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T24 cells cotreated with (b) Au@TNA@MB NPs and (c) folic acid (FA)-conjugated Au@TNA@MB NPs for 0.75-4 h upon excitation at 650 nm. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment of T24 cells stained with DCFH-DA dye by using (d) Au@TNA@MB NPs and (e) FA-conjugated Au@TNA@MB NPs. Development of Folic Acid-Conjugated and Methylene Blue-Adsorbed Au@TNA Nanoparticles for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Bladder Cancer Cells. [Extracted from the article]

In this work we developed methylene blue-immobilized copper-iron nanoparticles (MB-CuFe NPs) through a facile one-step hydrothermal reaction to achieve a better phototherapeutic effect. The Fe/Cu ratio of the CuFe NPs was controllable by merely changing the loading amount of iron precursor concentration. The CuFe NPs could serve as a Fenton catalyst to convert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into reactive oxygen species (ROS), while the superparamagnetic properties also suggest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) potential. Furthermore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MB photosensitizer could strongly adsorb onto the surface of CuFe NPs to facilitate the drug delivery into cells and improve the photodynamic therapy at 660 nm via significant generation of singlet oxygen species, leading to enhanced cancer cell-damaging efficacy. An MTT (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide) assay proved the low cytotoxicity of the CuFe NPs to cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells), namely above 80% at 25 ppm of the sample dose. A slight dissolution of Cu and Fe ions from the CuFe NPs in an acidic environment was obtained, providing direct evidence for CuFe NPs being degradable without the risk of long-term retention in the body. Moreover, the tremendous photo-to-thermal conversion of CuFe NPs was examined, which might be combined with photodynamic therapy (PDT) for promising development in the depletion of cancer cells after a single pulse of deep-red light irradiation at high laser power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment for malignancy. However, the low molecular solubility of photosensitizers (PSs) with a low accumulation at borderline malignant potential lesions results in the tardy and ineffective management of recurrent urothelial carcinoma. Herein, we used tannic acid (TNA), a green precursor, to reduce HAuCl4 in order to generate Au@TNA core-shell nanoparticles. The photosensitizer methylene blue (MB) was subsequently adsorbed onto the surface of the Au@TNA nanoparticles, leading to the incorporation of a PS within the organic shell of the Au nanoparticle nanosupport, denoted as Au@TNA@MB nanoparticles (NPs). By modifying the surface of the Au@TNA@MB NPs with the ligand folate acid (FA) using NH2-PEG-NH2 as a linker, we demonstrated that the targeted delivery strategy achieved a high accumulation of PSs in cancer cells. The cell viability of T24 cells decreased to 87.1%, 57.1%, and 26.6% upon treatment with 10 ppm[Au] Au@TNA/MB NPs after 45 min, 2 h, and 4 h of incubation, respectively. We also applied the same targeted PDT treatment to normal urothelial SV-HUC-1 cells and observed minor phototoxicity, indicating that this safe photomedicine shows promise for applications aiming to achieve the local depletion of cancer sites without side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]