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Objective: To evaluate the effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) supplement use on the glycemic levels of Mexican adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted with 30 patients over 18 years of age with type 2 diabetes. They were randomized into intervention and control groups where they took 2-gram capsules of Cinnamomum zeylanicum or wheat flour (placebo) daily for 12 weeks; then the anthropometric and biochemical variables HbA1c, FPG, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL were measured. IBM SPSS version 23 software was used and the Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples (according to the behavior of the variable) were applied for differences between groups, p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: No significant changes in HbA1c were seen between the two groups (p>0.05). However, posttreatment, the HbA1c value in the intervention group decreased significantly when compared to their baseline (-0.41%, p=0.01), while no differences were found in the control group (+0.03%, p=0.64). There were no significant differences in the anthropometric or biochemical variables. Conclusions: The consumption of 2 g of Cinnamomum zeylanicum in Mexican people with type 2 diabetes did not produce significant changes between the groups. New studies evaluating cinnamon supplementation on a larger sample size are suggested. ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04023539. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Brown adipose tissue in humans is located in different areas of the body, mainly in the supraclavicular area and its activation with different thermogenic molecules could be reflected in this site. Active brown adipose tissue could be a strategy against obesity considering its participation in energy balance. Objective. To evaluate the effect of cinnamon and ginger on supraclavicular skin temperature and health parameters in young men. Material and methods. An experimental study was carried out among 36 young men who were assigned to one of three treatment groups: ginger drink, cinnamon drink, and potable water as a placebo group. The supraclavicular skin temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, glucose level, and triglycerides were recorded before and after ingesting the drink. Results. An increase in supraclavicular skin temperature was observed after the ingestion of the cinnamon (0.62 °C), ginger (0.54 °C), and placebo (0.64 °C) drinks. In the group that ingested ginger, there was also a decrease in glucose (6.3 %), an increase in triglycerides (34.4 %), and a decrease in heart rate (13.3 %), but not significant in the cinnamon group or the placebo group. Conclusion. Our results suggest that cinnamon and ginger both have thermogenic effects on the supraclavicular area in young men adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Runas. Journal of Education & Culture is the property of CICSHAL - Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades desde America Latina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The first White man, so runs the Ramkokamekra Canela myth, was Aukê, a miraculous Indigenous boy who ends up killed by his kin. He reappears as a farmer and offers the Canela access to shotguns and proper dishware. Yet infelicitous choices made by the Indigenous people themselves deprive them from obtaining wealth and power. A messianic movement arising in 1963 was predicated on a promise to reverse this inequality. White people would end up having to hunt in the forest while all kinds of commodities would be imparted to the Canela. The article argues that, in order to achieve such reversal of fortune, the messianic movement followed a script that can be shown to be a structural inversion of the myth of the origin of the White man. Thus, historical events could be fashioned by myth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. El síndrome metabólico (SM) aumenta el ingreso hospitalario y el riesgo de desarrollar COVID-19, los fármacos utilizados para su tratamiento ocasionan efectos secundarios por lo que se ha optado por la búsqueda de alternativas terapéuticas a base de compuestos bioactivos contenidos en plantas medicinales. La canela se utiliza como agente terapéutico debido a sus propiedades comprobadas con diversos mecanismos de acción reportados en el tratamiento de varias patologías. Objetivo. Documentar los estudios in vitro, in vivo, estudios clínicos y los mecanismos de acción reportados del efecto de la administración de extractos y polvo de canela en las comorbilidades relacionadas con el SM. Materiales y métodos. Revisión sistemàtica de artículos en bases de datos electrónicas, incluyendo estudios de canela en polvo, extractos acuosos, de acetato de etilo y metanol de la corteza de canela, período de 5 años, excluyendo todo artículo relacionado a su efecto antimicrobiano, antifúngico y aceite de canela. Resultados. Las evidencias de los principales compuestos bioactivos contenidos en la canela validan su potencial en el tratamiento de enfermedades relacionadas al SM, con limitados estudios que indagan en los mecanismos de acción correspondientes a sus actividades biológicas. Conclusiones. Las evidencias de las investigaciones validan su potencial en el tratamiento de estas patologías, debido a sus principales compuestos bioactivos: cinamaldehído, transcinamaldehído, ácido cinámico, eugenol y, antioxidantes del tipo proantocianidinas A y flavonoides, los cuales participan en diversos mecanismos de acción que activan e inhiben enzimas, con efecto hipoglucemiante (quinasa y fosfatasa), antiobesogénico (UPC1), antiinflamatorio (NOS y COX), hipolipemiante (HMG-CoA) y antihipertensivo (ECA).

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La canela (Cinnamomum sp.) es una especie con algunas limitantes sanitarias pero significativas, siendo Phytophthora cinnamomi y Fusarium sp. las de mayor importancia que afectan la raíz. Su control con fungicidas sintéticos ha favorecido el desarrollo de resistencia debido a su mal manejo, por lo que su control con aceites esenciales es una alternativa viable. El objetivo fue determinar el potencial antifúngico de los aceites esenciales de tomillo y clavo para el control de P. cinnamomi y Fusarium sp. aislados de Cinnamomum verum. Se evaluaron concentraciones de 60, 120 y 300 µL L-1 para los dos aceites esenciales. Los datos registrados sobre la tasa de crecimiento radial micelial de los patógenos después de la incubación de Fusarium sp. a 25 ± 1 °C y 28 ± 1 °C tuvo diferencia significativa en las concentraciones ensayadas. P. cinnamomi, no creció radialmente con la concentración de 300 µL L‑1, mientras que con 120 µL L-1 la tasa de crecimiento fue de 0.06 mm por día. En tanto, con Fusarium sp. se inhibe por completo el crecimiento micelial con las dosis de 120 y 300 µL L-1 de aceites esenciales. Con el aceite de tomillo se observó una tendencia similar en las concentraciones 120 y 300 µL L-1 con mayor efecto de inhibición de los dos patógenos. La dosis de 300 µL L-1 de los dos aceites esenciales son capaces de inhibir en su totalidad (P ≤ 0.05) el crecimiento de ambos patógenos. En una concentración máxima de 280 esporas de ambos patógenos; se observó que, el número de esporas se reduce hasta 73 esporas con 300 µL L-1 de aceite de tomillo. Por tanto, pueden ser una alternativa preventiva en el control de enfermedades de la raíz en canela.

Introduction: overweight and obesity are currently considered the most common nutritional pathology in companion animals, studies have shown that blood metabolite levels as triglycerides, total cholesterol and glucose are so high in dogs and cats that programs are recommended to help lose weight, it is here botanical products such as cinnamon are important. Objective: of this review will be to show the benefits of the use of cinnamon in animal obesity. Materials and methods: an electronic search was carried out in different databases and 11 articles were chosen which spoke about the benefits of cinnamon in the management of obesity. Results: the cinnamon is a spice rich in substances such as polyphenols, tannins, coumarin, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors ligands (PPAR), procianidins type A and type B, has a similar effect to insulin and in turn increases some glucose transporters, such as GLUT4, thus decreasing blood glucose levels, It was found that cinnamon has hypolipidemic effects, antiinflammatory and even antiangiogenesis effects. Conclusion: Cinnamomun has benefical effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La investigación se desarrolló en el laboratorio de fitopatología de la Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias (FCA), de la Universidad Técnica de Machala, con el objetivo de evaluar el comportamiento de distintas dosis de extracto etanólico de canela más agua ozonificada en la pudrición de banano, el diseño experimental fue bloque al azar con siete tratamientos y tres repeticiones, El T1 con dosis de 1 ml de extracto etanólico de canela y 99 ml de agua ozonificada, el T2 con dosis de 2 ml de EEC y 98 ml de O3, el T3 con dosis de 3 ml de EEC y 97 ml de O3, el T4 con dosis de 4 ml de EEC y 96 ml de O3, el T5 con dosis de 5 ml de EEC y 95 ml de O3, se tuvo en cuenta dos testigos absolutos, el primero con 100 ml de agua ozonificada y el segundo con 100 ml de agua pura. Los resultados indican que el tratamiento 4 posee una mejor acción antifúngica que permitió el desarrollo hasta un 36,17% de la enfermedad, seguido del tratamiento 5 con valores de eficiencia antifúngica de 51.33% de desarrollo de la enfermedad, se pudo observar que la eficiencia fue propia del extracto de canela, el testigo de Ozono puro (T6) no presentó resultados eficientes, dado por algún factor interviniente en la preparación.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a influência da densidade do camarão de água doce sobre o desempenho do tambaqui em condições de laboratório. A coleta para a pesquisa foi realizada em uma piscicultura no município do Cantá (RR). No laboratório foram utilizados como unidades experimentais 18 caixas com volume de 40 litros que possuíam área de superfície equivalente a 0,75 m² de lâmina d’água, onde foram aclimatados os peixes e camarões e posteriormente, iniciado o experimento com duração prevista de 30 dias. Dos camarões amostrados foram identificadas as espécies Macrobrachium amazonicum e M. jelski; e um morfotipo Macrobrachium sp1. Nenhuma das variáveis dos índices de desempenho apresentou diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) entre os tratamentos. Embora os camarões tenham morrido até o 20o dia do experimento, o policultivo teve efeito positivo sobre o desempenho dos tambaquis.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare in vitro the antifungal efficacy of the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Canela) (EOC) at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% against strains of Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Materials and Methods: The design was experimental, in vitro, prospective, and longitudinal study, having a sample of n = 30 petri dishes per six groups. The test was conducted in the microbiology laboratory of the Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal. The essential oil was prepared by steam distillation, which means that the pressure steam enters in connection with the plant cells and breaks them, releasing the essence and trapping it in drops of water. Cinnamon essential oil was obtained using the hydrodistillation method, subsequently the oil obtained was dehydrated with sodium sulfate and then filtered at 0.22 µm. Then the vials were stored at a temperature of 4°C. Finally, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 was used as the biological material. Antifungal efficacy was measured by the Kirby- Bauer method (disk diffusion). Results: It was found that in the 24-h group the concentration that had the greatest antifungal effect was 100% EOC with a mean of 22.1 ± 11 mm; however, the lowest antifungal activity was seen in the 25% EOC with 17.9 ± 1.6 mm. On the contrary, in the 48-h group, it was shown that the highest antifungal efficacy was also observed in the 100% EOC with an average of 31.2 ± 3.2 mm, but the lowest antifungal activity was in the 25% EOC with 22.6 ± 1.7 mm. Although in both groups, both at 24 and 48 h, nystatin was the one with the lowest antifungal efficacy 15.1 ± 1.0 and 19.9 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. Conclusions: EOC had a better statistically significant antifungal effect compared to nystatin. Otherwise, on analysis of the results in different concentrations, the EOC showed a directly proportional antifungal effectiveness as the concentration against the strains of C. albicans ATCC 10231 increased, compared to nystatin, suggesting its potential use as a possible attractive therapeutic alternative for the control of diseases caused by strains of C. albicans resistant to nystatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The incidence of fungal diseases in post-harvest fruits, in storage, or both, is still a problem today due to the large losses caused to producers and merchandisers of these products. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in vivo the inhibitory effect of essential oils of basil (Ocimum basilicum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), soursop (Annona muricata), ginger (Zingiber officinale), mint (Mentha piperita), oregano (Origanum vulgare), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and sage (Salvia officinalis) at different concentrations on a native strain of Penicillium digitatum as an organic alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides. In order to obtain the strain, fruits from localities producing sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) in Puerto Rico were selected. Inhibition tests with essential oils were performed on a strain from the Guayanilla locality with morphological and molecular identification. Inhibition tests were performed in vitro and in vivo. The experimental design was completely randomized, and the means were compared with the Tukey test (p£0.05). Three in vitro inoculation methods were used with the essential oils in the culture medium at different concentrations. In addition, the fungus was treated in vivo in its natural environment with the oils that showed more than 90% inhibition in the in vitro methods. Cinnamon, clove and oregano leaf and bark oils inhibited 90 to 100% of P. digitatum development. Oils of basil, soursop, ginger, mint, rosemary, and sage inhibited little or not at all the fungal growth. There were some differences in vivo regarding in vitro methods, since only clove oil maintained similar levels to the in vivo and in vitro control as the treated fruits showed no contamination with P. digitatum at 7 and 14 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A banana maçã (Musa acuminata Colla)além de ser uma excelente fonte energética é rica em nutrientes,sais minerais e vitaminas. Apesar disso, embora seja uma das frutas mais consumidas do mundo,ocarboidrato especial (amido resistente), presente nesta fruta não é aproveitado em sua totalidadepor estar presente somente na banana verde.Atualmente tem se estudado muito sobre a biomassa de banana verde por ser uma excelente fonte deste carboidrato, devido as suas características prebióticas e outros beneficios à saúde. Nesse contexto, o intuito do trabalho foi desenvolver um novo produto a base de biomassa de banana maçã verde, escolheu-se a trufa por ser um alimento bastante aceito. O produto foi submetido à análise sensorial pelo teste de preferência, que ocorreu no dia 25 de maio de 2017, de aceitação com escala hedonica de 9 pontos (9= gostei muitíssimo e 1= desgostei muitíssimo) e intenção de compra (5= com certeza compraria e 1=com certeza não compraria), que ocorreram no dia 26 de maio de 2017, com 100 provadores não treinados em cada um dos testes.O processo de desenvolvimento ocorreu a partir de dois testes, sendo um inicial (escolha da proprorção dos recheios) e outro para preferência entre dois recheios diferentes (ambos a base de biomassa), sendo A (9,4% de biomassa) e B (29,4% de biomassa). O recheio A foi o preferido com 75% dos votos do teste de preferência, que segundo os provadores, era mais doce (40% de chocolate meio amargo).O teste de aceitação obteve 76% das respostas com nota 9; 19% com nota 8; 3% com nota 7; 1% com 6 e 1% com 5. O teste de inteção de compra obteve 93% com nota 5, 6% com nota 4 e 1% com nota 1. O objetivo foi atingido, visto que, o teste de aceitação atingiu a pontuação mínima (69%) para que o produto fosse considerado aceito e de inteção de compra, onde a margem de lucro alta (54,5%) indica potencial para comercialização.Entretanto, diante destes dados são necessárias novas analáses para assim poder tirar mais conclusões, sendo tema para futuros trabalhos.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of cinnamaldehyde on nutrients ruminal degradation and total production and molar proportion of volatile fatty acids in a ruminal in vitro system (DaisyII Ankom Technology, USA). The diet was composed of a mixture of barley seed: alfalfa hay (70:30) which was incubated with 4 treatments: without additive or negative control (NC), with monensin at 7.5 ppm or positive control (CP) and with cinnamaldehyde at 250 (C250) and 500 ppm (C500). The inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde on disappearance of DM, NDF and ADF (from 48 to 72 h incubation time, P < 0.01) was similar to CP treatment. All supplemented treatments tended to decrease the potential degradability of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, as the effective degradability of DM, NDF and ADF. However, contrary to monensin, cinnamaldehyde increased total VFA production and did not affect molar proportion of VFA. The two doses of cinnamaldehyde evaluated showed the same effect. Results indicate that cinnamaldehyde modified in vitro ruminal fermentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal migratory birds return to the same breeding and wintering grounds year after year, and migratory long-distance shorebirds are good examples of this. These tasks require learning and long-term spatial memory abilities that are integrated into a navigational system for repeatedly locating breeding, wintering, and stopover sites. Previous investigations focused on the neurobiological basis of hippocampal plasticity and numerical estimates of hippocampal neurogenesis in birds but only a few studies investigated potential contributions of glial cells to hippocampal-dependent tasks related to migration. Here we hypothesized that the astrocytes of migrating and wintering birds may exhibit significant morphological and numerical differences connected to the long-distance flight. We used as a model the semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla, that migrates from northern Canada and Alaska to South America. Before the transatlantic non-stop long-distance component of their flight, the birds make a stopover at the Bay of Fundy in Canada. To test our hypothesis, we estimated total numbers and compared the three-dimensional (3-D) morphological features of adult C. pusilla astrocytes captured in the Bay of Fundy (n = 249 cells) with those from birds captured in the coastal region of Bragança, Brazil, during the wintering period (n = 250 cells). Optical fractionator was used to estimate the number of astrocytes and for 3-D reconstructions we used hierarchical cluster analysis. Both morphological phenotypes showed reduced morphological complexity after the long-distance non-stop flight, but the reduction in complexity was much greater in Type I than in Type II astrocytes. Coherently, we also found a significant reduction in the total number of astrocytes after the transatlantic flight. Taken together these findings suggest that the long-distance non-stop flight altered significantly the astrocytes population and that morphologically distinct astrocytes may play different physiological roles during migration.

Abstract: Infection with Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a common disease in poultry industry. The use of antibiotics to treat diseases is facing serious criticism and concerns. The medicinal plants may be effective alternatives because of their multiplex activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamon extract on the levels of liver enzymes, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) gene expressions in liver of broiler chickens infected with E. coli. Ninety Ross-308 broilers were divided into healthy or E. coli-infected groups, receiving normal or cinnamon extract (in concentrations of 100 or 200mg/kg of food) supplemented diets. E. coli suspension (108cfu) was injected subcutaneously after 12 days cinnamon administration. Seventy-two hours after E. coli injection, the blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis of liver enzymes in serum (spectrophotometrically), and liver tissue samples were obtained for detection of gene expression of inflammatory markers TNF-α and NF-κB, using real-time PCR. Infection with E. coli significantly increased the levels of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expressions as well as some liver enzymes including creatine-kinase (CK), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine-transferase (ALT) and aspartate-transferase (AST) as compared with control group (P

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Objective. Due to the increased parasitic resistance, there is a need to explore alternative insecticides, including natural products, such essential oils. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the insecticidal and repellent effect of Cinnamomun zeylanicum (free and nanoemulsion forms) in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods. For that, the insecticidal effect of the free form was tested at 1.0, 5.0 and 10%, while the nanoemulsion form was tested at 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0% against adult house flies, Musca domestica. For validation of the test, the flies were sprayed with the diluent (water and triton 10%) and with blank nanoemulsion (without C. zeylanicum essential oil). Moreover, in vivo test was performed using cows naturally infested with Haemotobia irritans. Results. The results demonstrated that cinnamon oil (10%) and the nanoemulsion (5%) were 100% effective against M. domestica after 90 minutes of exposure. The repellent effect was tested in vivo using 5% of cinnamon oil on Holstein cows naturally infested by Haemotobia irritans. The flies were counted at 0, 1, 2, 3, 9 and 24 h after cinnamon oil treatment. It was verified significant decrease (p<0.05) in the number of flies on cows sprayed with cinnamon in all times. Conclusions. Based on these results, C. zeylanicum showed insecticidal effect (in vitro) against domestic flies and repellent effect (in vivo) against the horn fly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal migratory birds return to the same breeding and wintering grounds year after year, and migratory long-distance shorebirds are good examples of this. These tasks require learning and long-term spatial memory abilities that are integrated into a navigational system for repeatedly locating breeding, wintering, and stopover sites. Previous investigations focused on the neurobiological basis of hippocampal plasticity and numerical estimates of hippocampal neurogenesis in birds but only a few studies investigated potential contributions of glial cells to hippocampal-dependent tasks related to migration. Here we hypothesized that the astrocytes of migrating and wintering birds may exhibit significant morphological and numerical differences connected to the long-distance flight. We used as a model the semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla, that migrates from northern Canada and Alaska to South America. Before the transatlantic non-stop long-distance component of their flight, the birds make a stopover at the Bay of Fundy in Canada. To test our hypothesis, we estimated total numbers and compared the three-dimensional (3-D) morphological features of adult C. pusilla astrocytes captured in the Bay of Fundy (n = 249 cells) with those from birds captured in the coastal region of Bragança, Brazil, during the wintering period (n = 250 cells). Optical fractionator was used to estimate the number of astrocytes and for 3-D reconstructions we used hierarchical cluster analysis. Both morphological phenotypes showed reduced morphological complexity after the long-distance non-stop flight, but the reduction in complexity was much greater in Type I than in Type II astrocytes. Coherently, we also found a significant reduction in the total number of astrocytes after the transatlantic flight. Taken together these findings suggest that the long-distance non-stop flight altered significantly the astrocytes population and that morphologically distinct astrocytes may play different physiological roles during migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antiseptic action of a liquid soap was evaluated using as essential oils of Eugenia caryophyllata T. (clove) and Cinnamomum verum J. (cinnamon). Is formulated and produced soaps liquids using as active oils essential to concentrations of 1.5% and 2%, subsequently is evaluated parameters physicochemical, sensory, as well as also microbiological on strains bacterial of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Finding is that the formulations suitable are those in which them oils essential of clove and cinnamon is found to concentrations of the 2%, since present activity against them strains bacterial in question and best stability physicochemical; being chosen among the evaluators of the organoleptic properties liquid soap prepared with essential oil of cinnamon as the favorite on the nail, by presenting better aroma and appearance. Concluding that the antiseptic liquid soaps from 2% of essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata T. and Cinnamomum verum J. presented promising results; also, all the indicators physicochemical and chemical evaluated were kept, which gives us an indication of the correct formulation from the pharmaceutical point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical models of in vitro growth and germination of Alternaria alternata in the presence of essential oils were developed. By using principal component analysis, similarities were found among the oils in terms of their volatile composition. The mycelial growth and conidial germination of A. alternata was evaluated in PDA with cinnamon, epazote and lime oils (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 μL mL-1). The oils used were obtained by hydrodistillation and commercially and were characterized by gas chromatographymass spectrometry. The Baranyi and Roberts and logistics equations were used to fit the experimental data and to predict its behavior. Due to their chemical composition, the oils were grouped into: 1) cinnamon (commercial and non-commercial), in which cis-cinnamaldehyde predominated, 2) commercial lime (D-limonene) and epazote (commercial and non-commercial) with ascaridole and ρ-cimene, and 3) non-commercial lime. Cinnamon oil (0.5 and 1.0 μL mL-1) inhibited mycelial growth of A. alternata, whereas germination was 100 % inhibited with the presence of lime and epazote oils (0.25 and 0.5 μL mL-1). Mathematical models and principal component analyses are effective tools for understanding the effect of essential oils on A. alternata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Se tuvo como objetivo realizar una investigación en la Institución Educativa INEM 'José Félix de Restrepo' Ubicada en la ciudad de Medellín Colombia sobre el conocimiento y consumo de plantas aromáticas. Utilizando análisis multivariado de la varianza (MANOVA) con contraste canónico de tipo ortogonal donde el tamaño de la muestra fue de 396 estudiantes, con base en un nivel de confiabilidad del 95% y un error máximo permisible del 4.9%, eligiéndose aleatoriamente a los estudiantes de acuerdo con los factores de ponderación: sexo y nivel de escolaridad. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas (pEra para fazer a pesquisa na Instituição Educacional INEM 'José Félix de Restrepo'. Localizada na cidade de Medellín, na Colômbia. No conhecimento e uso das ervas. Usando a análise de variância multivariada (MANOVA) com contraste canônica tipo ortogonal, onde o tamanho da amostra foi de 396 alunos, com base em um nível de confiança de 95% e um erro máximo permissível de 4,9%, escolhidos aleatoriamente alunos de acordo com os fatores de ponderação: sexo e nível de escolaridade. Diferenças encontradas altamente significativa (p The aim of this research was to evaluate the knowledge and consumption of herbs in Medellin. This research was carried out at the Educational Institution INEM 'José Félix de Restrepo' Located in the city of Medellin, Colombia. The analysis was made using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with type canonical orthogonal contrast where the sample size was 396 students, based on a confidence level of 95% and a maximum permissible error of 4.9%. The students were randomly chosen according to the weighting factors: sex and educational level. It was found highly significant differences (p

Objetivou-se neste estudo caracterizar quimicamente e avaliar as atividades antioxidante e antibacteriana dos óleos essenciais de citronela (Cymbopogon nardus), canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) e gengibre (Zingiber officinale). A obtenção do óleo essencial foi realizada utilizando a técnica de hidrodestilação por meio do aparelho de Clevenger modificado e a identificação e quantificação dos constituintes pelas análises em CG/EM e CG-DIC. A avaliação da atividade antibacteriana foi realizada por meio da técnica difusão cavidade em ágar, utilizando os microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Salmonella Cholerasuis ATCC 6539 e Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada utilizando sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoléico e o método de seqüestro de radicais DPPH. Nas análises cromatográficas, os constituintes majoritários encontrados no óleo essencial de C. nardus foram citronelal (47,12%), geraniol (18,56%) e citronelol (11,07%), no óleo essencial de C. zeylanicum foram identificados (E)- cinamaldeído (77,72%), acetato de (E)-cinamila (5,99%) e o monoterpenóide 1,8-cineol (4,66%) e, para Z. officinale os majoritários foram geranial (25,06%), neral (16,47%), 1,8-cineol (10,98%), geraniol (8,51%), acetato de geranila (4,19%) e o canfeno (4,30%). Os óleos essenciais apresentaram atividade antibacteriana tanto para bactérias Gram-negativas como para bactérias Gram-positivas, sendo que o óleo essencial de C. zeylanicum foi o mais eficiente. A atividade antioxidante foi evidenciada pelo teste β-caroteno/ácido linoléico, respectivamente, para C. nardus, seguido de Z. officinale e C. zeylanicum, e pelo teste do DPPH foi observada apenas para C. nardus.The aims of this study were to chemically characterize and to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oils. The essential oil extraction was performed by the using of hydrodistillation through the modified Clevenger apparatus, and identification and quantification of the constituents by the GC/MS and GC-FID analysis. Evaluation of antibacterial activity was performed by using agar well diffusion method, with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Salmonella Cholerasuis ATCC 6539 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by using β-carotene/linoleic acid system and the radical scavenging DPPH method. In chromatographic analysis the major constituents of C. nardus essential oil were citronellal (47.12%), geraniol (18.56%) and citronellol (11.07%), in the C. zeylanicum essential oil were identified (E)-cinnamaldehyde (77.72%), acetate (E)-cinnamyl (5.99%) and the monoterpenoid 1,8-cineole (4.66%) as major components, and in Z. officinale the majority were geranial (25.06%), neral (16.47%), 1,8-cineole (10.98%), geraniol (8.51%), geranyl acetate (4.19%) and camphene (4.30%). The essential oils showed antibacterial activity for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms, and the most efficient was C. zeylanicum essential oil. The antioxidant activity was observed, when using β-carotene/ linoleic acid system, for C. nardus, followed by Z. officinale and C. zeylanicum and, when using DPPH test, activity was observed only for C. nardus.

Objetivou-se avaliar a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de Ocimum basilicum L. (manjericão), Cymbopogon martinii L. (palmarosa), Thymus vulgaris L. (tomilho) e Cinnamomum cassia Blume (canela da china) sobre cepas de Candida albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos e cepa padrão (ATCC 76845). Quinze amostras clínicas de C. albicans (C1-C15) foram repicadas em ágar Sabouraud Dextrose, para confecção de suspensões em solução salina estéril (0,9%) contendo 1,5 x 10(6) UFC mL-1. As emulsões dos óleos essenciais foram preparadas em água destilada estéril e tween 80, com concentrações variando entre 1024 µg mL-1 e 4 µg mL-1. A ação antifúngica foi determinada por meio da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) utilizando-se a técnica da microdiluição. Foram utilizados como controles positivos a nistatina e o miconazol (50 µg mL-1). Os testes foram realizados em triplicata, sendo a CIM, a menor concentração capaz de inibir o crescimento das leveduras, observada por método visual de acordo com a turvação do meio de cultura. Para C. albicans (ATCC 76845), a CIM do óleo essencial de C. cassia foi 64 µg mL-1, enquanto para óleo de C. martinii foi 1024 µg mL-1. Para as cepas clínicas, verificou-se que a CIM de C. cassia para 80% das cepas foi 64 µg mL-1, sendo a variação dos valores da CIM entre 128 µg mL-1 e 64 µg mL-1. Observou-se que para 66,6% das amostras clínicas, a CIM de C. martinii foi 612 µg mL-1. Constatou-se que a nistatina não apresentou atividade frente às cepas clínicas (C1-C15), enquanto a atividade antifúngica do miconazol foi verificada em 100% das amostras. Não se constatou atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de O. basilicum e T. vulgaris, nas concentrações avaliadas. Concluiu-se que os óleos essenciais de C. cassia e C. martinii, em diferentes concentrações, apresentam atividade antifúngica sobre cepas de C. albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos e cepa padrão (ATCC 76845). Entretanto não foi observada inibição antimicrobiana para os óleos de O. basilicum e T. vulgaris.The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L. (basil), Cymbopogon martinii L. (palmarosa), Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) and Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Chinese cinnamon) against Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV-positive patients and the standard strain (ATCC 76845). Fifteen clinical samples of C. albicans (C1-C15) were subcultured in Sabouraud Dextrose agar to prepare suspensions in sterile saline solution (0.9%) containing 1.5 x 10(6) CFU mL-1. The emulsions of essential oils were prepared in sterile distilled water and Tween 80, with concentrations ranging between 1024 µg mL-1 and 4 µg mL-1. The antifungal action was determined by means of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), using the microdilution technique. Nystatin and miconazole (50 µg mL-1) were used as positive controls. The tests were performed in triplicate and the MIC was the lowest concentration capable of inhibiting the growth of yeasts, which was observed by the visual method, according to the turbidity of the culture medium. For C. albicans (ATCC 76845), the MIC of C. cassia essential oil was 64 µg mL-1, while the MIC for C. martini was 1024 µg mL-1. Considering the clinical strains, the MIC of C. cassia was 64 µg mL-1 for 80% of the strains, and the variation in MIC values was between 128 µg mL-1 and 64 µg mL-1. For 66.6% of the clinical samples, the MIC of C. matinii was 612 µg mL-1. Nystatin did not present activity against the clinical strains (C1-C15), while the antifungal activity of miconazole was noticed for 100% of the samples. The antimicobrial activity of essential oils from O. basilicum and T. vulgaris was not identified at the evaluated concentrations. It was concluded that the essential oils from C. cassia and C. martinii, at different concentrations, presented antifungal activity against C. albicans strains isolated from HIV-positive patients and the standard strain (ATCC 76845). However, antifungal activity was not observed for the essential oils from O. basilicum and T. vulgaris.

Melia azedarach (cinnamon) and Azadirachta indica (neem) have a variety of biologically active ingredients against virus, bacteria and protozoan parasites; however, little is known about their action on Toxoplasma gondii intracellular development. Toxoplasma gondii infects all eukaryotic cells, where it establishes and multiplies inside a modified vacuole called the parasitophorous vacuole until the cell ruptures, re-infecting other cells and establishing the infection. There are no efficient chemotherapies for the elimination of T. gondii, minimizing side effects. In this study, we performed in vitro assays with neem and cinnamon aqueous extracts against the intracellular development of T. gondii tachyzoites. After treatment with neem and cinnamon for 24 h, the percentage of infected cells and the number of intracellular parasites drastically decreased. This effect was concentration-dependent. During the incubation of the extracts, progressive morphological and ultrastructure alterations led to intense vesiculation and complete elimination of the parasite from the intracellular medium. However, during the treatment with extracts, no morphological effects were observed in the structure of the host cell. These results suggest that the aqueous extracts of neem and cinnamon were capable of interfering with and eliminating the intracellular development of Toxoplasma gondii.Melia azedarach (canela) e Azadirachta indica (nim) apresenta grande variedade de ingredientes biologicamente ativos contra vírus, bactérias e protozoários, mas nenhum efeito sobre o desenvolvimento intracelular do Toxoplasma gondii é conhecido. Toxoplasma gondii infecta todos os tipos de células Eucarióticas, onde se estabelece no meio intracelular em vacúolo modificado conhecido como vacúolo parasitóforo. Neste vacúolo ocorre a replicação levando a ruptura da célula hospedeira e reinfecção de novas células, perpetuando a infecção. A quimioterapia utilizada não é capaz de eliminar o parasita além de induzir fortes efeitos colaterais. Neste estudo, nós demonstramos o efeito in vitro de extratos aquosos da canela e nim sobre o desenvolvimento intracelular do taquizoíto do Toxoplasma gondii. Após tratamento de nim e canela por 24 h, a porcentagem de infecção e o número de taquizoítos intracelulares decaiu drasticamente. Este efeito foi concentração-dependente. Durante incubação dos extratos, uma progressiva desorganização morfológica e ultraestrutural levaram a formação de intensa vesiculação e completa destruição do parasita, que passou a uma estrutura amorfa, antes da completa eliminação do meio intracelular. No entanto durante o tratamento com os extratos, efeitos morfológicos não foram observados nas estruturas da célula hospedeira. Estes resultados sugerem que os extratos aquosos de nim e canela foram capazes de interferir e eliminar o desenvolvimento intracelular do Toxoplasma gondii.

Avaliou-se a atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de orégano (Origanum vulgare), tomilho (Thymus vulgaris) e canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) frente a 60 amostras de Salmonella enterica distribuídas entre 20 sorovares, todos isolados de carcaças de aves. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas para cada isolado, utilizando-se a técnica de microdiluição em caldo. O óleo essencial de orégano evidenciou forte atividade antibacteriana (CIM média = 529mig ml-1 e CBM média= 661mig ml-1), seguido do tomilho (CIM média=961mig ml-1 e CBM média= 1074mig ml-1), com atividade moderada, enquanto que a menor atividade foi observada com o óleo essencial de canela (CIM média= 1335mig ml-1 e CBM média = 1979mig ml-1). Apesar deste claro padrão de atividade, os sorovares de Salmonella enterica evidenciaram significativas variações de suscetibilidade, embora nenhuma, em particular, pudesse ser classificada como totalmente sensível ou resistente aos três óleos essenciais avaliados. Assim, no momento em que os antibacterianos utilizados como promotores de crescimento estão sendo substituídos. E os óleos essenciais de temperos e condimentos se constituem numa alternativa importante, os resultados aqui apresentados sinalizam dois pontos: os óleos essenciais de orégano e tomilho são efetivos contra Salmonella, mas as variações de suscetibilidade entre os sorovares deverão também ser consideradas.Essential oils from oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and cinnamom (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) were tested for their inhibitory activity against sixty Salmonella sp. isolates. These microorganisms were distributed in 20 serovars, all of them isolated from broiler chickens. Based on microdilution technique, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The strongest antibacterial activity was obtained for oregano (MIC mean = 529mug ml-1 and MBCmean = 661mug ml-1), followed by a moderate activity for thyme (MICmean=961mug ml-1 and MBCmean=1074mug ml-1) and the lowest obtained activity observed for cinnamon (MICmean= 1335mug ml-1 and MBCmean= 1979mug ml-1). Despite of this activity pattern, the serovars of Salmonella enterica showed significant susceptibility variations. However none of them could be classified as sensitive or resistant to the three essential oils tested. At the moment, when the antibiotics, as growth promoters, are being replaced, the essential oils from spices could be a very reasonable choice and the present results show us two points: the essential oils from oregano and thyme are effective against Salmonella isolates but the variations among the serovars must be considered.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) é cultivada para produção de folhas, cascas e raízes, devido as suas propriedades aromáticas e condimentares. Mas apesar de ser uma planta resistente, C. zeylanicum está sujeita ao ataque de vários insetos e ácaros durante o seu desenvolvimento, sendo estas pragas responsáveis por uma redução considerável no rendimento dos cultivos. O objetivo desse estudo foi registrar e caracterizar o ataque por formigas cortadeiras em plantas de C. zeylanicum em Braço do Trombudo, Santa Catarina, Brasil entre janeiro e março de 2010. Os danos caracterizaram-se pelo corte de folhas novas e brotações em plantas de C. zeylanicum com altura entre 1,0-1,5 m e desfolha total de plantas menores que 1,0 m. O ataque em plantas adultas não foi observado. Este é o primeiro registro da formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex disciger Mayr danificando plantas de C. zeylanicum no Brasil. Registration of Acromyrmex disciger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Lauraceae) in Braço do Trombudo’s District, Santa Catarina State, Brazil Abstract. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) is cultivated for production of leaves, bark and roots, due to its aromatic and spice proprieties. But despite being a resistant plant, C. zeylanicum is subject to attack by various insects and mites during their development, and these pests are responsible for considerable reduction in crop yields. The aim of this study was to record and characterize the attack by leaf-cutting ants in plants of C. zeylanicum in Braço do Trombudo, Santa Catarina State, Brazil between January and March 2010. Damage were characterized by cutting young leaves and shoots of plants of C. zeylanicum with height between 1.0 to 1.5 m and total defoliation of plants less than 1.0 m. The attack in adult plants was not observed. This is the first record of leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex disciger Mayr damaging plants of C. zeylanicum in Brazil.

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