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Abstract: Tumor viruses are a class of pathogens with well established roles in the development of malignant diseases. Numerous bodies of work have highlighted miRNAs (microRNAs) as critical regulators of tumor pathways and it is clear that the dysregulation of cellular miRNA expression can promote tumor formation. Tumor viruses encode their own miRNAs and/or manipulate the expression of cellular miRNAs to modulate their host cell environment, thereby facilitating their respective infection cycles. The modulation of these miRNA responsive pathways, however, often influences certain signal transduction cascades in ways that favor tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the roles of virally-encoded and virally-regulated cellular miRNAs in the respective viral life cycles and in virus associated pathogenesis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Epstein Barr virus (EBV) plays a role in maintenance of the tumor phenotype in a number of human cancers. The EBV latency replication factor, EBNA1, is required for persistence of the EBV episome, is anti-apoptotic, and is universally expressed in all EBV-associated tumors. Here, we show that EBNA1-specific siRNAs can inhibit EBNA1 expression and function. siRNAs were generated against three target sites in the EBNA1 messenger RNA, and two of these were found to inhibit EBNA1 expression from an ectopic EBNA1 expression cassette. EBNA1 siRNAs also inhibit endogenously expressed EBNA1 in EBV-positive epithelial and B-cell lines. Using a mini-EBV replication model, siRNA-mediated inhibition of EBNA1 expression suppressed the episomal maintenance function of EBNA1. Lastly, introduction of an EBNA1 siRNA into an EBV-positive tumor cell line inhibited tumor cell growth/survival. These data suggest that siRNAs against EBNA1 may have therapeutic value in EBV-associated diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with hematopoietic malignancies, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The current approach for EBVassociated lymphoma involves chemotherapy to eradicate cancer cells, however, normal cells may be injured and organ dysfunction may occur with currently employed regimens. This research is focused on employing arsenic trioxide (ATO) as EBV-specific cancer therapy takes advantage of the fact the EBV resides within the malignant cells. Methods and results: Our research reveals that low ATO inhibits EBV gene expression and genome replication. EBV spontaneous reactivation starts as early as 6 h after re-suspending EBV-positive Mutu cells in RPMI media in the absence of ATO, however this does not occur in Mutu cells cultured with ATO. ATO's inhibition of EBV spontaneous reactivation is dose dependent. The expression of the EBV immediate early gene Zta and early gene BMRF1 is blocked with low concentrations of ATO (0.5 nM - 2 nM) in EBV latency type I cells and EBV-infected PBMC cells. The combination of ATO and ganciclovir further diminishes EBV gene expression. ATO-mediated reduction of EBV gene expression can be rescued by co-treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, indicating that ATO promotes ubiquitin conjugation and proteasomal degradation of EBV genes. Co-immunoprecipitation assays with antibodies against Zta pulls down more ubiquitin in ATO treated cell lysates. Furthermore, MG132 reverses the inhibitory effect of ATO on anti-IgM-, PMA- and TGF-β-mediated EBV reactivation. Thus, mechanistically ATO's inhibition of EBV gene expression occurs via the ubiquitin pathway. Moreover, ATO treatment results in increased cell death in EBV-positive cells compared to EBV-negative cells, as demonstrated by both MTT and trypan blue assays. ATO-induced cell death in EBV-positive cells is dose dependent. ATO and ganciclovir in combination further enhances cell death specifically in EBV-positive cells. Conclusion: ATO-mediated inhibition of EBV lytic gene expression results in cell death selectively in EBV-positive lymphocytes, suggesting that ATO may potentially serve as a drug to treat EBV-related lymphomas in the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]