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Background: Azathioprine is one of the earliest immunosuppressants prescribed for several autoimmune diseases. Yet there is a lack of research on the impact of azathioprine on pulp healing following the pulp capping procedure., Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of azathioprine on the healing ability of mechanically exposed dogs' dental pulps following direct pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), bio-aggregates (BA), and Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 )., Methods: Four mongrel dogs were randomly assigned to two groups (two dogs/30 teeth in each group): immunosuppressed (group I) and control (group II). Group I received azathioprine for two months before surgical treatments and until the dogs were euthanized. Fifteen class V buccal cavities were performed in each dog. Each group was randomly divided into three subgroups (10 teeth each) based on the pulp capping substance. The pulps in subgroups A, B, and C were immediately capped with MTA, BA, and Ca(OH) 2 , respectively. Inflammation and dentine bridge development were histopathologically evaluated and scored at one and two months. The data were statistically analyzed., Results: The immunosuppressed group exhibited statistically greater inflammatory cell count and decreased dentine bridge thickness, compared to the control group in all subgroups ( p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Azathioprine has an adverse effect on the healing of exposed dogs' dental pulp following direct pulp capping with MTA, BA, and Ca(OH) 2 . Therefore, patients using azathioprine as an immunosuppressive medication may experience delayed healing of mechanically exposed pulps following capping with MTA, BA, or Ca(OH) 2 ., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest to report.

Effective root canal disinfection is necessary for success of endodontic treatment. Traditional chemo-mechanical techniques such as sodium hypochlorite, mechanical preparation and calcium hydroxide used for intracanal disinfection usually fail in cases of biofilm-related infections. Therefore, several new strategies are applied for root canal disinfection. One of these strategies is using of diode laser that has recently gained significant attention in the endodontic practice due to its antibacterial action, bio-stimulation, decrease of pain and improvement of success. Moreover, it has several advantages like its low cost, easily application, penetration power into dentine and smaller size device compared with other types of lasers. Diode laser has been applied for root canal disinfection with various degrees of success in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Nevertheless, small number of published randomized clinical trials in humans with small sample sizes and high heterogeneity provide insufficient support for its efficacy. Furthermore, the results of diode laser in root canal disinfection are controversial. Future high quality studies are recommended to assess the effectiveness of diode laser on various microbial endodontic species and to confirm its role in disinfection of the root canal system in human teeth. This synopsis describes the current scientific understanding and the status of diode laser efficacy in root canal disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the biological effect of Hesperidin, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA)‐Angelus and calcium hydroxide for direct pulp capping. A total of 126 dogs, teeth were divided according to the post‐treatment evaluation period into three groups (42 teeth each), group I: 2 weeks, group II: 4 weeks and group III: 8 weeks. Each group was further subdivided according to the pulp capping material into three subgroups (14 teeth each), subgroup A (Hesperidin), subgroup B (MTA‐Angelus) and subgroup C (Dycal). Both inflammatory response and dentine bridge formation were assessed by histopathology. All data were statistically analysed. Resolution of the inflammation was recorded by the time with a significant difference between subgroups within the same group (P<.05). Hesperidin, MTA‐Angelus and Dycal showed either mild or moderate inflammation at 2 weeks with significant differences between subgroups (P <.05). At 4 and 8 weeks, there were no significant differences between subgroups (P >.05). Absence of complete or partial calcified bridge with no odontoblastic layer was reported in all subgroups at 2 weeks while at 4 weeks, the majority of samples in Hesperidin and MTA subgroups showed amorphous calcified deposit. At 8 weeks, there was no significant difference (P >.05) between subgroups except that 78.5% and 92.9% of Hesperidin and MTA‐Angelus samples, respectively, showed moderate dentine bridge. Also, 78.5% of Hesperidin and Dycal samples revealed moderately thick dentine bridge while 78.7% of MTA‐Angelus showed a thin dentine bridge with a significant difference between them (P <.05). In conclusion, Hesperidin is a promising pulp capping material inducing mild inflammation and good dentine bridge formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the biological properties of a new pulp capping material developed from Portland cement. This study was conducted on 48 teeth in 4 dogs (12 teeth/dog). The dogs were classified into two equal groups (n = 24 teeth) according to the evaluation period including: group A (3 weeks) and group B (3 months). Each group was further subdivided into three equal subgroups (n = 8 teeth) according to the capping material including: subgroup 1: mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), subgroup2: Portland cement + 10% calcium hydroxide + 20% bismuth oxide (Port Cal) and subgroup 3: Portland cement + bismuth oxide. After general anesthesia, a class V buccal cavity was prepared coronal to the gingival margin. After pulp exposure and hemostasis,the capping materials and glass ionomer filling were placed on the exposure sites. All histopathological findings, inflammatory cell count and dentin bridge formation were recorded. Data were analyzed statistically. After 3 months, the histopathological picture of the pulp in subgroup 1 showed normal pulp, continuous odontoblastic layer and complete dentin bridge formation while subgroup 2 showed partial and complete dentin bridge over a normal and necrotic pulps. Subgroup 3 showed loss of normal architecture, areas of necrosis, complete, or incomplete dentin bridge formation, attached and detached pulp stones and fatty degeneration in group B. For group A, MTA subgroup showed the least number of inflammatory cell infiltrate followed by Port Cal subgroup. While subgroup 3 showed the highest number of inflammatory cell infiltrate. For group B, the mean inflammatory cell count increased with the three tested materials with no statistical difference. Regarding dentin bridge formation at group A, no significant differences was found between subgroups, while at group B, MTA subgroup exhibited significantly higher scores than other subgroups. In conclusion, addition of calcium hydroxide to Portland cement improves the dentin bridge formation qualitatively and quantitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]