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Topography has strong effects on microclimates; thus may influence the decomposition of organic matter, a key process determines soil nutrient availability and carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Yet, little is known if and how topographic factors influence litter decomposition. We studied the effects of slope aspect (south- vs. north-facing slopes) and position (base and middle positions) on plant shoot litter and root decomposition. We analyzed dynamics of litter mass loss in a 442-day period, and soil and vegetation characteristics in a typical semiarid hilly grassland. Our results showed that the decomposition of roots was faster at south-facing than at north-facing sites, which can be explained by the 2 °C higher soil temperature at south-facing sites. Decomposition rate of shoot litter were not different between slope aspects. North-facing sites had 76% higher aboveground biomass and 80% higher belowground biomass than those at south-facing sites. Accordingly, plant N and C storages at north-facing sites were 67% and 76% higher than those at south-facing sites, respectively. The smaller plant carbon and nitrogen stocks and the faster root decomposition at south-facing slopes suggest higher proportions of plant C and N are lost from the ecosystem than that at north-facing slopes. This work highlights the necessity of taking slope aspect into account in carbon and nitrogen cycling studies in hilly grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]