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Phytolacca americana L. (pokeweed) is a promising species for Cd phytoextraction with large biomass and fast growth rate. To further understand the mechanisms involved in Cd tolerance and detoxification, the present study investigated subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in pokeweed. Subcellular fractionation of Cd-containing tissues indicated that both in root and leaves, the majority of the element was located in soluble fraction and cell walls. Meanwhile, Cd taken up by pokeweed existed in different chemical forms. Results showed that the greatest amount of Cd was found in the extraction of 80% ethanol in roots, followed by 1 M NaCl, d-H(2)O and 2% HAc, while in leaves and stems, most of the Cd was extracted by 1 M NaCl, and the subdominant amount of Cd was extracted by 80% ethanol. It could be suggested that Cd compartmentation with organo-ligands in vacuole or integrated with pectates and proteins in cell wall might be responsible for the adaptation of pokeweed to Cd stress., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The toxic chemical element cadmium (Cd) in paddy fields triggered increasing problems of growth inhibition and food security in rice consistently. In this study, we found Metarhizium robertsii , which is widely used as a bioinsecticide and biofertilizer in agriculture and recently found to be resistant to Cd, developed intraradical and extraradical symbiotic hyphae in rice seedlings, and successfully colonized in the rice rhizosphere soil to more than 103 CFUs g−1 soil at harvesting. M. robertsii colonization significantly reduced Cd accumulations in both hydroponically cultured seedlings and the matured rice cultured in Cd contaminated potting soil (2 ppm). Notably, Cd accumulation reduction of the roots, stems, leaves, husks and grains of the matured rice induced by the fungus were 44.3%, 32.1%, 35.3%, 31.9% and 24.7%, respectively. It was caused by the M. robertsii -induced suppression of Cd intake transporter gene osNramp5 in the rice roots, and the chemical stabilizing of Cd to the residual fraction in the rhizosphere soil. In addition, the colonization of M. robertsii significantly promoted the growth characters and the photosynthesis of the rice plants. This is achieved by the increase of endogenous hormone levels of indole-3-acetic, gibberellin A 3 and brassinolide induced by M. robertsii. Furthermore, the fungus enhanced the antioxidative capacities via increasing enzyme activities of catalase, peroxidase and the production of glutathione, ascorbic acid, proline in the rice plants. Our work provides theoretical basis for expanding the use of M. robertsii as in situ Cd accumulation reduction and detoxification agents for rice in contaminated paddy fields. [Display omitted] • M. robertsii colonized well in the rice roots and the rhizosphere soil. • M. robertsii reduced Cd accumulation and promoted plant growth of rice. • Rice osNramp5 was suppressed and soil Cd ions were stabilized by the fungus. • Endogenous phytohormones IAA, GA 3 and BL were elevated by the fungus. • M. robertsii stimulated antioxidative capacities of rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high migration capacity in agricultural soil-crop systems, cadmium (Cd) is accumulated in various crops and severely inhibits plant growth. In this study, we showed that, under Cd stress, the plant-symbiotic fungus Metarhizium robertsii reduced Cd accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana shoots and roots by 21.8 % and 23.8 %, respectively. This is achieved by M. robertsii colonization-induced elevation of Cd efflux capacity via upregulation of three PCR genes, which is confirmed by the fact that the extent to which M. robertsii reduced Cd accumulation in the WT plants was greater than the inactivating mutants of the PCR genes. M. robertsii also alleviated Cd-induced leaf etiolation in A. thaliana by increasing the chlorophyll amount and modified plant physiological status to increase Cd stress tolerance via increasing production of catalase, peroxidase and glutathione and upregulating multiple HIPP proteins involved in sequestration of Cd. Notably, consistent with that in A. thaliana , the colonization of M. robertsii also reduced the Cd accumulation in Oryza sativa seedlings by upregulating the PCR gene OsPCR1 , and increased chlorophyll amount and alleviated oxidative stress. Therefore, M. robertsii colonization reduced Cd accumulation in plants, and promoted plant growth and health by elevating Cd efflux capacity and modifying physiological status. [Display omitted] • M. robertsii reduces Cd content in A. thaliana and O. sativa by increasing the PCR genes to elevate the Cd efflux capacity. • Cd-induced leaf etiolation was alleviated and more chlorophyll was produced in plants colonized with M. robertsii. • M. robertsii decreased the oxidation level and increased the total antioxidant capacity in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]