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Carbon-decorated ferrite nanodots (MNF@Cs) have been enhanced with superparamagnetism and higher fluorescence quantum yield by encapsulation with an alginate derivative to create a cost-effective and less toxic multimodal contrast agent for replacing the conventional heavy metal Gd-containing contrast agent used in MR imaging. The novel surface-engineered particles (MNF@C-OSAs), devoid of labels, can simultaneously provide both longitudinal and transverse relaxation-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorescence emission. According to the findings of in vitro studies, the calculated molar relaxivities and the molar radiant efficiencies are indicative of the multimodal efficacy of MNF@C-OSA as compared with MNF@C particles and conventional contrast agents used in medical imaging. MNF@C-OSAs were shown to be significantly biocompatible and negligibly toxic when assessed against A549 cells and zebrafish embryos, indicating their potential for use as theranostic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological events can be mapped in real-time using fluorescent images at high spatial resolution through the use of a powerful tool called fluorescence, and it is necessary to have ultra-bright fluorescent probes. The detrimental effects associated with the existing fluorescence imaging probes and contrast agents are the primary reason behind the greater involvement of nanotechnology. Developing advanced particles at the molecular and supramolecular levels is the only way to address the constraints underlying the current scenario. Nanosized structures dominate in multiple fields, especially in nanotheranostics, due to their higher quantum yield, negligible photobleaching, excellent biocompatibility, tunable optical properties, and improved circulation half-lives. Nanofluorophores, which are nanoparticles encapsulated or doped with fluorescent dyes, play a crucial role in fluorescence-based imaging modality by providing noninvasive realtime monitoring of the inner machinery of the anatomical and cellular structures. In addition to fluorescent inorganic and organic nanoparticles, there are labeled hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanostructures, semiconducting dots, carbon dots, as well as upconversion nanomaterials, etc., which are widely used in fluorescent imaging. A comprehensive literature survey has been provided in this review since intense studies are needed to clear the preclinic stage, thus opening up opportunities for future biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]