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With the continuous development of society, people's attention to the body is also increasing. This article explains and analyzes the clinicopathological characteristics of a more serious disease, lymphoma, and the effect of treatment. In the previous studies of this type of disease, the collected data was very limited, and the theory for data analysis was also lacking. The direct result was that the analysis of such disease types was not complete, and it was difficult to obtain statistical significance, which made the clinical guidance weak. In order to improve this problem, this paper applies the sampling theory in statistics to the clinicopathological characteristics of lymphoma and the effect of treatment. Through the scientific analysis of such samples, it is hoped to provide some ideas for clinical treatment. In the sampling theory, this paper selects two methods, Bayesian algorithm and adaptive sampling theory, and introduces the corresponding methods for the correlation analysis of the clinicopathological characteristics and curative effect of lymphoma according to the above two methods. These related processing methods start from a large number of samples and provide sufficient computational support for the final experiments. Experiments show that the score of clinical symptoms of lymphoma is not less than 96%, which means that the patient is in a state of recovery. When the evaluation score is between 63% and 96%, the corresponding treatment has a significant effect. These results show that, in the analysis of the clinicopathological characteristics of lymphoma and related treatment effects, by using the Bayesian algorithm in the sampling theory and the adaptive sampling theory, the data results can well correspond to the clinical effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts related to science which include comparison of lichen populations in urban and rural areas, preclinical assessment of Gemcitabine as effective treatment of ependyomoma, and demographic factors influencing cortisol levels of infants and young children.

Background: Combination of erlotinib and bevacizumab is a promising regimen in advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We are conducting a single arm phase II trial which aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this regime as a second- or third-line chemotherapy.Methods: Key eligibility criteria were histologically or cytologically confirmed non-squamous NSCLC, stage III/IV or recurrent NSCLC not indicated radical chemoradiation, prior one or two regimen of chemotherapy, age 20 years or more, and performance status of two or less. The primary endpoint is objective response rate. The secondary endpoints include overall survival, progression-free survival, disease control rate and incidence of adverse events. This trial plans to accrue 80 patients based on a two-stage design employing a binomial distribution with an alternative hypothesis response rate of 35% and a null hypothesis threshold response rate of 20%. A subset analysis according to EGFR mutation status is planned.Discussion: We have presented the design of a single arm phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib in advanced non-squamous NSCLC patients. In particular we are interested in determining the merit of further development of this regimen and whether prospective patient selection using EGFR gene is necessary in future trials.Trial Registration: This trial was registered at the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000004255 (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the retraction of a three year old of a research paper in "Nature Medicine" on a cancer vaccine. German scientists who admit to several incorrect statements; Erroneous presentation of data, results and conclusions; Retraction the result of an investigation by an ombudsman's committee from Göttingen University.

The article discusses the occurrence of thyroid cancers in humans after irradiation. Observations on irradiation's cancer effects led to their experimental induction in animals. Two general points emerged. One was that a sustained excessive stimulation by thyrotropin-stimulating hormone enhanced the evolution of experimental post-radiation thyroid tumors. In addition, animal tumors were most readily induced by combined treatment.

Background: Longitudinal assessments of quality of life are needed to measure changes over the course of a disease and treatment. Computer versions of quality of life instruments have increased the feasibility of obtaining longitudinal measurements. However, there remain occasions when patients are not able to complete these questionnaires. This study examined whether changes measured using a computer version of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - General (FACT-G) on two occasions would be obtained if patients completed a paper version on one of the two occasions. Methods: Gynecologic oncology patients completed a computer version of the FACT-G preoperatively and at six months. Patients were given the option of using the paper version instead of the computer at either time point. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used. Results: One hundred nineteen patients completed the FACT-G at both time points. Seventy-one (60%) patients used the computer at both visits, 26 (21.8%) used the computer followed by the paper version, 17 (14.3%) used the paper version followed by the computer version, and five patients (4.2%) used the paper version at both visits. Significant effects over time were obtained in the physical, functional, and emotional well-being domains, and in total scores, but there were no effects of method of administration of the questionnaires and no interaction between method of administration and changes over time. Conclusions: These data indicate that women are responding to the content of the questionnaire and not method of data collection. Although using the same method of administration of instruments over time is desirable, using alternate methods is preferable to forgoing data collection entirely. Large scale studies should be conducted to determine if the multiple methods of data collection that are becoming increasingly available are producing interchangeable information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Efforts to educate men about the controversy surrounding prostate cancer screening are well intended but rarely evaluated rigorously. We evaluated an evidence-based (EB) booklet for men designed to promote informed decision-making. We also determined whether men's preference for involvement in decision-making ("passive", "collaborative" or "active") modified its impact. Setting and methods: Men aged 40-70 years were recruited from the practices of 13 local general practitioners (GPs) in Sydney, Australia. They completed a self-administered questionnaire before seeing their GP, who, according to pre-randomised codes, distributed either our EB booklet or conventional information. Post-test questionnaires were mailed to men three days later. Of the 248 eligible men recruited, 214 (86% response rate) returned post-test questionnaires. Knowledge of evidence and of risk of developing and dying from prostate cancer, attitudes, interest in screening for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), worry and decisional conflict were the main outcome measures. Results: Compared with those receiving conventional information, men receiving the EB booklet had significantly improved knowledge (50% of items correct, 95% CI 46-53%; vs 45% correct, 95% CI 42-48%) (p=0.048) and lower levels of decisional conflict (mean 21.6, 95% CI 20.7-22.5; vs mean 24.3, 95% CI 23.4-25.2) (p<0.001). Interest in PSA screening was significantly reduced in both groups at post-test (p<0.001). Men preferring a "passive" approach to decision-making gained as much from our EB booklet as those with "active" or "collaborative" preferences. Conclusions: Our findings show the benefits of providing evidence-based information to men about PSA screening. Our EB booklet facilitated informed choice, even among "passive" decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural compounds hold promise in the search for cancer therapies due to their unique chemical structures and combinations that may effectively combat cancer while minimizing toxicity and side effects compared to conventional treatments. Silibinin, a natural lignan, has been found to possess strong anticancer activity against several types of human cancers based on emerging research. This study aims to provide an overview of the therapeutic potential of silibinin in the treatment and prevention of cancers. A comprehensive search was conducted using various internet databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect to identify relevant research papers. Silibinin has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity against several types of cancers, including liver, lungs, breast, prostate, colorectal, skin, and bladder cancers. Its multifaceted mechanisms of action contribute to its therapeutic effects. Silibinin exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, antimetastatic, and anti-angiogenic activities, making it a promising candidate for cancer therapy. One of the key mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of silibinin is its ability to modulate multiple signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression. It can inhibit the activation of various oncogenic pathways, including PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, and MAPK pathways, thereby suppressing cancer cell proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, and promoting apoptosis. Silibinin possesses great potential as an effective treatment agent for cancer. The multifaceted mechanisms of action, favorable safety profile, and potential synergistic effects of silibinin with conventional therapies make it an attractive candidate for further investigation and development as a cancer treatment. However, more extensive clinical studies are necessary to fully establish the efficacy, optimal dosage, and long-term effects of silibinin in cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Italy, there is a network of centres headed by the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology (AIEOP) for the diagnosis and treatment of paediatric cancers on almost the entire national territory. Nevertheless, migration of patients in a hospital located in a region different from that of residence is a widespread habit, sometimes motivated by several reasons. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of migration of children with cancer to AIEOP centres in order to verify their optimal distribution throughout the national territory. Methods: To this purpose, we used information on 41,205 registered cancer cases in the database of Mod.1.01 Registry from AIEOP centres, with age of less than 20 years old at diagnosis, diagnosed from 1988 to 2017. Patients' characteristics were analysed and compared using the X2 or Fisher's exact test or Mann–Whitney test, when appropriate. Survival distributions were estimated using the method of Kaplan and Meier, and the log-rank test was used to examine differences among subgroups. Results: Extra-regional migration involved overall 19.5% of cases, ranging from 23.3% (1988–1997) to 16.4% (2008–2017) (p < 0.001). In leukaemias and lymphomas we observed a mean migration of 8.8% overall, lower in the North (1.2%) and Centre (7.8%) compared to the South & Isles (32.3%). In the case of solid tumours, overall migration was 25.7%, with 4.2% in the North, 17.2% in the Centre and 59.6% in the South & Isles. For regions with overall levels of migration higher than the national average, most migration cases opted for AIEOP centres of close or even neighbouring regions. Overall survival at 10 years from diagnosis results 69.9% in migrants vs 78.3% in no migrants (p < 0.001). Conclusions: There is still a certain amount of domestic migration, the causes of which can be easily identified: migration motivated by a search for high specialization, migration due to lack of local facilities, or regions in which no AIEOP centres are present, which makes migration obligatory. Better coordination between AIEOP centres could help to reduce so-called avoidable migration, but technical and political choices will have to be considered, with the active participation of sector technicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human glioblastoma is probably the most malignant and aggressive among cerebral tumors, of which it represents approximately 80% of the reported cases, with an overall survival rate that is quite low. Current therapies include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, with associated consistent side effects and low efficacy. The hardness in reaching the site of action, and overcoming the blood–brain barrier, is a major limitation of pharmacological treatments. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of ZIF-90 (ZIF, Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework) nanoparticles as putative carriers of anticancer drugs to the brain. In particular, we successfully evaluated the biocompatibility of these nanoparticles, their stability in body fluids, and their ability to uptake in U251 human glioblastoma cell lines. Furthermore, we managed to synthesize ZIF-90 particles loaded with berberine, an alkaloid reported as a possible effective adjuvant in the treatment of glioblastoma. These findings could suggest ZIF-90 as a possible new strategy for brain cancer therapy and to study the physiological processes present in the central nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to develop an aspirin-loaded double-modified nano-delivery system for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this paper, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) were prepared by the "one-pot two-phase layering method", and polydopamine (PDA) was formed by the self-polymerization of dopamine as a pH-sensitive coating. Gal-modified PDA-modified nanoparticles (Gal-PDA-MSN) were synthesized by linking galactosamine (Gal) with actively targeted galactosamine (Gal) to PDA-coated MSN by a Michael addition reaction. The size, particle size distribution, surface morphology, BET surface area, mesoporous size, and pore volume of the prepared nanoparticles were characterized, and their drug load and drug release behavior in vitro were investigated. Gal-PDA-MSN is pH sensitive and targeted. MSN@Asp is different from the release curves of PDA-MSN@Asp and Gal-PDA-MSN@Asp, the drug release of PDA-MSN@Asp and Gal-PDA-MSN@Asp accelerates with increasing acidity. In vitro experiments showed that the toxicity and inhibitory effects of the three nanodrugs on human liver cancer HepG2 cells were higher than those of free Asp. This drug delivery system facilitates controlled release and targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fast antenna phase optimization scheme to enable microwave power focusing for breast cancer hyperthermia. The power focusing is achieved through the maximization of the deposited electric field on the target malignant tumor tissue. To do so, a malignant breast tumor, the surrounding breast medium, and the skin of the breast are modeled as a cylindrical structure composed of eccentric cylinders, and electric field distribution is computed analytically in terms of cylindrical harmonics. This approach minimized the computational cost and simplified the breast medium model. To ensure applicability across various breast types, the dielectric properties (DPs) of the main cylinder, symbolizing healthy breast tissue, are averaged from pixel DPs of digital breast phantoms. The hyperthermia problem is posed as maximizing the total electric field at the central point of the tumor which is simply represented as a vector sum of complex quantities in terms of antenna phases. That is, one antenna phase is selected as a reference and the remaining ones are adjusted accordingly. The approach is validated using a circular applicator with eight TMz polarized line sources surrounding realistic digital breast phantoms. Testing involved eight scenarios using two distinct breast media. In the optimal scenario, the peak temperature is achieved 1.3 mm away from the focus point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a relatively rare and extensively malignant kind of thyroid carcinoma. The poor prognosis and high mortality rate of ATC can be attributed to its invasive features and undifferentiated phenotype. At present, there is a lack of efficacious therapeutic options. In light of the elevated fatality rate, it is vital to possess a comprehensive comprehension of the scientific terrain pertaining to ATC. To gather the perspectives of different researchers about the topic of ATC treatment, we did a bibliometric network analysis, which offers a comprehensive view of the scholarly literature. Methodology: A systematic search was conducted on the WoSCC database to identify publications pertaining to ATC treatment between the years 2000 and 2023. In this bibliometric investigation, the tools VOSviewers, CiteSpace, and the R package "bibliometrix" were employed to investigate the general attributes, developmental framework, and academic frontiers of the subject matter. Results: 1223 publications in total, written by 6937 scholars from 53 areas and 1402 institutions and published in 358 scholarly journals, were analyzed. There has been a gradual increase in the quantity of publications pertaining to ATC treatment. The United States and China emerged as the most prominent nations. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Counseling Center are prominent research institutions in highly productive countries. The journal Thyroid holds a prominent position within its discipline, being widely recognized as both the most popular and highly co-cited publication. According to the available data, Maria Cabanillas has authored the highest number of published articles, while RC Smallridge has received the highest number of co-citations. It turned out that the prevailing keywords encompassed expression, therapy, apoptosis, survival, activation, proliferation, metastasis, and other related terms. Immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and prognostic factors are the emerging research hotspots and trends. Conclusions: This paper presents a complete overview of research trends and advancements in the treatment of ATC using bibliometric analysis. The acquisition of information will offer vital insights for funding and potential creative strategies in researching the treatment of ATC, which indicates the research frontiers as well as prevalent directions in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deepening of people's understanding of lung cancer, the research of lung cancer immunotherapy has gradually become the focus of attention. As we all know, the treatment of many diseases relies on the rich sources, complex and varied compositions and wide range of unique biological properties of natural products. Studies have shown that natural products can exert anticancer effects by inducing tumor cell death, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, and enhancing tumor cell autophagy. More notably, natural products can adjust and strengthen the body's immune response, which includes enhancing the function of NK cells and promoting the differentiation and proliferation of T lymphocytes. In addition, these natural products may enhance their anticancer effects by affecting inhibitory factors in the immune system, hormone levels, enzymes involved in biotransformation, and modulating other factors in the tumor microenvironment. The importance of natural products in lung cancer immunotherapy should not be underestimated. However, the specific links and correlations between natural products and lung cancer immunity are not clear enough, and further studies are urgently needed to clarify the relationship between the two. In this paper, we will focus on the correlation between natural products and lung cancer immune responses, with a view to providing new research perspectives for immunotherapy of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Radiotherapy is the main treatment modality in cancer. There is sparse knowledge on how patients with cancer experience their radiotherapy trajectory, and which factors might be associated with patients' experiences. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to explore how adults with cancer receiving radiotherapy evaluate the quality of their care, utilizing a patient-reported experience measure, and how patient- and service-related characteristics are associated with their evaluation. Methods: An explorative cross-sectional study using a self-completed questionnaire to assess patients' radiotherapy experiences was performed. Participants were recruited consecutively, within their last week of treatment, from two different hospitals in Norway from January 2021 to January 2022. Four hundred and eighty paper questionnaires were distributed to recruited patients, 240 at each hospital. Questionnaires were self-completed at home and returned by mail. The instrument person-centered coordinated care experience questionnaire (P3CEQ) was used. In addition to this, participants completed the European Organization of Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and The Sense of Coherence 13 scale (SOC-13). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, parametric tests, and unadjusted/adjusted linear regression models were estimated. Results: The study included 373 patients. Patients evaluated quality of care in terms of P3CEQ scores, with a mean score of 19.5 (standard deviation = 5.4). Lowest scores were identified in areas concerning person-centeredness and service coordination. There were no significant differences in P3CEQ scores between the younger and older groups. Having a partner and better SOC-13 scores were independently associated with the overall patient-reported experience score, whereas age was not. Conclusion: Patient-reported experience scores indicate that improvements are needed in some areas, such as informing and involving patients in the planning and coordination of their care. Findings suggest paying special attention to patients without a partner to offer patients the best possible care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acting as a cysteine protease, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)/sentrinspecific protease1 (SENP1) involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes through processing the precursor SUMO protein into mature form and deSUMOylating target protein. It has been reported that SENP1 is highly expressed and plays a carcinogenic role in various cancers. In this paper, we mainly explore the function and mechanism of SENP1 in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, stemness, angiogenesis, metabolism and drug resistance. Furthermore, the research progress of SENP1 inhibitors for cancer treatment is introduced. This study aims to provide theoretical references for cancer therapy by targeting SENP1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malignant tumours seriously threaten human life and health, and effective treatments for cancer are still being explored. The ability of SHC SH2 domain-binding protein 1 (SHCBP1) to induce cell cycle disturbance and inhibit tumour growth has been increasingly studied, but its dynamic role in the tumour cell cycle and corresponding effects leading to mitotic catastrophe and DNA damage have rarely been studied. Results: In this paper, we found that the nucleoprotein SHCBP1 exhibits dynamic spatiotemporal expression during the tumour cell cycle, and SHCBP1 knockdown slowed cell cycle progression by inducing spindle disorder, as reflected by premature mitotic entry and multipolar spindle formation. This dysfunction was caused by G2/M checkpoint impairment mediated by downregulated WEE1 kinase and NEK7 (a member of the mammalian NIMA-related kinase family) expression and upregulated centromere/kinetochore protein Zeste White 10 (ZW10) expression. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed the significant inhibitory effects of SHCBP1 knockdown on tumour growth. Based on these findings, SHCBP1 knockdown in combination with low-dose DNA-damaging agents had synergistic tumouricidal effects on tumour cells. In response to this treatment, tumour cells were forced into the mitotic phase with considerable unrepaired DNA lesions, inducing mitotic catastrophe. These synergistic effects were attributed not only to the abrogation of the G2/M checkpoint and disrupted spindle function but also to the impairment of the DNA damage repair system, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry-based proteomic and western blotting analyses. Consistently, patients with low SHCBP1 expression in tumour tissue were more sensitive to radiotherapy. However, SHCBP1 knockdown combined with tubulin-toxic drugs weakened the killing effect of the drugs on tumour cells, which may guide the choice of chemotherapeutic agents in clinical practice. Conclusion: In summary, we elucidated the role of the nucleoprotein SHCBP1 in tumour cell cycle progression and described a novel mechanism by which SHCBP1 regulates tumour progression and through which targeting SHCBP1 increases sensitivity to DNA-damaging agent therapy, indicating its potential as a cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), commonly referred to as host defense peptides, are found in a wide range of organisms, including bacteria, plants, and both vertebrate and invertebrate animals. They function as an initial defense mechanism against pathogenic microorganisms, modulate immune responses, and in specific instances, confer protection against the onset of cancer. Pleurocidin (Ple) is a linear antimicrobial peptide with amphipathic a-helical conformation, isolated originally from the winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus), notable for its wide-ranging effectiveness against both bacteria and fungi. While the majority of research on pleurocidin's biological characteristics has primarily focused on deciphering its mechanisms of interaction with the biological membranes of pathogenic bacteria and host cells, as well as investigating its modes of killing activities, there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that pleurocidin and pleurocidin-derived analogs might be effectively employed as anti-cancer agents against breast carcinoma and leukemia due to their potent cytotoxic properties and selectivity towards cancer cells. Notably, some characteristics of pleurocidin observed in microbiological investigations of this compound could be effectively applied in examining the anti-cancer capabilities of Ple-like derivatives. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature on the biological activities of pleurocidin, pleurocidin-derived peptides, pleurocidin-containing hybrid peptides, and nanosystems. The primary emphasis is on elucidating the range of activities exhibited by these compounds, evaluating their potential therapeutic applications, assessing their safety profile, and identifying any limits observed thus far. This paper will also discuss potential areas for further investigation into the anti-cancer effects of Ple and its derivatives, drawing insights from microbiological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, scholarly investigations have predominantly centered on nanomaterials possessing enzyme-like characteristics, commonly referred to as nanozymes. These nanozymes have emerged as viable substitutes for natural enzymes, offering simplicity, stability, and superior performance across various applications. Inorganic nanoparticles have been extensively employed in the emulation of enzymatic activity found in natural systems. Nanoparticles have shown a strong ability to mimic a number of enzyme-like functions. These systems have made a lot of progress thanks to the huge growth in nanotechnology research and the unique properties of nanomaterials. Our presentation will center on the kinetics, processes, and applications of peroxidase-like nanozymes. In this discourse, we will explore the various characteristics that exert an influence on the catalytic activity of nanozymes, with a particular emphasis on the prevailing problems and prospective consequences. This paper presents a thorough examination of the latest advancements achieved in the domain of peroxidase mimetic nanozymes in the context of cancer diagnosis and treatment. The primary focus is on their use in catalytic cancer therapy, alongside chemotherapy, phototherapy, sonodynamic therapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. The primary objective of this work is to offer theoretical and technical assistance for the prospective advancement of anticancer medications based on nanozymes. Moreover, it is anticipated that this will foster the investigation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at achieving efficacious tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetite-based nanoparticles are of constant interest in the scientific community as potential systems for biomedical applications. Over the years, the ability to synthesize diverse systems based on iron (II, III) oxide nanoparticles has been mastered to maximize their potential effectiveness in the targeted delivery of active substances in cancer therapy. The present review explores recent literature findings that detail various magnetic nanosystems. These encompass straightforward designs featuring a polymer coating on the magnetic core and more intricate matrices for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs. This paper emphasizes novel synthetic approaches that impact the efficacy and progress of anticancer investigations, specifically targeting a particular cancer type. The research also delves into combinations with alternative treatment methods and diagnostic approaches. Additionally, it highlights a critical aspect—the interaction with cells—identifying it as the least developed aspect in current research on these systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique expression patterns of circRNAs linked to the advancement and prognosis of cancer underscore their considerable potential as valuable biomarkers. Repurposing existing drugs for new indications can significantly reduce the cost of cancer treatment. Computational prediction of circRNA-cancer and drug-cancer relationships is crucial for precise cancer therapy. However, prior computational methods fail to analyze the interaction between circRNAs, drugs, and cancer at the systematic level. It is essential to propose a method that uncover more valuable information for achieving cancer-centered multi-association prediction. In this paper, we present a novel computational method, AutoEdge-CCP, to unveil cancer-associated circRNAs and drugs. We abstract the complex relationships between circRNAs, drugs, and cancer into a multi-source heterogeneous network. In this network, each molecule is represented by two types information, one is the intrinsic attribute information of molecular features, and the other is the link information explicitly modeled by autoGNN, which searches information from both intra-layer and inter-layer of message passing neural network. The significant performance on multi-scenario applications and case studies establishes AutoEdge-CCP as a potent and promising association prediction tool. Author summary: CircRNAs serve as crucial biomarkers and drug targets in cancer therapy. Predicting cancer-associated circRNAs and drugs contributes to uncover intricate molecular mechanisms driving tumorigenesis, thus offering novel insights into cancer diagnosis, treatment, and research. However, prevailing predictive methods often neglect the comprehensive interactions within circRNAs, drugs, and cancer, leading to an incomplete understanding of their complex interplay. In response, we introduce AutoEdge-CCP, a framework that models circRNA-cancer-drug interactions within a multi-source heterogeneous network. Each molecule combines intrinsic attribute information describing molecular features with interaction information derived through autoGNN, revealing pivotal circRNAs and drugs associated with cancer. Experimental results across multi-scenario attest to AutoEdge-CCP's superior performance compared to competing methods, particularly in predicting novel circRNAs and drugs associated with cancer. Additionally, visualization of edge embeddings and case studies provide interpretable insights into the prediction outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonoporation has garnered significant attention for its potential to temporarily permeabilize cell membranes through the application of ultrasound waves, thus enabling an efficient cellular uptake of molecules. Despite its promising applications, the precise control of sonoporation remains a complex and evolving challenge in the field of cellular and molecular biology. This review aims to address two key aspects central to advancing our understanding of sonoporation. Firstly, it underscores the necessity for the establishment of a standardized methodology to validate and quantify the successful entry of molecules into target cells. This entails a critical examination of existing techniques and the identification of best practices to ensure accurate, reliable, and reproducible results. By establishing a common framework for assessing sonoporation outcomes, researchers can enhance the reliability and comparability of their experiments, paving the way for more robust findings. Secondly, the review places particular emphasis on the detailed analysis of various acoustic parameters as reported in the papers selected from the literature. Among these parameters, acoustic intensity (specifically, ISPTA) emerges as a pivotal factor in sonoporation studies. Furthermore, this review delves into the exploration of the elastic modulus and its significance in sonoporation mechanisms and associated challenges. This knowledge can inform the development of more effective strategies to optimize sonoporation protocols. In summary, this review not only highlights the pressing need for a standardized approach to verify molecule entry into cells but also delves into the search for an effective frequency and acoustic intensity for in vivo and in vitro applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer treatment during pregnancy can raise many difficult questions. Currently available clinical practice guidelines offer very limited ethical guidance for healthcare professionals. This article offers a theoretical framework and a practical ethics checklist for ethical and patient-centred care. It takes a holistic view to patient treatment, care and counselling that emphasises the need to recognise the relational context of individual patient's autonomy; balance maternal and foetal beneficence obligations; balance maternalistic and relational approaches to evidence-based personalised patient care; consider protection of the vulnerable in light of responsibilities towards the unborn; and ensure reasonable and just resource allocation. At the moment, very few studies have explored clinicians' attitudes and patients' experiences when cancer treatment is delivered during pregnancy. Therefore, future work will require patient engagement to develop ethical guidance in this setting. (1) Background: Caring for pregnant cancer patients is clinically and ethically complex. There is no structured ethical guidance for healthcare professionals caring for these patients. (2) Objective: This concept paper proposes a theoretically grounded framework to support ethical and patient-centred care of pregnant cancer patients. (3) Methodological approach: The framework development was based on ethical models applicable to cancer care during pregnancy—namely principle-based approaches (biomedical ethics principles developed by Beauchamp and Childress and the European principles in bioethics and biolaw) and relational, patient-focused approaches (relational ethics, ethics of care and medical maternalism)—and informed by a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines. (4) Results: Five foundational discussion themes, summarising the key ethical considerations that should be taken into account by healthcare professionals while discussing treatment and care options with these patients, were identified. This was further developed into a comprehensive ethics checklist that can be used during clinical appointments and highlights the need for a holistic view to patient treatment, care and counselling while providing ethical, patient-centric care. (5) Conclusion: The proposed framework was further operationalised into an ethics checklist for healthcare professionals that aims to help them anticipate and address ethical concerns that may arise when attending to pregnant cancer patients. Further studies exploring clinicians' attitudes towards cancer treatment in the course of pregnancy and patient experiences when diagnosed with cancer while pregnant and wider stakeholder engagement are needed to inform the development of further ethical, patient-centred guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology can be used to treat a number of diseases, which are currently the main cause of death in the world, and allow to achieve the desired therapeutic effect for the patient. This mini-review focuses on the analysis of scientific literary sources dealing with the application of nanotechnology in the immunotherapy of diseases and covers the period from 2016 to 2022. In particular, it provides an overview of recently discovered nanotechnologies (including immunomodulatory nanosystems) used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including cancer, infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. The review also discusses the role of nanosystems in cancer immunotherapy. Additional attention is paid to nanomaterials with new structures, properties, and functions, which are used in the modern practice of treating viral and bacterial infections. A part of the paper is devoted to nanoparticles that enhance the effect of immunosuppressive cells in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The analysis performed clearly demonstrates the relevance of nanotechnologies for the use in the immunotherapy of diseases. We hope it will allow researchers to identify new areas for using nanoparticles in the treatment of diseases of various etiologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2023, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their nucleoside base modifications research that later enabled mRNA vaccine development against COVID-19. This paper briefly reviews these achievements in the context of the development of mRNA technology and its enormous potential for medicine in the prevention of various infectious diseases and cancer treatment, including personalised therapies. It is beyond any doubt that discoveries made by Karikó and Weissman were pivotal in overcoming one of the major hurdles in the practical application of mRNA molecules, i.e., the recognition of exogenous mRNAs by endosomal Toll-like receptors and downstream innate immune response, ultimately leading to the decreased translational activity of delivered mRNA and its degradation. Although the Nobel Prize for Karikó and Weissman is fully justified, it must be stressed that mRNA technology would never unfold its potential for public health without a collective scientific effort encompassing over 40 years of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The greatest cause of death worldwide continues to be cancer, a complicated set of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell development. Although early identification and therapeutic approaches have improved, the incidence of the disease is still on the rise, demanding continued study into its underlying causes and cutting-edge treatment paradigms. For creative interventions and focused medicines, the variety of cancer kinds, which are influenced by genetics, way of life, and environmental variables, poses both difficulties and opportunities. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to treat cancer with combined therapies, oncolytic viruses and Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors. We demonstrate that our model is both biologically and mathematically well-posed through the existence, the non-negativity and the boundedness of solutions. Furthermore, we study the equilibrium points as well as the stability of these equilibria. Finally, we use numerical simulations to illustrate the effect of this combined therapy on tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper looks at how AI and machine learning have been applied over the last ten years to the development of anti-cancer drugs. By speeding up the synthesis of more desirable compounds and the identification of new ones, artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated substantial contributions to the research and therapy of anti-cancer therapies. Methods: This work is a narrative review that examines numerous uses of AI-based techniques in the development of anti-cancer medications. Results: Future developments in human cancer research and treatment are anticipated to be significantly influenced by AI. Protein-interaction network analysis, drug target prediction, binding site prediction, and virtual screening are examples of innovative techniques. Drug design and screening are enhanced by machine learning, and the use of multitarget drug development approaches has made it possible to develop cancer treatments with fewer side effects. AI does, however, have several drawbacks, such as a heavy reliance on data and a narrow scope of explanation. Interpretable AI models, which combine data and computation in AI-assisted cancer treatment research, will be the new development path in the future. Conclusion: For more than thirty years, computer-aided drug design techniques have been a key component in the advancement of cancer therapies. Artificial intelligence is a new and powerful technology that has the potential to speed up, lower the cost, and improve the efficacy of anti-cancer therapy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VEGF inhibitor drugs are part of standard care in oncology and ophthalmology, but not all patients respond to them. Combinations of drugs are likely to be needed for more effective therapies of angiogenesis-related diseases. In this paper we describe naturally occurring combinations of receptors in endothelial cells that might help to understand how cells communicate and to identify targets for drug combinations. We also develop and share a new software tool called DECNEO to identify them. Single-cell gene expression data are used to identify a set of co-expressed endothelial cell receptors, conserved among species (mice and humans) and enriched, within a network, of connections to up-regulated genes. This set includes several receptors previously shown to play a role in angiogenesis. Multiple statistical tests from large datasets, including an independent validation set, support the reproducibility, evolutionary conservation and role in angiogenesis of these naturally occurring combinations of receptors. We also show tissue-specific combinations and, in the case of choroid endothelial cells, consistency with both well-established and recent experimental findings, presented in a separate paper. The results and methods presented here advance the understanding of signaling to endothelial cells. The methods are generally applicable to the decoding of intercellular combinations of signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Karolinska Institute's cancer startup innovation ecosystem is a dynamic network of stakeholders who collaborate to develop and commercialise innovative ideas and technologies in cancer research and treatment. This ecosystem has been successful in cultivating an environment of innovation and entrepreneurship, producing several successful startups in the cancer research and treatment space. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the lessons learned and best practices from the Karolinska Institute innovation ecosystem for cancer startups. The review includes a comprehensive SWOT analysis, as well as insights from interviews with stakeholders from academia, industry, and government. The SWOT analysis identified several key strengths of the Karolinska Institute innovation ecosystem for cancer startups. The interview methodology for this study involved a semi-structured approach, with open questions designed to elicit detailed and nuanced responses from the participants. The Interviews and SWOT analysis identified several key of success of the Karolinska Institute innovation ecosystem for cancer startups is due to a number of key factors, including strong leadership, collaboration, funding mechanisms, supportive policies, and infrastructure. Effective leadership is required to guide the ecosystem and foster an innovation culture. Collaboration among stakeholders is critical for knowledge sharing, resource allocation, and coordination. Funding mechanisms and infrastructure are critical for supporting R&D activities and providing startups with the resources they need to grow and succeed. To protect and incentivize innovation, supportive policies such as intellectual property laws and regulatory frameworks are required. In addition, the paper discovered that incubation programmes are critical to the success of cancer startups in the Karolinska Institute innovation ecosystem. These programmes connect startups with resources, mentorship, and networks that are critical to their growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of machine learning technologies for cancer detection purposes are rising due to their ever-increasing accuracy. Melanoma is one of the most common types of skin cancer. Detection of melanoma in the early stages can significantly prevent illness and fatal death. The application of innovative machine learning technology is highly relevant and valuable due to medical practitioners' difficulty in early-stage diagnoses. This paper provides an opensource tutorial on the performance of an algorithm that helps to diagnose melanoma by extracting features from dermatoscopic images and their classification. First, we used a DullRazor preprocessing method to remove extra details such as hair. Next, histogram adjustments and lighting thresholds were used to increase the contrast and select lesion boundaries. After using a threshold, a binary-classified version of image was obtained, and the boundary of the lesion was determined. As a result, the features from skin tissue were extracted. Finally, a comparative study was conducted between three methods which are Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). The results show that ANN could achieve better accuracy (83.5%). In order to mitigate the biases in existing studies, the source code of this research is available at hadi-naghavipour.com/ml to serve aspiring researchers for improvement, correction and learning and provide a guideline for technology manager practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The CONSORT extension for patient reported outcomes (PROs) aims to improve reporting, but guidance on the optimal integration with clinical data is lacking. This study examines in detail the reporting of PROs and clinical data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in gastro-intestinal cancer to inform design and reporting of combined PRO and clinical data from trials to improve the ‘take home’ message for clinicians to use in practice. Materials and Methods: The case study was undertaken in gastro-intestinal cancer trials. Well-conducted RCTs reporting PROs with validated instruments were identified and categorized into those combining PRO and clinical data in a single paper, or those separating data into linked primary and supplemental papers. Qualitative methods were developed to examine reporting of the critical interpretation of the trial results (trial exegesis) in the papers in relation of the PRO and clinical outcomes and applied to each publication category. Results were used to inform recommendations for practice. Results: From 1917 screened abstracts, 49 high quality RCTs were identified reported in 36 combined and 15 linked primary and supplemental papers. In-depth analysis of manuscript text identified three categories for understanding trial exegesis: where authors reported a “detailed”, “general”, or absent PRO rationale and integrated interpretation of clinical and PRO results. A total of 11 (30%) and 6 (16%) combined papers reported “detailed” PRO rationale and integrated interpretation of results although only 2 (14%) and 1 (7%) primary papers achieved the same standard respectively. Supplemental papers provide better information with 11 (73%) and 3 (20%) achieving “detailed” rationale and integrated interpretation of results. Supplemental papers, however, were published a median of 20 months after the primary RCT data in lower impact factor journals (median 16.8 versus 5.2). Conclusion: It is recommended that single papers, with detailed PRO rationale and integrated PRO and clinical data are published to optimize trial exegesis. Further work to examine whether this improves the use of PRO data to inform practice is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publication of accurate and detailed descriptions of methods in research articles involving animals is essential for health scientists to accurately interpret published data, evaluate results and replicate findings. Inadequate reporting of key aspects of experimental design may reduce the impact of studies and could act as a barrier to translation of research findings. Reporting of animal use must be as comprehensive as possible in order to take advantage of every study and every animal used. Animal models are essential to understanding and assessing new chemotherapy candidates for Chagas disease pathology, a widespread parasitic disease with few treatment options currently available. A systematic review was carried out to compare ARRIVE guidelines recommendations with information provided in publications of preclinical studies for new anti-Trypanosoma cruzi compounds. A total of 83 publications were reviewed. Before ARRIVE guidelines, 69% of publications failed to report any macroenvironment information, compared to 57% after ARRIVE publication. Similar proportions were observed when evaluating reporting of microenvironmental information (56% vs. 61%). Also, before ARRIVE guidelines publication, only 13% of papers described animal gender, only 18% specified microbiological status and 13% reported randomized treatment assignment, among other essential information missing or incomplete. Unfortunately, publication of ARRIVE guidelines did not seem to enhance reporting quality, compared to papers appeared before ARRIVE publication. Our results suggest that there is a strong need for the scientific community to improve animal use description, animal models employed, transparent reporting and experiment design to facilitate its transfer and application to the affected human population. Full compliance with ARRIVE guidelines, or similar animal research reporting guidelines, would be an excellent start in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atlas-based segmentation is used in radiotherapy planning to accelerate the delineation of organs at risk (OARs). Atlas selection has been proposed to improve the performance of segmentation, assuming that the more similar the atlas is to the patient, the better the result. It follows that the larger the database of atlases from which to select, the better the results should be. This paper seeks to estimate a clinically achievable expected performance under this assumption. Assuming a perfect atlas selection, an extreme value theory has been applied to estimate the accuracy of single-atlas and multi-atlas segmentation given a large database of atlases. For this purpose, clinical contours of most common OARs on computed tomography of the head and neck (${N}=\textsf {316}$) and thoracic (${N}=\textsf {280}$) cases were used. This paper found that while for most organs, perfect segmentation cannot be reasonably expected, auto-contouring performance of a level corresponding to clinical quality could be consistently expected given a database of 5000 atlases under the assumption of perfect atlas selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document, published in the journal Biomedicines, explores novel frontiers in cancer therapy. It discusses the molecular pathways and hallmarks of cancer progression, including angiogenesis, invasion, proliferation signaling, replicative immortality, resistance to cell death, and growth suppression evasion. The document highlights different therapeutic approaches that can disrupt these hallmarks and trigger cell death, such as blocking growth factor receptors, restoring suppressor gene function, inhibiting anti-apoptotic molecules, and disrupting metabolic pathways. The document also includes ten research papers and reviews that delve into specific therapeutic vulnerabilities and potential novel therapies for different types of cancer. [Extracted from the article]

Around the world, cancer care services are facing many operational challenges. Operations management research can provide important solutions to these challenges, from screening and diagnosis to treatment. In recent years, the growth in the number of papers published on cancer care operations management (CCOM) indicates that development has been fast. Within this context, the objective of this research was to understand the evolution of CCOM through a comprehensive study and an up-to-date bibliometric analysis of the literature. To achieve this aim, the Web of Science Core Collection database was used as the source of bibliographic records. The data-mining and quantitative tools in the software Biblioshiny were used to analyze CCOM articles published from 2010 to 2021. First, a historical analysis described CCOM research, the sources, and the subfields. Second, an analysis of keywords highlighted the significant developments in this field. Third, an analysis of research themes identified three main directions for future research in CCOM, which has 11 evolutionary paths. Finally, this paper discussed the gaps in CCOM research and the areas that require further investigation and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in Armenia. Over the past two decades, the country has seen a significant rise in cancer morbidity and mortality. This review aims to provide up-to-date info about the state of cancer control in Armenia and identify priority areas of research. The paper analyzes published literature and local and international statistical reports on Armenia and similar countries to put numbers into context. While cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment are improving, the prevalence of risk factors is still quite high and smoking is widespread. Early detection rates are low and several important screening programs are absent. Diagnosis and treatment methods are not standardized; there is a lack of treatment accessibility due to insufficient government coverage and limited availability of essential medicines. Overall, there is room for improvement in this sector, as research is limited and multidisciplinary approaches to the topic are rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several abstracts related to cancer research. They include "The Fission Yeast Cycle," "Molecular Chaperones and the Heat Response," "Genetic Prodrug Activation Therapy for Breast Cancer," "Practical Aspects of Cancer Family Clinics," and "Cancer organization-a global challenge."

Purpose: The increased efficacy of cancer treatments has led to a greater survival rate of patients with pediatric brain cancers. Therefore, it is imperative to explore the long-term consequences of therapies employed to treat pediatric brain tumors. The goal of this study was to provide a review of literature regarding the downstream psychological and psychiatric consequences experienced by adult survivors of pediatric brain cancer as a result of treatment, tumor type, or tumor location. Methods: A PubMed MeSH search and additional online database searches were conducted to include pertinent studies that discussed psychological deficits in childhood brain cancer survivors. The studies included were subjected to data extraction to quantify relevant information for further analysis. Results: A total of 17 papers with 5320 pediatric brain tumor patients were incorporated in our review. Mean age at diagnosis (8.13 ± 0.77 years), mean follow-up time (9.98 ± 3.05 years), and male-to-female ratios (1.08:1) were compiled from studies reporting this information. Incidences of depression (19 %), anxiety (20 %), suicidal ideation (10.9 %), schizophrenia and its related psychoses (9.8 %), and behavioral problem (28.7 %) were higher among pediatric brain cancer survivors than in the normal population. Craniospinal radiotherapy and/or surgery corresponded to an increased likelihood of developing adverse deficits. Astrocytomas or other glial tumors were linked to poorer outcomes. Conclusion: Physicians treating pediatric brain tumor patients should be aware of the possible consequences associated with treatment. Psychiatric monitoring is warranted in survivors of pediatric brain tumors, but further investigation is needed to elucidate late outcomes regarding tumor type and location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: International and national guidelines highlight the need for general practitioner involvement during and after active cancer treatment and throughout long-term follow-up care. This paper aimed to evaluate patients' acceptance of radiation oncology shared follow-up care using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at two cancer care centres in the Illawarra Shoalhaven region of Australia. A sample of patients scheduled for a radiation oncology follow-up consultation in 2021 were sent a 32-point self-complete paper-based survey. Data were analysed using descriptive, parametric and non-parametric statistical analysis. This paper followed the Checklist for Reporting of Survey Studies (CROSS). Results: Of the 414 surveys returned (45% response rate), the acceptance for radiation oncology shared cancer follow-up care was high (80%). Patients treated with only radiotherapy were 1.7 times more likely to accept shared follow-up care than those treated with multiple modalities. Patients who preferred follow-up care for fewer than three years were 7.5 times more likely to accept shared care than those who preferred follow-up care for five years. Patients who travelled more than 20 minutes to their radiation oncologist or to the rural cancer centre were slightly more likely to accept shared care than those who travelled less than twenty minutes to the regional cancer centre. A high understanding of shared care (Intervention Coherence) and a positive feeling towards shared care (Affective Attitude) were significant predictive factors in accepting shared radiation oncology follow-up care. Conclusion: Health services need to ensure patient preferences are considered to provide patient-centred cancer follow-up care. Shared cancer follow-up care implementation should start with patients who prefer a shorter follow-up period and understand the benefits of shared care. However, patients' involvement needs to be considered alongside other clinical risk profiles and organisational factors. Future qualitative research using the TFA constructs is warranted to inform clinical practice change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]