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Bioglass presents a standard biomaterial for regeneration of hard tissues in orthopedics and dentistry. The notable osteo-inductive properties of bioglass are largely due to the release of calcium ions from it. However, this release is not easily controllable and can often be excessive, especially during the initial interaction of the biomaterial with the surrounding tissues. Consequently, this excessive release can deplete the calcium content of the bioglass, ultimately reducing its overall bioactivity. In this study, we have tested if applying biopolymer chitosan coatings of different thicknesses would be able to mitigate and regulate the calcium ion release from monodisperse bioglass nanoparticles. Calcium release was assessed for four different chitosan coating thicknesses at different time points over the period of 28 days using a fluorescence quencher. Expectedly, chitosan-coated particles released less calcium as the concentration of chitosan in the coating solution increased, presumably due to the increased thickness of the chitosan coating around the bioglass particles. The mechanism of release remained constant for each coating thickness, corresponding to anomalous, non-Fickian diffusion, but the degree of anomalousness increased with the deposition of chitosan. Zeta potential testing showed an expected increase in the positive double layer charge following the deposition of the chitosan coating due to the surface exposure of the amine groups of chitosan. Less intuitively, the zeta potential became less positive as thickness of the chitosan coating increased, attesting to the lower density of the surface charges within thicker coatings than within the thinner ones. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that chitosan coating efficiently prevents the early release of calcium from bioglass. This coating procedure also allows for the tuning of the calcium release kinetics by controlling the chitosan concentration in the parent solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russian-Ukrainian scientist, G. V. Samsonov left an enormous legacy in materials science, even though a large portion of his and his group's work remained hidden behind the Iron Curtain. One of his crowning theoretical contributions that received but a slight tidbit of resonance in the west was the configurational model of the solid state based on the statistical weight of atoms with stable configuration (SWASC). Only a handful of papers employing this model were published in the western journals since the model was developed, in 1965. Here, the configurational model was tested for its ability to explain the effects of divalent transition elements on solubility of hydroxyapatite when they acted as dopants in it. It is shown that the SWASC values for half-filled d orbitals of transition elements in the ± 5 pm range of ionic radii centered around iron do correlate monotonously with the solubility change induced by the dopant ions relative to the solubility of stoichiometric hydroxyapatite synthesized and analyzed under the same conditions when the solubility values are extrapolated to identical atomic ratios between the dopant ions and the constitutive calcium ions. The effect of SWASC, however, competes with that of the dopant concentration, producing a complex plexus of mutually antagonistic effects. With this work, it is hoped that the interest in the work of G. V. Samsonov and the generation of his Soviet and Yugoslavian scientific contemporaries gets revived and their legacy in the west popularized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the major component of all boney tissues in mammals. Because of this omnipresence in the living world, HAp possesses an exceptional biocompatibility. The downside of this omnipresence, however, comes in the form of its mild to moderate biological activities. One means of augmenting these activities involves the doping of HAp with foreign ions. Here, the first synthesis and characterization of HAp doped with germanium ions is being reported. Germanium was deliberately integrated into the crystal lattice of HAp in the form of germanate anions. Approximately two thirds of the germanate ions introduced into the hydrothermal solution got incorporated into the HAp lattice, yielding the approximate stoichiometry of Ca 10-x (PO 4) 5.62+y (GeO 3) 0.38 (OH) 2-z. Germanates replaced the phosphates of stoichiometric HAp and induced the expansion of the HAp lattice both along the screw axis of the calcium ion hexagons and in the direction parallel to the basal plane. Simultaneously, the larger size and the triple valency of the germanate ion as compared to the smaller and trivalent phosphates prompted the bond distortion and charge compensation through defect formation, which reduced the crystallinity and increased the microstrain of the HAp lattice. Vibrational spectroscopic analyses corroborated these crystallographic effects by demonstrating the enhanced heterogeneity of the environments surrounding the active modes after germanate ions were incorporated into HAp. Conforming to La Châtelier's principle, this reduction of the crystallographic order increased the capacity of the material for integration of adventitious carbonates. However, the inclusion of germanate ions induced a partial shift of these carbonates to the hydroxyl channel sites, thus decreasing the ratio of the B-type carbonation to the A-type carbonation. Introduced into HAp, germanium acted as a superb regulator of the particle size and morphology, enhancing their fineness and uniformity. Inclusion of germanate ions also increased the electrophoretic mobility and hydrodynamic surface charge density of the particles by reducing their size and by inducing a more stochastic distribution of terminal ionic groups due to the bending of the crystal facets. Overall, the doping of HAp with germanate ions facilitated the production of narrowly dispersed nanorods with a moderately enhanced structural disorder and with a pronounced potential for the biomedical niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstruction of bone defects with the use of biomaterials based on hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been a popular approach in medicine and dentistry. Most often the process of new bone formation is analyzed with the focus only on the region of the reconstructed defect. The effects of the therapy on distant organs have been rarely reported in the literature, especially not in synergy with the exposure to other bioactive chemicals. In this study, reconstruction of the mandibular bone in vivo using poly-lactide-co-glycolide-coated HAp (HAp/PLGA) nanoparticles was monitored with a simultaneous histopathological analysis of distant organs, specifically kidney and liver parenchyma. Heavy metals are among the most prominent environmental pollutants and have a high affinity for the crystal lattice of HAp, where they get incorporated by replacing calcium ions. Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are two such metals that can be found in food, water and air, but are most commonly present in cigarette smoke, the frequent contaminant of hospital settings in the developing world. The influence of their presence in the repaired bone on the content of calcium (Ca) in the reconstructed bone defect was analyzed, along with the histopathological changes in liver and kidneys. A study performed on 24 female Wistar rats demonstrated that the reconstruction of mandibular bone defects using HAp/PLGA particles induced an increase in the content of Ca in the newly created bone without causing any pathological changes to the liver and the kidneys. The presence of Pb and Cd in the defects reconstructed with HAp/PLGA nanoparticles impeded the regenerative process and led to a severe and irreversible damage to the liver and kidney parenchyma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes to the surface composition of hydroxyapatite were measured after incubations in water, in ethanol or in a mixed aqueous-alcoholic medium. Ethanol decreased the surface presence of calcium ions in direct proportion to its amount in the medium. Because of its lower polarity than that of water, ethanol also increased the interfacial energy, in response to which the surface relaxed by rearranging into a more disordered state, as indicated by the increase in the heterogeneity of both calcium and oxygen electronic states. Accordingly, the binding energy of core-level oxygen electrons consistently increased with the concentration of ethanol and was compensated for by the decrease of the corresponding binding energies in calcium atoms, attesting to the weakened ionic bonds at the interface. The weakened ionic bonds increased the metallicity of the calcium ion, which prompted the offset of the valence band edge determined by the Ca 4s electron energy state toward the Fermi level and the conduction band, thus shrinking the band gap and increasing the electrical conductivity of the surface. The surface energy reduction entailing the partial loss of the crystalline order at the surface predisposed the nanoparticles incubated in alcoholic media for diminished sorption of proteins, but also for an augmented osteogenic response. These results demonstrate that surface functionalization of materials for various physicochemical and biological effects could be achieved without the use of chemical ligands. Rather, more economical design techniques stemming from the repertoire of materials science and engineering could be employed with equally satisfactory outcomes. [Display omitted] • XPS was used to measure changes to the surface of HAp at deeper and terminal levels in response to incubation medium. • O 1s binding energy increased with the amount of ethanol in the medium, attesting to weakened ionic bonds at the interface. • Weakened ionic bonds increased the metallicity of calcium ion, which increased the electrical conductivity of the surface. • Ethanol decreases the surface presence of calcium ions on HAp in direct proportion to its amount. • Ethanol increases the interfacial energy and induces surface relaxation into a more disordered state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new materials with antibacterial properties and the scope to decrease or eliminate the excessive antibiotic use is an urgent priority due to the growing antibiotic resistance-related mortalities. New bone substitute materials with intrinsic antibacterial characteristics are highly requested for various clinical applications. In this study, the choice of copper ions as substitutes for calcium in tricalcium phosphate (TCP) has been justified by their pronounced broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Copper-substituted TCP (Cu-TCP) ceramics with the copper content of 1.4 and 0.1 wt% were synthesized by mechano-chemical activation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses established that both pure and copper-containing compounds adopted the structure of whitlockite (β-TCP). XRD and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed the partial isovalent substitution of calcium ions with copper ions in the β-TCP lattice. With the use of infrared and EPR spectroscopies, it was detected that carbonate ions got incorporated into the β-TCP structure during the synthesis procedure. By releasing the tension in the M(5)O6 octahedron consequential to the lower Ca O bond length than the corresponding sum of ionic radii, the substitution of calcium with smaller copper ions stabilizes the structure of β-TCP. As concluded form the thermal analyses, the introduction of Cu prevented the polymorphic transformation of β- to α-TCP. At the same time, the introduction of Cu to the β-TCP structure enhanced the crystal growth and porosity of the ceramics, which had a positive effect on the cytocompatibility of the material. The MTT colorimetric assay showed that the metabolic activity of the mouse fibroblast NCTC L929 cell line during 24 h of incubation with 3-day extracts from Cu-TCP (1.4 wt%) and β-TCP pellets in the cell culture medium was similar to the negative control, indicating the absence of any inhibitory effects on cells. The seeding and the growth of human dental pulp stem cells on the surface of Cu-TCP (1.4 wt%) and β-TCP ceramics also showed the absence of any signs of cytotoxicity. Finally, microbiological assays demonstrated the antibacterial activity of Cu-TCP ceramics against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis , whereas β-TCP did not exhibit such an activity. Overall, the addition of Cu ions to β-TCP improves its antibacterial properties without diminishing the biocompatibility of the material, thus making it more attractive than pure β-TCP for clinical applications such as synthetic bone grafts and orthopaedic implant coatings. [Display omitted] • Copper-substituted tricalcium phosphate ceramic (Cu-TCP) was prepared by mechanochemical activation • Cu introduction into β-TCP structure had stabilizing effect and enhanced crystal growth and porosity of ceramics • Assays on the metabolic activity of NCTC L929 showed the absence of any cytotoxic effect of these materials on cells • Seeding and growth of human dental pulp stem cells confirmed the absence of any cytotoxicity • Cu-TCP ceramics exhibited the antibacterial effect against E. coli and S. enteritidis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]