT mats showed extraordinary EMI shielding efficiency of up to 121.7 dB. • A good fit to Schelkunoffs theory verified CNT mats act as non-magnetic conductors. • CNT mats were successfully integrated as EMI gaskets and in EMI boxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Textile Leader is the property of China Textile Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article describes the development of transcutaneous nerve stimulating electrodes (TENS) by means of electrically conductive ink and conductive yarn. The scope of work covered a selection of three types of knitwear with a similar surface weight with different raw material composition. Stimulating electrodes were made by means of film printing and machine embroidery. The electrodes were verified after friction tests, washing, and mechanical deformation. Each process was followed by a check of the resistive properties and assessment of the sensations in order to evaluate their performance. Tests of the surface resistance of research materials confirmed the possibility of preparing textile electrodes for electrostimulation with the use of the film-printing technique and machine embroidery. Resistance of the electrodes made on all types of substrates ranged from approximately 1.00 × 10−2 Ω to around 2.00 × 102 Ω, while the electrodes are commercially available at the level of approximately 3.5 × 105 Ω. This paper underpins the validation of the conclusion that operational processes do not adversely affect the functioning of the developed textile electrodes.

A carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet is a nonwoven fabric that is being evaluated for use in different textile applications. Several properties of pristine CNT sheets and CNT sheets coated with a polysilazane sealant and coating were measured and compared in the paper. The polysilazane coating is used to reduce the shedding of CNT fibers from the sheet when the sheet is in contact with surfaces. Most fabrics show some shedding of fibers during the washing or abrasion of the fabric. This study showed that the coating reduces the shedding of fibers from CNT fabric. The coating also increased the flame resistance of the fabric. The pristine and coated sheets both have low strength but high strain to failure. The pristine and coated CNT sheet densities are 0.48 g/cc and 0.65 g/cc, respectively. The pristine CNT sheet is approximately 27 μ thick. The coated sheet is approximately 24 μ thick. The coating may have densified the sheet, making it thinner. The thickness of the compliant sheets was difficult to measure and is a source of error in the properties. Characterization results are given in this paper. The results are for comparison purposes and not to establish material properties data. Possible applications for CNT sheets are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile‐based shields are one of the most used solutions for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding in the radiofrequency range for several applications, such as personal protection, military, and aircraft. Herein, EMI textile shields are produced based on knitted cotton textile substrates (Jersey and American Fleece) coated with industrial‐grade multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). An easy and scalable dip‐pad‐dry process is used to fabricate the textile‐based shields. The shielding effectiveness (SE) is evaluated over the frequency range of 5.85–18 GHz. The MWCNT‐coated American Fleece fabric presents the highest EMI shielding, with an average SE of ≈35.6 dB, which corresponds to an excellent classification for general use applications. Additionally, the electrical properties of the carbon nanomaterials and the thickness of the shields reveal to be correlated with an EMI shielding process mostly through radiation absorption mechanism. Numerical simulations are used to further assist in a thorough investigation regarding the influence of the electrical properties of the nanomaterials on the SE of the resulting coated fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly conductive polypyrrole (PPy)/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/polydopamine (PDA)/cotton composite fabrics were developed for wearable sensing and joule heating applications. The PDA templated pristine knitted cotton fabric was dip-coated with SWCNT prior to the chemical polymerization of PPy. The different composites were characterized by employing scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The PDA-induced surface modification of the cotton fabric ensured optimum absorption of the SWCNT molecules present in the coating media and provided an active substrate surface for PPy deposition. The presence of PPy significantly improved the electrical conductance of the SWCNT/PDA/cotton fabric and exhibited a superior conductivity of 8 Ω/sq. The composites showed improved electromechanical performance and excellent wearable sensing profile while monitoring different human motions such as finger bending, handwriting, drinking, etc. in real-time. In addition, the uniform heat distribution of the composite fabric attached to the hand gloves confirmed its suitability for a wearable thermal device that could reach 144.6 °C within 100 s after heating at 5 V. The fabrication of PPy/SWCNT/PDA/cotton composite fabric offers a facile but effective approach to develop durable electronic textiles for wearable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever‐increasing emissions of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) cause global environmental and climate challenges. Inspired by biological photosynthesis, developing effective strategies NeuNlto up‐cycle CO2 into high‐value organics is crucial. Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is highly promising to convert CO2 into economically viable carbon‐based chemicals or fuels under mild process conditions. Herein, mesoporous indium supported on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (mp‐In@MWCNTs) is synthesized via a facile wet chemical method. The mp‐In@MWCNTs electrocatalysts exhibit high CO2RR performance in reducing CO2 into formate. An outstanding activity (current density −78.5 mA cm−2), high conversion efficiency (Faradaic efficiency of formate over 90%), and persistent stability (~30 h) for selective CO2‐to‐formate conversion are observed. The outstanding CO2RR process performance is attributed to the unique structures with mesoporous surfaces and a conductive network, which promote the adsorption and desorption of reactants and intermediates while improving electron transfer. These findings provide guiding principles for synthesizing conductive metal‐based electrocatalysts for high‐performance CO2 conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Electroactive coatings for smart wearable textiles based on a furan bio-epoxy monomer (BOMF) crosslinked with isophorone diamine (IPD) and additivated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are reported herein. The effect of BOMF/IPD molar ratio on the curing reaction, as well as on the properties of the crosslinked resins was first assessed, and it was found that 1.5:1 BOMF/IPD molar ratio provided higher heat of reaction, glass transition temperature, and mechanical performance. The resin was then modified with CNT to prepare electrically conductive nanocomposite films, which exhibited conductivity values increased by eight orders of magnitude upon addition of 5 phr of CNTs. The epoxy/CNT nanocomposites were finally applied as coatings onto a cotton fabric to develop electrically conductive, hydrophobic and breathable textiles. Notably, the integration of CNTs imparted efficient and reversible electrothermal behavior to the cotton fabric, showcasing its potential application in smart and comfortable wearable electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Smart wearable electronics have drawn increasing attention for their potential applications in personal thermal management, human health monitoring, portable energy conversion/storage, electronic skin and so on. However, it is still a critical challenge to fabricate the multifunctional textiles with tunable morphology and performance while performing well in flexibility, air permeability, wearing comfortability. Herein, we develop a novel roll-to-roll layer-by-layer assembly strategy to construct bark-shaped carbon nanotube (CNT)/Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene composite film on the fiber surface. The fabricated bark-shaped CNT/MXene decorated fabrics (CMFs) exhibit good flexibility, air permeability and electrical conductivity (sheet resistance, 6.6 Ω/□). In addition, the CMFs demonstrate good electrothermal performance (70.9 °C, 5 V), electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance (EMI shielding effectiveness, 30.0 dB under X-Brand), and high sensitivity as the flexible piezoresistive sensors for monitoring the human motions. Importantly, our CMFs show distinctive EMI shielding mechanism, where a great proportion of incident electromagnetic microwaves are reflected by the bark-shaped CNT/MXene films owing to the multi-interface scattering effects. This work may provide a new strategy for the fabrication of multifunctional textile-based electronics and pave the way for smart wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics offer many advantages and are widely used in various fields. Nevertheless, most plastics derived from petroleum are slow to degrade due to their stable polymer structure, posing serious threats to organisms and ecosystems. Thus, developing environmentally friendly and biodegradable plastics is imperative. In this study, biodegradable cellulose/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MCNT) hybrid gels and films with improved ultraviolet-shielding properties were successfully prepared using cotton textile waste as a resource. It was proven that MCNTs can be dispersed evenly in cellulose without any chemical or physical pretreatment. It was found that the contents of MCNTs had obvious effects on the structures and properties of hybrid films. Particularly, the averaged transmittance of cellulose/MCNT composite films in the range of 320–400 nm (T320–400) and 290–320 nm (T290–320) can be as low as 19.91% and 16.09%, when the content of MCNTs was 4.0%, much lower than those of pure cellulose films (T320–400: 84.12% and T290–320: 80.03%). Meanwhile, the water contact angles of the cellulose/MCNT films were increased by increasing the content of MCNTs. Most importantly, the mechanical performance of cellulose/MCNT films could be controlled by the additives of glycerol and MCNTs. The tensile strength of the cellulose/MCNT films was able to reach as high as 20.58 MPa, while the elongation at break was about 31.35%. To summarize, transparent cellulose/MCNT composites with enhanced ultraviolet-shielding properties can be manufactured successfully from low-cost cotton textile waste, which is beneficial not only in terms of environmental protection, but also the utilization of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural damping composites exhibit considerable potential in aerospace and other fields due to their excellent damping and vibration reduction performance, as well as their structural carrying capacity. However, conventional structural damping composite materials generally do not combine excellent mechanical and damping properties at the same time, which makes it difficult for them to meet the practical demand in engineering. In this paper, polyetherimide (PEI) non-woven fabric interlayer materials loaded with quantified polydopamine (PDA) and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) were used to prepare carbon fiber-reinforced bismaleimide composites through the co-curing process. The mechanical and damping properties of the composites were systematically studied. The results demonstrate that PEI non-woven fabric interlayers loaded with PDA and MWCNTs-COOH can synchronously improve the mechanical and damping properties of the co-cured composites. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes and polydopamine during the co-curing process synergistically improves the flexural strength, flexural modulus, interlaminar shear strength, and impact fracture toughness of the composites. Most importantly, damping properties show an increase of 45.0% in the loss factor of the co-cured composites. Moreover, the reinforcement mechanism was investigated using the optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, which indicated that the PEI interlayers loaded with carbon nanotubes and polydopamine form a rich resin area between the layers of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the focus on physical health increases, the market demand for flexible wearable sensors increases. Textiles combined with sensitive materials and electronic circuits can form flexible, breathable high-performance sensors for physiological-signal monitoring. Carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and carbon black (CB) have been widely utilized in the development of flexible wearable sensors due to their high electrical conductivity, low toxicity, low mass density, and easy functionalization. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in carbon-based flexible textile sensors, highlighting the development, properties, and applications of graphene, CNTs, and CB for flexible textile sensors. The physiological signals that can be monitored by carbon-based textile sensors include electrocardiogram (ECG), human body movement, pulse and respiration, body temperature, and tactile perception. We categorize and describe carbon-based textile sensors based on the physiological signals they monitor. Finally, we discuss the current challenges associated with carbon-based textile sensors and explore the future direction of textile sensors for monitoring physiological signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive fiber plays increasingly important role in the field of multifunctional textile and smart clothing for the signal/power transmission, electrothermal function and so on. However, their major bottle necks are rigid, undyeable and limited durability. In this study, we manufactured a dyeable, washable and flexible conductive yarn by wrapping cotton roving fiber (wrapped fiber) on the surface of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) fiber (core yarn) and twisting them together by core-spun yarn spinning technique, named as cotton wrapped CNT yarn (CWC yarn). The appearance and flexibility of the CWC yarn are similar with the cotton yarn, but showing excellent conductivities of 100 Ω/cm, (undyed CWC yarn) and 50 Ω/cm (dyed CWC yarn). The electrothermal temperature of the CWC yarn with length of 5 cm reached 70 °C with applied voltage of 20 V, which was even higher than that of the pristine CNT yarn (60 °C). Furthermore, its electrical and electrothermal property changed slightly after being loaded, bent, knotted, fold-released (100 cycles) and washed, showing excellent durability. In addition, the electrochromatically dyed CWC yarn after weaving or embroidering into fabrics displayed changed colors with the various applied voltages. This work demonstrated a simple and referential method to design dyeable and washable multifunctional yarns for wearable applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seamlessly integrating biosensors into clothing for personalized stress level monitoring, specifically targeting cortisol, a stress‐related compound found in sweat, shows great potential for efficiently monitoring and managing individual mental and physical well‐being. Nevertheless, realizing the fabric biosensor faces a notable challenge, as it involves the persistent obstacle of ensuring reusability and washability. Here, a fabric sensing system constructed by a fiber electrode for rapid and reliable cortisol detection with high repeatability, breathability, and stability is reported. The fibers are assembled from aligned carbon nanotubes and functionalized with a molecularly imprinted polymer containing redox‐active nanoreporters. Through washing with ethanol, the fabricated fabric sensor exhibits high reusability for over 100 cycles detecting cortisol. The key is the large active surface area and elaborately designed channel distance in the fiber electrode, ensuring a stable interface between the polymer and the fiber electrode. The resulting fabric sensing system presents convenient monitoring of cortisol levels, allowing assessment of stress levels to understand emotions and health condition better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its exceptional sensitivity and conductivity, flexible wearable sensors have received a lot of interest recently in the fields of human health monitoring and motion detection. In this work, a superhydrophobic and extremely permeable pressure sensor using multilayer hydroentanglement cellulose non-woven fabrics modified with carbon nanotubes was prepared by ultrasonic-assisted modification and impregnation. The sensor has high sensitivity (11.78 kPa-1 in 0-5.20 kPa and 0.058 kPa-1 in 5.20-210 kPa), fast response time (49 ms), ultra-wide pressure detection range (0–210 kPa), excellent air permeability (688 mm/s) and long-term reliability. With a 155° water contact angle, it also exhibits exceptional superhydrophobic characteristics, providing an outstanding self-cleaning effect. Importantly, the sensor has been successfully applied to monitor weak movements (pulse, voice recognition) and joint movements in real-time, which has paved the way for human health monitoring and disease diagnosis. In addition, using the superhydrophobicity and sensitivity of the sensor, it can be connected to a mobile phone via Bluetooth for remote real-time monitoring and applied to drowning alarm monitoring in underwater environments, showing great promise in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among wearable e-textiles, conductive textile yarns are of particular interest because they can be used as flexible and wearable sensors without affecting the usual properties and comfort of the textiles. Firstly, this study proposed three types of piezoresistive textile sensors, namely, single-layer, double-layer, and quadruple-layer, to be made by the Jacquard processing method. This method enables the programmable design of the sensor's structure and customizes the sensor's sensitivity to work more efficiently in personalized applications. Secondly, the sensor range and coefficient of determination showed that the sensor is reliable and suitable for many applications. The dimensions of the proposed sensors are 20 × 20 cm, and the thicknesses are under 0.52 mm. The entire area of the sensor is a pressure-sensitive spot. Thirdly, the effect of layer density on the performance of the sensors showed that the single-layer pressure sensor has a thinner thickness and faster response time than the multilayer pressure sensor. Moreover, the sensors have a quick response time (<50 ms) and small hysteresis. Finally, the hysteresis will increase according to the number of conductive layers. Many tests were carried out, which can provide an excellent knowledge database in the context of large-area piezoresistive textile sensors using manufacturing by Jacquard processing. The effects of the percolation of CNTs, thickness, and sheet resistance on the performance of sensors were investigated. The structural and surface morphology of coating samples and SWCNTs were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope. The structure of the proposed sensor is expected to be an essential step toward realizing wearable signal sensing for next-generation personalized applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of using carbon nanotubes to improve bond strength between textiles reinforced mortar and concrete was investigated. Forty-two specimens were tested using double-shear test to evaluate the effect of various parameters such as CNTs addition, type of textile material, bond length and width, and number of TRM layers on the bond behavior. Two types of textile: carbon and basalt fibers were used. Various bond length and width including 50 mm, 100 mm, and 150 mm were considered. Three different percentages of CNTs; 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% by weight of cement, were used. The effect of CNTs addition on the mechanical strength of cement mortar and pull-off strength of TRM were also investigated. Test results showed that adding small amount of CNTs enhanced the tensile and flexural strength of cement mortar, the pull-off strength of the TRM, and the ultimate bond load between the TRM and concrete substrate. The ultimate bond load was highly dependent on the amount of added CNTs, type of textile material, geometry of the bonded area, and number of TRM layers. The SEM images showed the role of the CNTs to enhance the adhesion at the fiber-matrix interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart textiles have become a promising area of research for heating applications. Coatings with nanomaterials allow the introduction of different functionalities, enabling doped textiles to be used in sensing and heating applications. These coatings were made on a piece of woven cotton fabric through screen printing, with a different number of layers. To prepare the paste, nanomaterials such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added to a polyurethane-based polymeric resin, in various concentrations. The electrical conductivity of the obtained samples was measured and the heat-dissipating capabilities assessed. The results showed that coatings have induced electrical conductivity and heating capabilities. The highest electrical conductivity of (9.39 ± 1.28 × 10−1 S/m) and (9.02 ± 6.62 × 10−2 S/m) was observed for 12% (w/v) GNPs and 5% (w/v) (CNTs + GNPs), respectively. The sample with 5% (w/v) (CNTs + GNPs) and 12% (w/v) GNPs exhibited a Joule effect when a voltage of 12 V was applied for 5 min, and a maximum temperature of 42.7 °C and 40.4 °C were achieved, respectively. It can be concluded that higher concentrations of GNPs can be replaced by adding CNTs, still achieving nearly the same performance. These coated textiles can potentially find applications in the area of heating, sensing, and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Next-generation smart textiles are regarded as the most straightforward and effective solution to address the growing threats from environment including excessive electromagnetic radiation and global warming. Incorporation of novel materials using advanced fabrication technology has been the reliable technology in developing these smart textiles. Herein, a novel fabrication strategy integrating multi-layer spraying and mechanical compression is proposed to fabricate a liquid metal (LM) and carbon nanotubes (CNT)-decorated multifunctional cotton fabric (CF/LM/CNT). The results demonstrate that the double face-sprayed CF/LM/CNT possess electrical resistance of 0.07 Ω, which is primarily responsible for its unprecedented electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of about 85 dB over the X-band. Moreover, the CF/LM/CNT exhibits excellent heat dissipation and thermal insulation behavior, which is an essential prerequisite for effective thermal management. More importantly, the as-prepared CF/LM/CNT is recycled and reconfigured. This fundamental research work provides a facile and scalable approach to fabricate multifunctional textile materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to fulfill the demands for degradability, a broad working range, and heightened sensitivity in flexible sensors, biodegradable polyurethane (BTPU) was synthesized and combined with CNTs to produce BTPU/CNTs coated cotton fabric using an ultrasonic-assisted inkjet printing process. The synthesized BTPU displayed a capacity for degradation in a phosphate buffered saline solution, resulting in a weight loss of 25 % after 12 weeks of degradation. The BTPU/CNTs coated cotton fabric sensor achieved an extensive strain sensing range of 0–137.5 %, characterized by high linearity and a notable sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) of 126.8). Notably, it demonstrated a low strain detection limit (1 %), rapid response (within 280 ms), and robust durability, enabling precise monitoring of both large and subtle human body movements such as finger, wrist, neck, and knee bending, as well as swallowing. Moreover, the BTPU/CNTs coated cotton fabric exhibited favorable biocompatibility with human epidermis, enabling potential applications as wearable skin-contact sensors. This work provides insight into the development of degradable and high sensing performance sensors suitable for applications in electronic skins and health monitoring devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conductive cotton fabrics (CCFs) created by facile dip-coating exhibit great potential in smart materials but are limited by the poor stability and durability due to the weak adhesion between the cotton fabric (CF) substrate and the surface conductive coating. In this study, a mussel-inspired adhesive poly(vinyl alcohol)-g-3, 4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (PVA-DBA) was synthesized to fabricate CCF for strain sensing and temperature sensing purposes. CCF was prepared by soaking CF in PVA-DBA aqueous solution, followed by dip-coating in cellulose nanofiber dispersed carbon nanotube (CNF&CNT) aqueous dispersion. The catechol structure of the PVA-DBA provided strong adhesion between CF and CNF&CNT, facilitating the coating of CNF&CNT onto the surface of CF firmly to generate stable and durable CCF. The CCF exhibited excellent strain sensing performance with gauge factors (GF) of 1.09 and 9.89 for strain ranges of 0–1.5% and 1.5–15%, respectively and response time of 80 ms. The CCF also demonstrated good temperature sensing behavior with a temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of −0.317%/°C. Furthermore, the CCF showed stability, repeatability, and durability against various mechanical destructions, such as ultrasonic treatment, tape peeling, and sandpaper abrasion. [Display omitted] • A novel mussel-inspired adhesive enhances stability and durability of conductive cotton fabric (CCF). • The fabricated CCF exhibits impressive strain and temperature sensing performance. • CCF demonstrates exceptional resilience against mechanical destruction, proving its practicality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmful portion of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one of the significant physical carcinogen in our natural environment. The damage caused by UV exposure to our body is cumulative and builds up over the years. UV protective textiles have been used to protect the wearer from harmful UV radiation. UV blocking effect of textile depends on various parameters viz. fiber type, yarn structure, weave, fabric construction factor, finishes, dyes etc. Further, UV protective property of textiles can be improved by incorporating UV blocking agent in the textile matrix. Several nanomaterial possesses excellent UV blocking effect and these could be incorporated into the textile matrix to improve the UV blocking properties of textiles. In this review, author discuss the various conventional ways to impart UV blocking property to the textile materials. Author also survey the current state-of-the-art of nanomaterials based UV protective textiles, mechanism of UV blocking properties of various nanomaterials, provide an overview of UV protective fabric manufacturing techniques and also discuss the durability of nanomaterials treated UV protective textiles. Finally, the manuscript has been concluded with few major challenges for the development of UV protective textiles by using nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Conductive coatings were prepared by using VACNT with DBSA in a sol-gel solution. • Sol-gel based VACNT cotton fabrics show long-lasting electroconductive properties. • Flexible humidity-sensitive cotton was fabricated by "knife-over-roll" technique. • Coated conductive layers showed an excellent adhesion onto cellulose fabrics. • A prototype of a textile sensor with switch point from 50% to 70% RH was realized. From the end of the twentieth century, the growing interest in a new generation of wearable electronics with attractive application for military, medical and smart textiles fields has led to a wide investigation of chemical finishes for the production of electronic textiles (e-textiles). Herein, a novel method to turn insulating cotton fabrics in electrically conductive by the deposition of three-dimensional hierarchical vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNT) is proposed. Two VACNT samples with different length were synthesized and then dispersed in 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid combined with silica-based sol-gel precursors. The dispersed VACNT were separately compounded with a polyurethane thickener to obtain homogeneous spreadable pastes, finally coated onto cotton surfaces by the "knife-over-roll" technique. Shorter VACNT-based composite showed the best electrical conductivity, with a sheet resistance value less than 4.0 · 104 ± 6.7 · 103 Ω/sq. As demonstrated, developed e-textiles are suitable for application as humidity sensing materials in wearable smart textiles by exhibiting adequate response time for end-users and repeatability at several exposure cycles, still maintaining excellent flexibility. The proposed environmentally-friendly and cost-effective method can be easily widened to the scalable production of CNT-containing conductive flexible coatings, providing additional support to the development of real integration between electronics and textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]