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The passage grave of El Teriñuelo is located in the village of Aldeavieja de Tormes (province of Salamanca). It is part of one of the most important and well-documented megalithic areas of inner Iberian Peninsula. Since before 1930 several archaeological works have taken place at this passage grave, thanks to which it has been possible to reconstruct parts of its ‘biography’. The last excavation season, conducted by the authors of this paper in 2005, discovered new evidences of the use sequence and, mainly, of the closure event of this monument. In this paper the archaeological remains of this single ritual ceremony will be presented within the context of the different use phases of the dolmen, with a biographic approach which attempts to deal with the complex superposition of ritual practices of the ‘life-history’ of this important ceremonial and burial centre., El dolmen de El Teriñuelo, ubicado en el municipio de Aldeavieja de Tormes, forma parte de uno de los focos megalíticos más nutridos y mejor documentados de la provincia de Salamanca. Este sepulcro de corredor ha sido objeto de numerosas intervenciones arqueológicas que, desde fechas anteriores a 1930, han ido desgranando partes de su historia. Los resultados de la última campaña de excavación, que fue llevada a cabo por los firmantes de este artículo en 2005, han permitido completar su secuencia de utilización, gracias al hallazgo de nuevas evidencias de su uso y, en particular, de su clausura. A lo largo de este trabajo, se presentarán las distintas manifestaciones arqueológicas de este singular evento ritual, dentro del contexto de las distintas fases de ocupación del dolmen y partiendo de un enfoque biográfico que permita mostrar la compleja sucesión de prácticas que se han ido enmascarando y superponiendo a lo largo de toda la ‘vida’ de este importante centro funerario y ceremonial.

To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the megalithic necropolis of Petit-Chasseur in Sion (Valais, Switzerland), an international conference was organised from the 27th to the 29th of October 2011 in Sion. This book constitutes the conference proceedings. The necropolis of Petit-Chasseur still remains a key reference for the understanding of the Final Neolithic period, not only in the Alpine countries, but also throughout Europe. The scientific meeting therefore focused on the end of the Neolithic period in Valais and in the adjacent regions, on the Bell Beaker phenomenon in general, on the funerary rites of this period, and on the anthropology of megalithic societies. The conference was attended by nearly two hundred people, students, junior and senior scholars from many countries including Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Morocco, the Netherlands, Poland, the Czech Republic and Switzerland. The present publication includes twenty-five papers referring to the periods represented at the Petit-Chasseur necropolis, namely the end of the Neolithic, the Bell Beaker period and the beginning of the Early Bronze Age. In addition to a preface, a first group of papers – eight in total – deal directly with the Petit Chasseur Site in Sion and the end of the Neolithic in the Alps. A second group of articles constitute the section titled "The Final Neolithic and the Bell Beaker Culture in Europe and beyond". This section is composed of fifteen articles presenting the results of archaeological, anthropological, botanical, and zooarchaeological analyses of Europe and Northern Africa. The conclusion drawn from the analysis is invariably the same. It is only possible to back our explicative constructions if we establish a serious dialogue with the field of cultural anthropology and if we construct a real science of the human facts, which is far from being achieved currently, even by ethnologists. The third part of this publication, which consists of two papers and is titled "Societies and Megaliths", offers a discussion on megalith building societies that reflects on and develops this conclusion.

The difficulties related to our understanding of the Bell Beaker phenomenon are mainly due to the huge geographical area covered and the presence of pan-European features in conjunction with purely regional components. To consider only ceramics, both decorated and undecorated pots are found. The latter have forms which sometimes proceed from the late Neolithic or, on the contrary, may be new. These are the Begleitkeramik or so-called "common" or "accompanying" pottery. We propose to approach the question of the genesis of the Bell Beaker phenomenon - the general theme of all our papers — by the analysis of the "common" pottery. For this paper only four ceramic types are retained, markers of different types of behaviour in both their geographic distribution and their origins. They are pots whose edge is marked by a cord impression and a row of perforations, those with a nail-incised decoration, the polypod vase and the single-handled jug., Les difficultés liées à la compréhension du Campaniforme sont dues notamment à l'extension géographique très vaste de ce complexe, par la présence d'éléments paneuropéens et, conjointement, de composantes uniquement régionales. Pour ne parler que de la céramique, le Campaniforme se compose de vases décorés et non décorés. Ces derniers ont des formes qui peuvent être issues du Néolithique final ou au contraire, être nouvelles. Il s'agit de la Begleitkeramik ou de la céramique dite commune ou d'accompagnement. Nous proposons d'aborder la question de la genèse du Campaniforme — thème général de l'ensemble de nos communications - par l'analyse de la céramique commune. Nous retiendrons dans cette contribution uniquement quatre types céramiques, marqueurs de comportements différents, tant dans leurs répartitions géographiques que dans leurs origines. Il s 'agit des poteries dont le bord est souligné par un cordon et une rangée de perforations, du décor à l'ongle, de la coupe polypode et du pichet à une anse., Besse Marie. Des Campaniformes européens au Campaniforme méditerranéen. In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 101, n°2, 2004. pp. 215-222.

One of symbolic roles of Neolithic long houses in central Europe might have been burial of ancestors. There is no solid evidence for the funerary function of long houses, however, it is commonly assumed (Bradley 2001). Already during their dwelling function some houses were possibly used for primary deposition of remains of ancestors. The burials were later in the time of abandonment of the house removed elsewhere or remained resting inside the building. This is the process of transformation from the house of living to the house of dead. The main purpose of the second part of the paper is to discuss the question on missing evidence of barrows of the late Eneolithic Corded Ware and Bell Beaker period in Central Europe. Variety of problems of demographic representation of cemeteries, burial customs and spatial structure of funerary areas are connected to the missing barrows. I emphasise the variability of late Eneolithic funerary monuments, including the discussion on burial chambers and circular ditches, yet another type of funerary construction without an earthed mound that may be described as houses of dead. Un des rôles symboliques des maisons allongées néolithiques d’Europe centrale a pu être celui de tombe des ancêtres. Il n’existe pas de preuve formelle de la fonction funéraire des maisons danubiennes, toutefois, celle-ci est fréquemment considérée comme possible (Bradley 2001). Durant leur phase d’utilisation comme habitat, certaines maisons ont sans doute été utilisées comme lieu d’inhumation des restes des ancêtres. Lors de l’abandon de ces habitats, les sépultures ont été soit déplacées soit laissées à l’intérieur des constructions. Ceci est le processus de transformation des maisons des vivants en maison des morts. L’objectif de la seconde partie de cet article est de discuter de la question de l’absence de tertres funéraires en Europe centrale lors du Néolithique cordé et du Campaniforme. Différents problèmes, tels que la représentation démographique des nécropoles, les pratiques funéraires et la structure spatiale des espaces funéraires, sont liés à la question des tertres absents. Je me concentre ici sur la variabilité des monuments funéraires de la fin du Néolithique, en incluant une discussion sur les chambres funéraires et enceintes, un autre type de construction funéraire dépourvu de tertre et qui peut être décrit comme maison des morts.

The Republic site is located on the edge of a small coastal cliff at Talmont-Saint-Hilaire in Vendée (France). It is part of an extensive Bell Beaker settlement along the Vendée coast comprising of almost fifteen sites or possible sites over several kilometers. After the discovery of the Republic site in 1968 by Roger Joussaume, several archaeological excavations have been conducted between 1988 and 2015 (Bertrand Poissonnier in 1988, Jean-Maurice Gilbert in 1990, Henri Gandois and Lolita Rousseau in 2014 and 2015). Due to its geographical location, archaeological remains appear regularly on the surface or in cliff sections because of erosion. This paper is an overview of discoveries made in the last 50 years relating to this Bell Beaker settlement area (dated from the end of the late Neolithic to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age), which is characterized by a significant pottery corpus. One of the largest of north-west France, it comprises of 2044 sherds and 13.5 kilograms, at least 140 vessels. This includes 59 Bell Beaker vessels decorated with shell and comb printing, 35 cordoned vessels, two bowls and one spoon. 2 582 lithic artifacts made from small coastal pebbles and vein quartz using bipolar flaking as well as ground stone tools attest to knapping and domestic activities with several small knapping areas being identified. The site also shows some evidence of early copper metalworking including metallic slags and two possible features (although these could also have been features relating to salt production) during the early surveys and excavations. The latest archaeological excavation has shown that the metalworking took place on the site using a previously undocumented technique for the Atlantic façade, namely the smelting of ore in a furnace-vessel. Recent excavations have also provided the opportunity to make a comprehensive study of all of the artifacts, including those that have remained unpublished and to carry out use wear analysis on chipped stone tools, radiocarbon dating and analyses on cuprous elements and organic residues. The site located on the coast could be a short term and extensive domestic occupation. The geographical situation favors specialized activities such as metalworking and a possible salt production and/ or subsistence on foreshore with access to lithic (pebbles, etc.), and fishing resources (shells, fish, etc.), as well as to a navigable network that has undoubtedly fostered trade. It is noteworthy that the few Bell Beaker sites with attested metalworking are located in coastal areas, with the hypothesis that copper ores originated from the Iberian Peninsula. These sites would also have been settlements as metalworking was generally carried out within a domestic context. At Republic, the main domestic area seems to lie outside of the perimeter of the various excavations, unless it has simply disappeared due to coastal erosion, the cliff face having retreated more than 8 meters in the last 30 years. The ongoing documentation of these sites by regular surveying and rescue excavations within the context of coastal erosion, will contribute to a better understanding of the many sites on the Atlantic coast., Le site de la République est localisé en bordure de microfalaise à Talmont-Saint-Hilaire en Vendée (France). Il s’intègre au sein d’un vaste réseau d’occupations campaniformes observable tout le long du littoral vendéen, où près d’une quinzaine de sites sont attestés. Il a été découvert en 1968 par R. Joussaume suite à des prospections de surface et a fait l’objet de plusieurs opérations archéologiques de sauvetage entre 1988 et 2015 (B. Poissonnier en 1988, J.-M. Gilbert en 1990, H. Gandois et L. Rousseau en 2014 et 2015). En effet, il fait face à une érosion marine constante faisant apparaître très régulièrement des vestiges en surface ou en coupe de falaise. Cet article permet de faire le point sur cinquante années de découvertes effectuées sur cette vaste occupation attribuée à la culture campaniforme. Cette dernière se caractérise par un important lot de céramiques (l’un des plus conséquents pour le nord-ouest de la France : vases décorés à la coquille et au peigne et vases à cordons) et de pièces lithiques (débitage par percussion posée sur enclume, outils macrolithiques liés à des activités domestiques et de taille et amas de débitage), mais aussi par des indices d’une métallurgie cuprifère précoce. Cette dernière a été reconnue dès les interventions anciennes par la présence de scories et de deux structures possiblement associées (même si l’hypothèse de structures à sel peut être aussi suggérée). Les dernières fouilles ont permis de montrer que cette activité a été menée in situ par le biais d’une technique inédite pour la façade atlantique, à savoir la réduction du minerai dans un vase-four. Enfin, les fouilles récentes ont été l’occasion d’apporter un nouveau regard sur ce site majeur, d’étudier l’intégralité du mobilier archéologique dont une grande partie était restée jusqu’alors inédite, ainsi que de réaliser de nouvelles analyses scientifiques (tracéologie, datation 14C, analyses des éléments cuivreux et des résidus de cuisson dans les céramiques)., Rousseau Lolita, Gandois Henri, Favrel Quentin, Cuenca solana David, Dupont Catherine, Garnier Nicolas, Guéret Colas, Laforge Marine, Poissonnier Bertrand, Vigneau T. Cinquante ans après la découverte : état des connaissances et apport des fouilles récentes sur le site campaniforme de la République à Talmont- Saint-Hilaire (Vendée). In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 117, n°1, 2020. pp. 47-84.

The building of the high-speed rail track linking the Rhine to the Rhone led to the discovery of two Bell Beaker burials in an Iron Age cemetery located in the plain to the east of Dijon. The Tilles plain is an alluvial environment, shaped by the valleys of the Tille and the Ouche and populated since Late Prehistory, particularly during the Bell Beaker and Early Bronze periods, which have yielded settlements located on the rivers. These burials are the first funerary features discovered in the area.The two Bell Beaker cremation burials excavated at Genlis "le Nicolot" are remarkable, as still too little is known of the funerary practices of the period in the east of France and in particular in Burgundy. Few Bell Beaker cremation burials are documented in Western Europe, whereas this practice is well known in Central Europe and the Genlis burials underline the strong cultural links with this area. The Genlis cremations are unprecedented in an area where until now only individual inhumations have been found.One of the burials has a remarkable funerary monument, with a complex layout of corner posts connected by shallow side pits. This architecture delimits a quadrangular space 1.4 m long and 1.2 m wide. The remains of a cremation, certainly originally located in the middle of the monument, were found scattered in the fill of the features that delimit it. The cremation contained two beakers with corded decoration and the remains of an ox skull. The painstaking excavation of this funerary monument and the micro-morphological analyses carried out on the ditch fill provide new data, which has contributed to precise reconstructions of the architecture and the funerary space. The detailed analysis of the bone material in the fill of the post holes and the monument's boundary pits, has also identified unburnt animal offerings, including a bovid skull, which again refers to funerary practices attested from the Final Neolithic and Bell Beaker graves in Central Europe or in the Rhine area as well as in Britain.This cremation has yielded two beakers with corded motifs and a set of animal bones that may have been offerings. Goblets with corded decor are rare in Burgundy and bear witness to an early Bell Beaker phase that is still difficult to define from a chrono-cultural point of view, but for which corded influences seem more than likely. This early Bell Beaker phase has also been highlighted in the area of Genlis with typical features identified at the sites of Labergement-Foigney, "les Côtes-Robin" and Genlis, "la Moussenière". These features represent the first stages of an occupation that develops during the second half of the Bell Beaker phase and the Early Bronze Age.The other burial is located in a shallow square pit interpreted as a small wooden chest. The pit housed the cremated remains, which were contained in a perishable envelope and the accompanying grave goods. These are similar to the typical Bell Beaker funerary sets containing a vessel with a Burgundian-Jurassian comb decoration, an archer's cuff made of schist, a small copper dagger and a flint tool, which was probably a lighter. The dagger with its relatively atypical shape is without doubt the oldest metal object found in a funerary context in Burgundy. Unfortunately, the metallographic analyses carried out on this object have not pinpointed the origin of the ore used in its manufacture.These two burials provide important new information on Bell Beaker funerary practices within a regional chrono-cultural framework, in establishing links between central Eastern France and Central Europe. Funerary monuments, which are delimited by corner posts remain rare in France and show connections with Central Europe where this type of architecture built to house cremation burials, is more frequent.The cultural links between Central and Eastern France and Central Europe are only part of the story, as there are other probable links with northern Europe, but also the Netherlands and Britain, where funerary practices similar to those at Genlis have also been identified.These burials have shed new light on the role of Burgundy within the Bell Beaker group. They have also contributed to clarifying the place of Burgundy in the Bell Beaker network, as it transpires that this area played an important role as a buffer zone between the eastern Bell Beaker group influenced by Central and, to a lesser extent, Northern Europe, and the Atlantic Bell Beaker group, for which the cultural links are less obvious. In fact, the so-called Maritime pottery types are not found in the region.This paper provides detailed analysis of two exceptional and unprecedented Western European Bell Beaker tombs, which also raise the question of the longevity of certain funerary sites used from the beginning of the Bronze Age to the end of the Iron Age, as attested by other local necropolises., A l'occasion des travaux liés à la réalisation de la ligne à grande vitesse Rhin-Rhône dans les plaines de l'Est dijonnais, deux tombes ont été mises au jour dans le secteur d'une nécropole de l'âge du Fer. Les deux sépultures à crémation découvertes à Genlis « le Nicolot » constituent des témoignages exceptionnels pour cette période encore méconnue en ce qui concerne les pratiques funéraires dans l'Est de la France et en Bourgogne. Jusqu'à présent, ce type de tombe est très peu attesté dans l'Ouest de l'Europe et les sépultures de Genlis témoignent de liens culturels avec l'Europe centrale où les crémations sont mieux documentées.La première sépulture se caractérise par un monument funéraire remarquable, réalisé sur poteaux de bois et livre deux gobelets à décor à la cordelette et des offrandes animales. Les gobelets décorés à la cordelette sont très rares en Bourgogne et témoigneraient d'une phase précoce du Campaniforme encore difficile à définir sur le plan chrono-culturel mais pour laquelle les influences cordées paraissent plus que probables. La fouille fine complète de cette tombe et les analyses micromorphologiques effectuées sur le remplissage des fossés du monument apportent ici des données encore rares permettant d'envisager des reconstitutions précises de l'architecture et de l'espace funéraire. L'analyse détaillée du mobilier osseux retrouvé en position secondaire, piégé dans le remplissage des trous de poteaux et des fosses de délimitation du monument, montre également la présence de restes animaux non brûlés, parmi lesquels un crâne de bovidé faisant encore référence à des pratiques funéraires attestées du Néolithique final au Bronze ancien en Europe centrale ou dans les régions rhénanes (restes de banquet cérémonial, ornementation de la tombe ou encore dépôt alimentaire pour le défunt ?).Dans la fosse de la deuxième sépulture ont été déposés les restes d'une crémation, contenus dans une enveloppe péris-sable et accompagnés d'une dotation funéraire, composée d'un vase à décor au peigne de style bourguignon-jurassien, d'un brassard d'archer en schiste, d'un petit poignard en cuivre et d'un outil en silex de type briquet. Le poignard, de type court à languette triangulaire, est sans doute l'objet métallique le plus ancien trouvé en contexte funéraire en Bourgogne.Ces deux tombes apportent des données considérables sur les pratiques funéraires du Campaniforme et sur le cadre chrono-culturel régional. La place et le rôle de la Bourgogne dans le Campaniforme peuvent ainsi être précisés.

This paper assesses and revises the ceramic typology and the absolute chronology of the Final Neolithic, Bell Beaker period, and Early Bronze Age settlements of the Upper Rhône valley (3300-1600 BCE). It brings together the acquisition of complete numerical and typological data on the ceramic assemblages and the recalibration of the available 14C dates published so far in the literature. First, it presents in detail each site and its occupation phases and provides quantitative and qualitative information on the pottery material for each examined archaeological context. These include the exact number of potsherds/ vases and their main morpho-typological features. It then homogenizes the radiocarbon database by applying the same calibration curve to each date before executing statistical analyses, i.e. chi-squared tests and Bayesian analysis. This leads to the definition of six groups of dates that could correspond to contemporaneous occupations. Thirdly, it examines the recurrence of the ceramic typological traits for each of these groups. Finally, it outlines a chrono-typology for the Final Neolithic, Bell Beaker period, and Early Bronze Age settlements of the Upper Rhône valley, providing a complete, updated view of the situation in the region.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados relacionados con los niveles prehistóricos documentados durante la excavación de urgencia desarrollada en la finca de El Arsenal (Elche, Alicante). Durante esta intervención se documentó una estructura de carácter doméstico a la cual se asociaban un conjunto de estructuras subsidiarias, así como diferentes artefactos que permiten definir las características de una unidad doméstica de cronología campaniforme, así como las relaciones mantenidas con su entorno más inmediato. Este conjunto de evidencias permite caracterizar, por primera vez, a las comunidades humanas asentadas en el Bajo Vinalopó a mediados del III milenio cal BC a partir de sólidas bases cronoestratigráficas. This paper presents the results of the prehistoric levels documented during the commercial excavation carried out at the El Arsenal estate (Elche, Alicante). During this intervention, a domestic structure was documented to which a set of subsidiary structures were associated. These structures, as well as the different artefacts recovered, allow us to define the characteristics of a domestic unit with a Bell Beaker chronology, as well as the relationships maintained with its most immediate surroundings. This set of evidence makes it possible to characterise, for the first time, the human communities settled in the Bajo Vinalopó in the middle of the 3rd millennium cal BC on the basis of solid chronostratigraphic bases. Este trabajo ha sido realizado dentro del proyecto HAR 2016-76586-P Espacios sociales y espacios de frontera durante el Calcolítico y la Edad del Bronce en el este de la península Ibérica, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España.

espanolEn este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la excavacion arqueologica de urgencia en el yacimiento de El Arsenal (Elche). El estudio se centra en los niveles campaniformes –Calcolitico final–, en concreto en las estructuras constructivas y su relacion con el espacio domestico y areas de actividad. Este asentamiento se une a otras evidencias de este mismo momento y permite ahondar en los patrones de ocupacion del territorio durante la segunda mitad del III milenio cal BC. EnglishIn this paper, the results of the emergency archaeological excavation carried out at the El Arsenal (Elche) site are presented. The study focuses on the Bell-Beaker levels –Late Chalcolithic–, specifically in the constructive structures and their relationship with the domestic space and areas of activity. This settlement joins other evidence of this same moment and allows to examine the land occupation patterns during the second half of the III millennium BC.

The paper analyzes the Bell Beaker graves with female burials from three sites located near one another in the region of Madrid. The study addresses the female presence within contexts that have traditionally been considered mainly male. The variability of their grave goods and burial rituals and their identification in primary and secondary, single or collective inhumations, is also analyzed. Their associations with male adult individuals and/ or children are reviewed, and the social role of women buried with daggers in significant graves is discussed. Although the sample is quantitatively insufficient, its variability at least allows us to refute previons claims about the numerical superiority of male graves that have been made without any empirical support. We conclude with a discussion of why there are fewer women in Bell Beaker tombs than in contemporaneous tombs without Bell Beakers., El trabajo analiza las tumbas campaniformes con inhumaciones femeninas de tres yacimientos próximos entre sí localizados en la región de Madrid, destacando su presencia en unos contextos que tradicionalmente se han considerado básicamente masculinos. Se registra también la variabilidad de estos contextos, en sus ajuares y en los rituales de inhumación, sean individuales o colectivos y en posiciones primarias o secundarias. Así mismo, se revisan sus asociaciones a individuos masculinos adultos y /o a infantiles, y se discute la asociación de mujeres en tumbas relevantes con puñales. Aunque la muestra es cuantitativamente insuficiente, la variedad del registro nos permite, al menos, desmontar ciertas afirmaciones que se han venido repitiendo sin ningún apoyo empírico sobre la rotunda superioridad numérica de tumbas campaniformes con inhumaciones masculinas. Pero más allá de la recopilación de estos datos es importante reflexionar sobre el porqué de la menor presencia de mujeres con respecto a los hombres en las manifestaciones funerarias de los grupos campaniformes cuando en las tumbas coetáneas no campaniformes es precisamente la mujer la que suele estar mejor representada.

En este trabajo se analiza la vajilla campaniforme del yacimiento del Peñón de la Zorra. Este estudio examina diferentes variables, desde las características morfológicas hasta la variabilidad estilística. La interpretación de este singular conjunto de vasos decorados se hace tomando en consideración el contexto arqueológico e histórico en el cual fue documentado, por lo que se consideran tanto los contextos de aparición como otros yacimientos del Alto Vinalopó (Alicante, España). This paper analyses the Bell-Beaker pottery record recovered at the Peñón de la Zorra. This study focuses on several variables, from the morphological characteristics to the stylistic variability. The significance of this unique set of decorated vessels can only be fully understood by also looking at the archaeological and historical contexts in which it was found, so other deposits noted in the Alto Vinalopó (Alicante, Spain) are also considered.

In terms of funerary archaeology, the Bell Beaker period in Europe exhibits two main burial complexes: collective burials in the West and single graves in the East. This study focuses on the implication of stone wristguards, as well as other objects associated with archery, included in select single inhumation burials of the Eastern complex. Such stone wristguards are currently interpreted as a piece of protective equipment used by archers; however their fabrications in stone and the overall lack of evidence for usage raises the question of practicality. Were these wristguards used in the everyday lives of warriors or were they symbolic? And were the individuals interred with these wristguards archers themselves? Answering these questions could address a bigger question concerning the presence of a social class of archers and its implications towards the importance of warfare at a time of transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. In order to respond to these questions, this paper first examines the evidence and the archaeological perspective on archery and warfare throughout the Neolithic, culminating in the Bell Beaker period. This is followed by an anthropological approach attempting to identify specialized archery from the osteological remains of 27 Bell Beaker individuals from Bohemia (Czech Republic), 10 of whom were buried in the presence of stone wristguards thus classifying them as "suspected archers". Anthropological analyses involved integrating the human biomechanics of archery with classifications of entheseal changes in order to postulate on an individual’s likelihood of having been a specialized archer. While these analyses revealed minimal differences between specific points on the skeletons of the suspected and non-suspected archers, the suspected archers do share some common characteristics. This study validates the use of anthropological analyses in identifying specialized archers. These results also indicate that the individuals interred with stone wristguards were likely archers themselves. Identifying a specialized archer in the presence of artisanal archery goods provides additional evidence for a class of archers during the Bell Beaker period., Journal of Neolithic Archaeology, 2018 (Special Issue 4): Think global, act local! Bell Beakers in Europe

La transition du Néolithique à l’âge du Bronze dans l’Ouest de l’Europe est marquée par de nombreux changements. Dès la fin du Néolithique, le phénomène campaniforme se répand dans la majeure partie du continent et en homogénéise les pratiques culturelles. La fin du IIIe millénaire av. J.-C. voit de plus l’avènement d’une nouvelle hiérarchisation sociale, visible dans les pratiques funéraires. En Bretagne, les découvertes récentes permettent de renouveler notre compréhension de cette période. Elles nous permettent de plus de s’interroger sur la nature des relations entretenues par la Bretagne avec d’autres régions du Nord-Ouest de l’Europe. Pour le démontrer, cet article va comparer la Bretagne avec deux autres régions richement documentées : Les Pays-Bas et le Sud de l’Angleterre. The transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age in Northwestern Europe is marked by many changes. At the end of the Neolithic, the Bell Beaker phenomenon spreads across much of the continent and homogenizes the cultural practices. The end of the third millennium B.C. sees the introduction of a new social hierarchy, apparent in funeral practices. In Brittany, recent evidence allows us to renew our understanding of this period. Furthermore, it allows us to question the nature of the relationships maintained between Brittany and other regions of the Northwestern Europe. To demonstrate this, this paper will compare Brittany and two well documented areas: the Netherlands and Southern England.

En el presente trabajo reflexionamos sobre diferentes aspectos relacionados con la violencia intergrupal o interpersonal durante el Calcolítico peninsular a través de algunas evidencias arqueológicas, además de presentar otros registros antropológicos inéditos. Especial atención merecen una serie de lesiones en hueso causadas por actos violentos que han sido documentadas en dos yacimientos calcolíticos madrileños, como son Camino de las Yeseras y Humanejos y al que se le añade otro posible caso encontrado en la necrópolis de Ciempozuelos. Del primer yacimiento se valoran diferentes registros en una fosa con una inhumación múltiple que acoge a un posible grupo familiar asociado a numerosas puntas de flecha y cuya causa de muerte pudo estar en relación con un episodio violento. Mucho más evidentes son las lesiones que presentan otros dos varones campaniformes: un individuo madurosenil de Camino de las Yeseras con una fractura y acusada desviación de los nasales que podría ser un indicio de un enfrentamiento interpersonal, mientras que otro varón adulto de Humanejos fue víctima de un contundente golpe en el frontal ante mortem, posiblemente golpeado con una azuela o hachita de cobre. Estos casos permiten intuir la existencia de conflictos inter o intragrupales más o menos organizados. Por otra parte se justifica la construcción de defensas arquitectónicas en una serie de yacimientos peninsulares, las cuales están asociadas a un considerable número de puntas de proyectil localizadas en sus accesos, tramos de murallas y en talleres próximos a ellas. Durante el Calcolítico, la necesidad de garantizar la seguridad de estas comunidades prehistóricas hace que la producción de las puntas en sílex y posteriormente en metal (Palmela) sean un recurso armamentístico de primer rango, siendo secundario su empleo en las actividades cinegéticas, como quedan avalados por los estudios arqueofaunísticos. También se discute el empleo de útiles habituales recuperados en los horizontes habitacionales como testimonios de actos de violencia, muy probablemente, surgidos por las propias desavenencias cotidianas o intergrupales. Todos estos procesos desembocan en el surgimiento de panoplias armamentísticas en el horizonte campaniforme en el que, aunque con discutida funcionalidad, su exhibición y amortización en las tumbas se hace muy patente, This study focuses on aspects related to interpersonal or intergroup violence during the Iberian Chalcolithic by discussing some archaeological evidences which have not been thoroughly evaluated to date. Particular attention is given to a series of injuries observed in some burials, which in the light of recent anthropological and paleopathological studies are becoming more numerous and diverse. Besides reviewing some papers and proposals on bone injuries resulting from acts of violence, new documented evidences are offered from the study of two Chalcolithic burials in Madrid: Camino de las Yeseras and Humanejos and related to an old one from the cemetery of Ciempozuelos. In the first of these sites, a multiple inhumation in a pit has been documented. It contains a possible family group associated with flint arrow heads intermingled with the skeletons and they seem to be related to the violent death of the group in a short space of time. Far more striking are the injuries found on two Bell Beaker males, one of them from Camino de las Yeseras, a senile with broken and deviated nasal bones, probably due to an interpersonal conflict. The second example, from Humanejos, is a 30 year old male who was a victim of a major traumatic injury to the forehead ante mortem. It was possibly caused by a copper adze or small axe, due to a face-to-face conflict. Both cases seem to suggest that, interpersonal or intergroup violence during the Iberian Chalcolithic is not infrequent. Also the archaeological record is revealing the existence of defensive architectures in several sites, where a considerable amount of arrow heads have been recovered in entrances, walls and workshops. These circumstances and the increase of arrow heads also in some ditched enclosures could explain their productions as primary defensive and offensive artefacts and later on the emergence of the first copper Palmela arrow heads in Iberia. Otherwise, as the archaeozoological studies of some chalcolithic sites reveal, that the increasing frequency of the flint arrow heads productions are not necessarily related to the rise of hunting activities during the 3rd millennium. It is also discussed the use of some metal tools as weapons during the Bell Beaker horizon as they only appear in household contexts and the functionality of some of the Beaker “package” items from tombs as weapons

En este artículo se presenta la vajilla campaniforme de las comarcas de L’Alcoià y El Comtat a través de un trabajo de recopilación bibliográfica y presentación de nuevos materiales procedentes de excavaciones, rebuscas y prospecciones, todos ellos depositados en el Museu Arqueològic Municipal Camil Visedo Moltó de Alcoy, el Centre d’Estudis Contestans y el Museu Arqueològic d’Ontinyent i la Vall d’Albaida. El estudio se ha elaborado desde de la perspectiva del Estilo cerámico con el objetivo de sistematizar el trabajo de análisis y comparación de las formas, técnicas y decoraciones. En aquest article es presenta la vaixella campaniforme de les comarques de l’Alcoià i el Comtat a través d’un treball de recopilació bibliogràfic i presentació de nous materials procedents d’excavacions, rebusques i prospeccions, tots ells depositats al Museu Arqueològic Municipal Camil Visedo Moltó d’Alcoi, al Centre d’Estudis Contestans i al Museu Arqueològic d’Ontinyent i la Vall d’Albaida. L’estudi s’ha elaborat des de la perspectiva de l’Estil ceràmic amb l’objectiu de sistematitzar el treball de càlcul i comparació de les formes, tècniques i decoracions. This paper presents the beaker pottery from the L’Alcoià and El Comtat regions through a bibliographical compilation and presentation of new materials from excavation and prospecting works, all deposited in Museu Arqueològic Municipal Camil Visedo Moltó of Alcoy, Centre d’Estudis Contestans and Museu Arqueològic d’Ontinyent i la Vall d’Albaida. A study has been performed from the perspective of style with the aim of systematizing analysis and comparison of forms, techniques and decorations. Parte de este trabajo se la realizado en el seno del proyecto I+D+i “HAR2016-76586-P Espacios sociales y espacios frontera durante el Calcolítico y la Edad del Bronce en el Levante de la península Ibérica” financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad y el FEDER.

Neste artigo vamos mostrar um conjunto de taças e fontes com decoraçao campaniforme procedentes do sítio arqueologico do Cerro de la Encina (Monachil, Granada) localizados em diferentes espaços que permaneceu inédito até agora. A abordagem tecnológica feita por estereoscopia nos permitiu distinguir duas areas de matérias-primas localizadas nos espaços imediatos, mas também aprofundar a existência de um povoado anterior sobre esses estágios mais conhecidos – como são o Bronze Argárico e o Bronze Final do Sudeste –, menor do que nas fases subsequentes. Observando os caracteres formais, as técnicas e os motivos decorativos comproba-se sua relaçao com as fases recentes do Cobre del Sureste. Assim, a situaçao do Cerro de la Encina responde a un povoado cujas elites económicas e sociais possuem, como assim fizeram no Cerro de la Virgen e Los Millares, um controle de produção desta cerâmica campaniforme. In this paper we present a group of Bell-Baker ceramics from Cerro de la Encina (Monachil, Granada), found in different areas of the site. These sherds have remained unpublished until now. The technological approach carried out by stereoscopy allowed us to differentiate three raw material catchment areas located in the nearby geological context. The existence of a Chalcolithic settlement, smaller than later and better known Argaric and Final Bronze Age sites – is also suggested by this analysis. Through their formal features and technical and decorative motifs, we can ascribe them to the Recent Copper Age Southeast Beaker style. Thereby, Cerro de la Encina is proposed as a Late Chalcolithic central settlement whose economic and social elites would exert control of production and consume of Bell-Baker pottery, as occurs in other sites of the Southeast such as the Cerro de la Virgen and Los Millares. Proyectos de investigación Dieta y Movilidad en la Prehistoria Reciente de Andalucía. Un estudio de la jerarquización social a partir del registro funerario (P12-HUM-1510), financiado por la Consejería de Economía, Innovación, Ciencia y Empleo de la Junta de Andalucía, y por el proyecto Estrategias agropecuarias y consumo en la Edad del Bronce del Sur de la Península Ibérica. Análisis de Plantas, Animales y Restos Humanos (HAR2016-80057-P), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.

This paper offers an overview of the Bell Beaker metallurgy in Madrid. This is a renewed vision thanks to data provided by the recent excavations in Camino de las Yeseras, a big settlement whose funerary contexts do not match the known conventions in these graves, for example, weapons – absent in the grave goods – are replaced with gold ornaments and other items made in exotic raw materials., El trabajo ofrece una visión renovada de la metalurgia del Horizonte campaniforme en Madrid a partir de los datos que aportan las recientes intervenciones en el yacimiento de Camino de las Yeseras. Sus contextos funerarios no se ajustan a los convencionalismos conocidos para estas tumbas pues las armas ausentes en los ajuares singulares son sustituidas por ornatos de oro y otras piezas realizadas en materias exóticas.

En este trabajo se presentan los primeros resultados de las recientes excavaciones emprendidas en el yacimiento del Peñón de la Zorra (Villena, Alicante), centrándonos en su fase campaniforme. Los nuevos datos aportados permiten profundizar en el patrón de ocupación durante este momento y abordar la cuestión de la dualidad de asentamientos –en llano y en altura– así como otros temas relacionados con la complejidad social. In this paper we present the results of recent excavations undertaken at the site of the Peñón de la Zorra (Villena, Alicante), focusing on its Bell-Beaker phase. New data allow to analyze the models of land occupation during this time and address the issue of dual settlement pattern –in plain and height– and other subjects related to social complexity.

This paper present a first approach to the Calcolithic settlement of “Camino de las Yeseras” in which a third millenium BC occupation has been documented. During the transition to the second millenium BC, Bell Beaker groups appear in the sequence. They exploit new lithic resources, adapt their domestic stock for increased mobility, and practice new diversified funerary rituals in the settlement. The temporal framework is supported by a sequence of many C14 and TL dates. El trabajo ofrece una primera aproximación al Yacimiento Calcolítico de Camino de Las Yeseras donde se ha documentado una ocupación a lo largo del III milenio que, en el tránsito al II milenio AC, acoge a grupos poseedores de cerámica campaniforme que renuevan los equipos materiales con la explotación de nuevos recursos líticos, adaptan su cabaña a una mejor movilidad y practican rituales funerarios diversificados dentro del poblado. El marco temporal se avala con una importante secuencia de dataciones de C14 y TL, plenamente coincidentes. &nbsp

One of symbolic roles of Neolithic long houses in central Europe might have been burial of ancestors. There is no solid evidence for the funerary function of long houses, however, it is commonly assumed (Bradley 2001). Already during their dwelling function some houses were possibly used for primary deposition of remains of ancestors. The burials were later in the time of abandonment of the house removed elsewhere or remained resting inside the building. This is the process of transformation from the house of living to the house of dead. The main purpose of the second part of the paper is to discuss the question on missing evidence of barrows of the late Eneolithic Corded Ware and Bell Beaker period in Central Europe. Variety of problems of demographic representation of cemeteries, burial customs and spatial structure of funerary areas are connected to the missing barrows. I emphasise the variability of late Eneolithic funerary monuments, including the discussion on burial chambers and circular ditches, yet another type of funerary construction without an earthed mound that may be described as houses of dead. Un des rôles symboliques des maisons allongées néolithiques d’Europe centrale a pu être celui de tombe des ancêtres. Il n’existe pas de preuve formelle de la fonction funéraire des maisons danubiennes, toutefois, celle-ci est fréquemment considérée comme possible (Bradley 2001). Durant leur phase d’utilisation comme habitat, certaines maisons ont sans doute été utilisées comme lieu d’inhumation des restes des ancêtres. Lors de l’abandon de ces habitats, les sépultures ont été soit déplacées soit laissées à l’intérieur des constructions. Ceci est le processus de transformation des maisons des vivants en maison des morts. L’objectif de la seconde partie de cet article est de discuter de la question de l’absence de tertres funéraires en Europe centrale lors du Néolithique cordé et du Campaniforme. Différents problèmes, tels que la représentation démographique des nécropoles, les pratiques funéraires et la structure spatiale des espaces funéraires, sont liés à la question des tertres absents. Je me concentre ici sur la variabilité des monuments funéraires de la fin du Néolithique, en incluant une discussion sur les chambres funéraires et enceintes, un autre type de construction funéraire dépourvu de tertre et qui peut être décrit comme maison des morts.

In the summer of 1961 in Sion (Valais, Switzerland) the slabs of a prehistoric tomb appeared in a pipe trench at the Avenue du Petit-Chasseur. While uncovering them, someone exclaimed: “prehistoric engravings!”.The first funerary stela of the megalithic site had been discovered. The excavations, first conducted by Olivier-Jean Bocksberger, high school teacher at Aigle, then by Alain Gallay of the University of Geneva, lasted about ten years. Patiently reconstructed by the scientists, the eventful history of this necropolis made it possible for the rites, the beliefs and the social structure of these prehistoric communities in Valais to be studied in detail. Later, between 1987 and 2003, further investigations were carried out in the area and added to the discoveries. In order to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the site, a scientific committee consisting of the representatives of the Archéologie cantonale and the Musées cantonaux du Valais, and of the University of Geneva and the Association valaisanne d'archéologie organised several events during autumn 2011. An international conference was held from 27 October to 29 October in Sion, at the François-Xavier Bagnoud hall. The necropolis of Sion still remains a key reference for the understanding of the Final Neolithic period, not only in the Alpine countries, but also throughout Europe. The scientific meeting therefore focused on the end of the Neolithic period in Valais and in the adjacent regions, on the Bell Beaker phenomenon (a European culture?) and on the funerary rites of this period whereas the doctoral course dealt with the end of the Neolithic period in Valais and with the anthropology of megalithic societies. The conference was attended by nearly 200 people, students, junior and senior scholars from many countries including Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Hungary, Italy, Morocco, the Netherlands, Poland, the Czech Republic and Switzerland. Thirty-eight papers were grouped into five sessions each preceded by an introductory one-hour conference: Fifty Years of Discoveries at the site of Sion/ Petit-Chasseur; The Neolithic in Valais and its Neighbouring Regions presented by Alain Gallay; Is the Bell Beaker Culture a European? Economy, Culture and Society by Maxence Bailly; Funerary Rituals during the Final Neolithic and the Bell Beaker Period by Henri Duday; and Anthropology of the Megalithic Societies presented by Alain Testart. The present volume reports on these scientific presentations and the ensuing lively debates.

[EN] In this paper we present the results related to the excavation works conducted in Late Neolithic and Bell Beaker sites of Quintaret (Montesa, Valencia) and Corcot (l’Alcúdia de Crespins, Valencia), both in the middle valley of Canyoles river. The sites, neighboring each other, offer a quite different volume of information (Quintaret: 51 structures; Corcot: 4 structures). 14C dates allow us to define the occupation of this area of the valley along the first half of the III millennium cal BC. The presence of bell beaker ceramic in archaeological record of Quintaret is limited to just one structure (Q138), where at least 7 different vessels have been identified. Other prominent point of the record is the identification of remains related with the production of stone beads. The whole sequence of production is represented, and also some tools used in the process have been recovered, putting in evidence the existence of some workshop areas, [ES] El propósito principal de este artículo reside en la descripción e interpretación del registro arqueológico correspondiente al Neolítico final y al Horizonte Campaniforme documentado en los yacimientos de Quintaret (Montesa, Valencia) y Corcot (l’Alcúdia de Crespins, Valencia). Las estructuras aquí reconocidas corresponden a fosas y silos, de cuyo relleno procede un interesante conjunto de materiales. Las dataciones radiométricas obtenidas sitúan el desarrollo de los yacimientos al menos entre el último siglo del IV milenio y los siglos centrales del III milenio cal AC. Cabe destacar la recuperación de varios vasos campaniformes de estilo regional en la estructura Q138 de Quintaret, así como la documentación en otras estructuras de un elevado número de restos de la fábrica de perlas de collar sobre lignito y caliza, que evidencian la existencia en el lugar de áreas de actividad relacionadas con estas artesanías

This paper endeavours to present an actualized view of prehistoric copper metallurgy development in Alicante Province from the middle of the third millennium to the early Iron Age, insisting on the appearance of the metallurgy even in pre-beaker times. Typology changes in the Early Bronze Age, showing implements still made in arsenical bronze. Binary bronzes appear during the Middle Bronze Age, becoming widespread during the Late Bronze Age., El trabajo intenta presentar una visión actualizada de la evolución de la metalurgia prehistórica del cobre en tierras alicantinas desde mediados del III milenio hasta los inicios de la Edad del Hierro, incidiendo en la existencia de una metalurgia ya desde momentos pre-campaniformes. En el Bronce Antiguo la tipología metálica cambia, aún con útiles fabricados de cobre arsenicado. Desde 1600 a.C. comienzan a aparecer objetos de bronce binario, generalizándose en el Bronce Final.

En este artículo estudiamos la identidad técnica a través de la toma de decisiones técnicas durante el proceso de decoración con rellenos de pasta blanca y su relación con la definición de los límites sociales In this paper we study the technological choices referred to inlay processes by physico-chemical analysis (XRD, and FTIR) in order to explore collective technical identity patterns alongside the Guadiana River – i.e. raw material selection –, comparing the production technology. As a result of the study of technical identity we can engage the result of these fashioning techniques with social boundaries

El trabajo aborda la problematica del Campaniforme como un fenomeno bisagra entre el Calcolitico y la Edad del Bronce, particularmente en el centro peninsular, donde las dataciones obtenidas confirman su implantacion desde mediados del III milenio a. C. en convivencia con grupos Calcoliticos peninsulares y se prolonga, en su modalidad de estilo Ciempozuelos, hasta el final del primer cuarto del II milenio a. C. como un fenomeno paralelo al surgimiento de las primeras comunidades de la Edad del Bronce en la zona, lo que puede explicar ciertos paralelos tipologicos y sociales entre algunas manifestaciones del Bronce Antiguo y los ultimos campaniformes.Palabras clave: Calcolitico, Campaniforme, Edad del Bronce, cronologia, carbono 14.SummaryThis paper raises the problem of Bell Beaker horizon as a phenomenon hinge between the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. Particularly in the center of the Iberian Peninsula where dating obtained confirm its implementation since the midthird millennium, in coexistence with Chalcolithic groups. The presence of these Bell Beaker groups extends –with Ciempozuelos style, until the end of the first quarter of the second millennium, as a parallel phenomenon to the emergence of the first communities in the Bronze Age in this area. It could explain similarities between objects and social manifestations of the Bronze Age and the last Bell Beakers.Keywords: Chalcolithic, Bell beaker. Bronze Age, chronology, 14C dating.

El conjunt ceràmic documentat en la cova de La Llana (Andrín, Astúries) es caracteritza per la seva profusa decoració incisivo-impresa, adscrivible al “Horitzó Trespando”. Aquest material, localitzat en la superfície, ha estat relacionat amb una petita placa de coure arsenical, identificada com una Punta Palmela, i a un esquelet humà. El treball discuteix l’associació entre ceràmica incisivo-impresa i elements del conjunt campaniforme, tenint en compte la seva distribució diferencial en el marc de la Regió Cantàbrica., The ceramic set of La Llana cave (Andrín, Asturias) are characterized by its incised-impressed decoration, ascribed to the “Trespando Horizon”. This sherds, located in surface, has been related to a small arsenical copper plate, identified like a Palmela, and to a human skeleton. The paper discusses the association between incised-impressed ceramics and elements of the campaniforme package and its distribution differential in the Cantabric Region., El conjunto cerámico documentado en la cueva de La Llana (Andrín, Asturias) se caracteriza por su profusa decoración inciso-impresa, adscribible al “Horizonte Trespando”. Este material, localizado en superficie, ha sido relacionado con una pequeña placa de cobre arsenical, identificada como una Punta Palmela, y a un esqueleto humano. El trabajo discute la asociación entre cerámica inciso-impresa y elementos del conjunto campaniforme, teniendo en cuenta su distribución diferencial en el marco de la Región Cantabrica.

Se presentan detalladamente los materiales arqueológicos prehistóricos hallados bajo el tramo norte del recinto de la alcazaba de Marchena (Sevilla). Este hallazgo supone la evidencia de un poblamiento prehistórico del III Milenio a.C. en la zona donde actualmente se encuentra el casco urbano de dicha localidad, ocupación aquélla más o menos coetánea a otros núcleos de población prehistórica conocidos en los alrededores. Se realiza, finalmente, una breve discusión sobre el poblamiento de época calcolítica en el entorno próximo, especialmente sobre el vinculado al fenómeno campaniforme. This papers presents in detail some prehistoric archaeological materials found in the Northern section of the enclosure of the Islamic castle of Marchena (Seville, Spain). This finding is an evidence of a prehistoric settlement of the Third Millennium BC in the area where it is the current village. This prehistoric settlement is approximately contemporary of other known prehistoric villages nearby. Finally, a brief discussion about Chalcolithic human occupation over this geographical area, especially the related with the Bell Beaker phenomenon, is made.

This paper shows the research done at Loma de la Tejería (Albarracín, Teruel) where a seasonal camp site linked to a mining-metallurgical works has been discovered. Studies on materials show the use of different geological resources: copper minerals, Keuper clays with “Jacintos de Compostela” and volcanic rocks. Pottery residual analysis has documented dairy milky products and alcoholic drinks. Chronologically the site is classified amongst Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, on the presence of Bell Beaker pottery.Se presentan los datos de las excavaciones realizadas en la Loma de la Tejería (Albarracín, Teruel) en la que se documenta un campamento estacional vinculado a tareas minero-metalúrgicas de pequeña escala. Los estudios realizados sobre el material indican el aprovechamiento de los recursos geológicos locales tanto de mineral de cobre, como de arcillas del Keuper con Jacintos de Compostela y rocas volcánicas. Los análisis de residuos han documentado en la cerámica productos lácteos y bebidas alcohólicas. Cronológicamente el yacimiento se encuadra en el Calcolítico y Bronce Antiguo, con presencia de cerámica campaniforme.

14 páginas, 3 tablas, 6 figuras, 9 láminas., [ES] Se presentan los datos de las excavaciones realizadas en la Loma de la Tejería (Albarracín, Teruel) en la que se documenta un campamento estacional vinculado a tareas minero-metalúrgicas de pequeña escala. Los estudios realizados sobre el material indican el aprovechamiento de los recursos geológicos locales tanto de mineral de cobre, como de arcillas del Keuper con Jacintos de Compostela y rocas volcánicas. Los análisis de residuos han documentado en la cerámica productos lácteos y bebidas alcohólicas. Cronológicamente el yacimiento se encuadra en el Calcolítico y Bronce Antiguo, con presencia de cerámica campaniforme., [EN] This paper shows the research done at Loma de la Tejería (Albarracín, Teruel) where a seasonal camp site linked to a mining-metallurgical works has been discovered. Studies on materials show the use of different geological resources: copper minerals, Keuper clays with “Jacintos de Compostela” and volcanic rocks. Pottery residual analysis has documented dairy milky products and alcoholic drinks. Chronologically the site is classified amongst Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, on the presence of Bell Beaker pottery.

The site of Cassagna 2 was the subject of a detailed paper two years ago in this bulletin. The attribution then to a «Bell Beaker » facies of the small series presented was the object of strong criticism, notably from the editorial board, due to the lack of typological elements and the taphonomic profile of the deposit. However, the questions underlying this reflection finally proved useful with respect to this productive meeting. The definition of these «unnameable » facies, i. e. containing «mixed » elements situated between the 23rd and 20th centuries B. C., remains complicated, because they are mostly eluded under the generic term «Chalcolithic/ Early Bronze Age » , although they seem rather decisive in the qualification of Early Bronze I in many regions., Le site de Cassagna 2 a fait l’objet d’un article détaillé il y a environ deux ans dans ce même bulletin. L’attribution à un faciès campaniforme de la petite série présentée avait alors fait l’objet de vives critiques, notamment de la part du comité de lecture, en regard du déficit d’éléments typologiques et du profil taphonomique du gisement. Cependant, les questions soustendues par cette réflexion se sont finalement avérées utiles au regard de cette productive table ronde. En effet, la définition de ces faciès «innommables » , c’est-à-dire comportant des éléments mixtes situés entre le XXIIIe et le XXe siècle avant notre ère, reste compliquée, ne serait-ce que parce qu’ils sont le plus souvent escamotés sous l’appellation générique de Chalcolithique/ Bronze ancien, alors qu’ils semblent plutôt déterminants en vue de la qualification même du Bronze ancien I dans de nombreuses régions., Tcheremissinoff Yaramila. Le site de Cassagna 2 (Blagnac, Haute-Garonne), une petite série problématique : rappel des faits en forme d’introduction. In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 105, n°3, 2008. pp. 467-473.

Se estudia el fenómeno campaniforme en la Cuenca Media del Guadiana con base fundamentalmente en la distribución cerámica y en el análisis de los contextos arqueológicos a niveles macro-territorial y semi-micro. Se realiza una síntesis sobre la historiografía y la problemática en la investigación de este fenómeno a nivel europeo. En contra de la extendida y reconocida acepción funeraria del fenómeno campaniforme a nivel general, en esta región parece relacionarse más bien con usos y procesos de otra índole. Con base en las evidencias actualmente disponibles, puede defenderse el valor restrictivo de prestigio de estas cerámicas y, además, puede proponerse una vinculación estrecha del Campaniforme con estrategias de clientelas políticas promocionadas por parte de los sectores dominantes de estos grupos y comunidades humanas. This paper studies the Beaker phenomenon in the Middle Basin of the Guadiana River (Southern Spain) principally on the basis of the distribution of the pottery and the analysis of the archaeological contexts at macro-territorial and semi-micro scales. We present a synthesis of the development and problems surrounding research into this phenomenon at a European scale. In contrast with the generally widespread and recognised funerary association of the Beaker phenomenon, in our study area it appears to be related with uses and processes of a different nature. On the basis of the evidence currently available, we defend the idea of the restrictive prestige value of this pottery type and we suggest the close relationship of beakers with strategies of political clients promoted by part of the dominant sector of these human groups and communities.

Se estudia el fenómeno campaniforme en la Cuenca Media del Guadiana con base fundamentalmente en la distribución cerámica y en el análisis de los contextos arqueológicos a niveles macro-territorial y semi-micro. Se realiza una síntesis sobre la historiografía y la problemática en la investigación de este fenómeno a nivel europeo. En contra de la extendida y reconocida acepción funeraria del fenómeno campaniforme a nivel general, en esta región parece relacionarse más bien con usos y procesos de otra índole. Con base en las evidencias actualmente disponibles, puede defenderse el valor restrictivo de prestigio de estas cerámicas y, además, puede proponerse una vinculación estrecha del Campaniforme con estrategias de clientelas políticas promocionadas por parte de los sectores dominantes de estos grupos y comunidades humanas. This paper studies the Beaker phenomenon in the Middle Basin of the Guadiana River (Southern Spain) principally on the basis of the distribution of the pottery and the analysis of the archaeological contexts at macro-territorial and semi-micro scales. We present a synthesis of the development and problems surrounding research into this phenomenon at a European scale. In contrast with the generally widespread and recognised funerary association of the Beaker phenomenon, in our study area it appears to be related with uses and processes of a different nature. On the basis of the evidence currently available, we defend the idea of the restrictive prestige value of this pottery type and we suggest the close relationship of beakers with strategies of political clients promoted by part of the dominant sector of these human groups and communities.

The Bell Beaker phenomenon cannot be envisaged as a whole as far as the problems linked to its origins are concerned. This paper proposes to break it down and tackle only part of the assemblage: the standard form, the only common denominator in Europe. Everything seems to indicate that its origin should be sought on the Atlantic façade, and more especially in Estremadura., Dans les problèmes liés à sa genèse, le Campaniforme ne peut être envisagé dans sa totalité. Cet article se propose de le décomposer et de ne s 'attacher qu'à une partie de l'assemblage : le standard, seul dénominateur commun en Europe. Tout indique que son origine est à rechercher du côté de l'Atlantique, plus particulièrement en Estrémadure portugaise., Salanova Laure. Le rôle de la façade atlantique dans la genèse du Campaniforme en Europe. In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 101, n°2, 2004. pp. 223-226.

One of the most interesting and intriguing of the cultural complexes is that of the Bell Beaker Complex, particularly in the light of its wide geographic extent and its incorporation within a great variety of cultural sub-groups. During the third millennium before our era, the inhabitants of Europe adopted a different style of ceramic vase. There would be nothing exceptional in this change of ceramic style during recent prehistoric times, were it not for the fact that it is to be found across the whole of Europe as well as in North Africa. It is this aspect which makes it such a particular cultural complex, as had previously been that of the Corded Ware. The only common ceramic objects are the beakers with an S profile, decorated with alternating bands of decoration, made by applying the impression with a shell, a comb or a fish bone. Many archaeologists have studied the subject, whilst others are still doing so, undertaking type studies within a region, thematic analyses of a single element or taking a technological approach. The publication of the papers coming out of the meetings of the Archéologie et gobelets Association are usually published in the BAR (British Archaeological reports) international series, since the publishing delays are relatively short and their international distribution facilitates their accessibility to researchers. The 2001 meeting in Sion was in two parts; one made up of scientific meetings organised at the Cantonal Archaeological Museum and the other made up of visits to archaeological sites and museum collections. If we are able to publish the acts in this volume, the visits can only live on in our memories.

[GA] Este traballo ofrece unha aproximación global da obra arqueolóxica de Federico Maciñeira Pardo de Lama (1870-1943). Maciñeira foi unha personalidade polifacética (empresario agrónomo, político ...); as súas investigacións resultaron decisivas para a consolidación da disciplina arqueolóxica en Galicia e serven de ponte entre a historiografía romántica do século XIX e as primeiras experiencias de investigación institucionalizada na universidade e en organizacións como o Seminario de Estudos Galegos. Aquí se analizan os seus presupostos teóricos, a súa metodoloxía arqueolóxica, as súas principais liñas de investigación e o seu papel na institucionalización da arqueoloxía galega. Finalmente, considérase o seu papel como coleccionista arqueolóxico e destácase a importancia da súa colección arqueolóxica para o coñecemento da prehistoria da área de As Pontes de García Rodríguez., [ES] Este trabajo ofrece una aproximación global a la obra arqueológica de Federico Maciñeira Pardo de Lama (1870-1943). Maciñeira fue una personalidad polifacética (empresario agricultor, político…); sus investigaciones resultaron decisivas para la consolidación de la disciplina arqueológica en Galicia y sirven de puente entre la historiografía romántica del siglo XIX y las primeras experiencias de investigación institucionalizada en la universidad y en organizaciones como el Seminario de Estudos Galegos. Aquí se analizan sus presupuestos teóricos, su metodología arqueológica, sus principales líneas de investigación y su papel en la institucionalización de la arqueología gallega. Finalmente, se considera su papel como coleccionista arqueológico y se destaca la importancia de su colección arqueológica para el conocimiento de la prehistoria del área de As Pontes de García Rodríguez., [EN] This paper offers a global approach to the archaeological work of Federico Maciñeira Pardo de Lama (1870-1943). Maciñeira was a multifaceted personality (farming entrepreneur, politician, etc.). His research was decisive in the consolidation of the discipline of archaeology in Galicia and served as a bridge between the romantic historiography of the 19th century and the first experiences of institutionalised research in the university and in organisations such as the Seminario de Estudos Galegos. Here we analyse his theoretical proposals, his archaeological methodology, his principal lines of research and his role in the institutionalisation of Galician archaeology. Finally, we look at his role as a collector of archaeology and we highlight the importance of his archaeological collection in our knowledge of the prehistory of the As Pontes de García Rodríguez area.

Se pasa revista al repertorio de vasijas campaniformes peninsulares con decoración "simbólica" ("cérvidos", "soliformes", "ramiformes"), algunas de las cuales han pasado desapercibidos hasta el momento, y se propone una interpretación sobre el contexto en que se utilizaron. Éste se explica como síntesis entre los ri tos propios del Campaniforme, quizás relacionados con el empleo de bebidas alcohólicas, y aquellos caracterís ticos de los sistemas de creencias locales anteriores, posiblemente basados en el consumo de sustancias alucinó genas, y reflejados de una u otra forma en el "arte rupestre" y megalítico peninsular. Todo ello dentro de un contexto ideológico y social conflictivo que justificaría su existencia, importancia y difusión. Sacred visions for the leaders: Beaker pottery with symbolic decoration in the Iberian Peninsula. .- This paper aims to suggest a new hypothesis about a certain type of Iberian Beaker pottery which shares some iconographic traits with the local Megalithic and Schematic rock art and related phaenomena (painted pottery, idols) during the Late Neolithic and the Copper Age. A model is presented concerning its ritual context, in which Beaker alcoholic drinking rituals met past local ones, where narcotic substances would have been used, derived from the kind of depictions and engravings usually found in the Iberian rock art (