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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 657 II. "THE LAW OF THE HORSE" 660 III. COMPUTING SYSTEMS OF THE 1990S AND TODAY 662 A. Internet of the 1990s-2000s 663 B. Spatial [...], In the wake of Judge Frank Easterbrook's critique of the development of specific laws for cyberspace, Lawrence Lessig's 1998 proposition of "code-as-law" framed the internet's regulatory landscape through the interplay of four modalities--law, norms, market, and architecture. Today, at the start of the era of spatial computing, also known as extended reality (XR), it is timely to reassess Lessig's insights for this burgeoning digital frontier. This Article seeks to (1) update Lessig's framework to suit 3D computing, (2) envision governance for these novel systems, and (3) reimagine technological governance amidst failing traditional institutions. Revisiting code-as-law, the dynamic interplay of Lessig's modalities in digital governance shows how norms have played a central role. The internet's formative years echo today's nascent XR landscape in terms of legal ambiguity and technical volatility, as the parallel between the 1990s internet and current XR statistics underscores. Leading corporations' large investments in XR suggests that immersive technology will dominate future computing. XR demands new governance models due to its layering of digital environments onto real spaces, its profound sensory and psychological impact on users, and the commercial drive for content within virtual worlds, contrasting with the origins of the internet, with the impetus coming from outside the private sector. The uniqueness of XR, and more explicitly the differences from traditional flat screen computing, presents new governance challenges. When traditional modalities fail, society often reverts to hard law for intervention. This Article ponders the inflection points that could lead to such demands within XR pertaining to privacy concerns and the reemergence of online harms in a new medium. It questions the adequacy of Lessig's model in addressing systemic inefficiencies and the renegotiation of modalities in light of power imbalances. In sum, the study of cyberspace--and by extension, spatial computing--should transcend technical specifics and consider how emerging technologies can become inclusive or exclusionary. Drawing parallels with the early internet, this Article advocates for deliberate creation of networked spaces that embrace new modes of governance, thereby shaping a more equitable digital future.

Numerous changes to information technology and media consumption over the last 2 decades have facilitated a fundamental shift in how people receive information, including weather forecasts. Historically, weather information was generally vetted through experts (often broadcast meteorologists) to members of the public in a relatively top-down system. Now, with the availability of internet websites, phone applications, and social media, people have an increasingly diverse set of sources from which to get weather forecasts. In this piece, we present results from CONUS-wide surveys that show this diversification of weather sources for nonroutine weather events. While older respondents still tend to get weather information from television, younger respondents are increasingly reliant on less traditional sources, including phone notifications, internet websites, social media, and family and friends. This shift to nontraditional sources means that a more diverse set of actors will have the opportunity to provide weather information to users, which could impact the quality, reliability, and accessibility of the weather information in the future. KEYWORDS: Social Science; Communications/ decision making, 1. Introduction Weather influences our daily lives. From minor choices (like deciding to wear a coat) to more significant choices (like cancelling sporting events and concerts), almost everyone relies on [...]

THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT, AN INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION that began in 1990, accomplished the unprecedented goal of mapping the human genome one decade later. (1) The project's finding that humans are [...], The rise of direct-to-consumer genetic ancestry testing and social media technologies have converged to create a particular genre of vernacular identity performance: the genetic ancestry "reveal" on YouTube. This article seeks to understand these performances in relation to the authority that performers grant test results to inform racial and/or ethnic identities, how performers establish hierarchies of knowledge when family folklore and genetic test results collide, and what these performances reveal about conceptions of genetic determinism today. Keywords: (from the AFS Ethnographic Thesaurus), genetics, family history, digital media, performance, social media, heredity, race, ethnicity, DNA

(Online) Sex work is a hot topic in feminist literature which is mainly studied with respect to two perspectives towards sex work: oppression and empowerment. This study aims to understand 'How online sex work of women on OnlyFans can be interpreted and try to understand if OnlyFans can be explained through the perspectives of victimization and empowerment. For this purpose, this paper will provide a theoretical discussion about two main debates (oppression and empowerment) in the literature; be analyzed by taking OnlyFans as a case. Study results show that women's online sex work experience cannot be explained purely by oppression or empowerment paradigms, instead coexistence of oppression or empowerment should be taken into account. Secondly, emphasizing only the oppression or empowerment paradigm underestimates women's differences that directly affect women's online sex work experiences. Thus, intersectional analyses that are taken into women's age, race, and gender considerations are necessary in order to understand women's OnlyFans experiences. Last but not least, women's experiences of online sex work can change according to the motivation behind being a sex worker in OnlyFans. Keywords: OnlyFans, online sex work, women, empowerment, oppression, descriptive literature analysis. (cevrimici) Seks isi, feminist literaturde genellikle iki perspektife dayali olarak incelenen bir konudur: baski ve guclenme. Bu calisma, 'OnlyFans uzerindeki kadinlarin cevrimici seks isi nasil yorumlanabilir ve OnlyFans'in magduriyet ve guclenme perspektifleri araciligiyla aciklanip aciklanamayacagini anlamaya yoneliktir. Bu amacla, bu makale, literaturdeki iki ana tartisma (baski ve guclenme) hakkinda teorik bir tartisma sunacak ve bunu bir vaka olarak ele alarak analiz edecektir. calisma sonuclari, kadinlarin cevrimici seks isi deneyiminin sadece baski veya guclenme paradigmalariyla aciklanamayacagini, bunun yerine baski veya guclenmenin bir arada var oldugunun goz onune alinmasi gerektigini gostermektedir. Ikinci olarak, sadece baski veya guclenme paradigmasina vurgu yapmak, kadinlarin cevrimici seks isi deneyimlerini dogrudan etkileyen kadinlarin farkliliklarini kucumsemektedir. Bu nedenle, kadinlarin OnlyFans deneyimlerini anlamak icin kadinlarin yas, irk ve cinsiyet gibi demografik degiskenleri iceren kesisimsel analizlere ihtiyac vardir. Son olarak, kadinlarin cevrimici seks isi deneyimleri kadinlarin bu isi hangi motivasyonun ile yaptiklarina bagli olarak degiskenlik gostermektedir. Anahtar Kelimelers: OnlyFans, cevrimici seks isi, baski, guclenme, betimleyici literatur analizi., Introduction OnlyFans is relatively a new online space and studies concerning this platform are mushrooming. Launched in 2016, OnlyFans is a subscription-based social media platform where users can sell and/or [...]

I. INTRODUCTION 176 II. DIFFUSE AND 178 CONCENTRATED INTERESTS III. THE ROLE OF COURTS 182 IN PROTECTING DIFFUSE INTERESTS A. Courts as Fixing 182 Democratic Failures B. Courts as Initiating [...], Mancur Olson claimed that concentrated interests win against diffuse interests even in advanced democracies. Multinational companies, for example, work well in unison to suit their interests. The rest of the public is not motivated or informed enough to resist them. In contrast, other scholars argued that diffuse interests may be able to fight back, but only when certain conditions prevail. One of the conditions for the success of diffuse interests is the intervention of national and international courts. Courts are able to fix problems affecting diffuse interests. Courts can also indirectly empower diffuse interests by initiating deliberation to inform the public. This paper investigates the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union. It argues that these international courts help consumers, a diffuse interest group, succeed in their struggle against internet companies, a concentrated interest group.

Article Contents Introduction I. Accountability for the Sale of Standardized Products A. The Citadel of Privity Crumbles B. Seller as a Functional Concept C. Pretzel Privity for Internet Platforms: Manipulating [...], Over the last seven decades, mainstream U.S. torts jurisprudence shifted dramatically from rigid formal rules-focused on duty and culpability--to more flexible norms and principles of accountability. This shift was part of a general transformation of tort law that can be observed in the case law, the Restatements, and academic scholarship. Recently, however, where internet platforms such as Amazon are involved, courts appear to have reverted to a formalistic approach to limit duty, and hence liability, for personal injuries caused by the sale of defective products using the platform. With a few notable exceptions, courts have focused on the word "seller" in [section] 402A of the Second Restatement of Torts and have concluded that Amazon is not a "seller" when it facilitates a sale between a customer and a third-party merchant. This Article is the third in a series of articles that develop a functional, control-based approach to platform liability. It proceeds in five steps. First, we develop the general tort principles that govern liability for transactions in defective consumer products. Second, we show how Amazon, as a platform situated squarely between a third-party seller and the customer, has control over both sides of that transaction. This places Amazon in a position where they should be held accountable as a non-manufacturing seller, where the third-party seller is not amenable to suit. Third, we give an example of how courts have resisted this conclusion, taking shelter in formal concepts of title rather than traditional understandings of culpability and loss allocation. Fourth, we develop a functional approach to platform liability that uses traditional tort principles to evaluate the platform's role in a transaction and apply those principles to Amazon. Lastly, we consider how these principles should apply to platforms generally.

This study carried out a scenario experiment in Guangxi, China, and used a questionnaire to obtain the research data of the subjects to explore the service recovery effect of local online travel agencies (OTAs) from the perspective of consumer psychology. The empirical results show that consumer confusion will significantly worsen negative word-of-mouth, and negative word-of-mouth will reduce their repurchase intention. In the above empirical impact relationship research, it shows that negative word-of-mouth and consumer forgiveness play a mediating effect and a moderating effect respectively. Because this study is conducive to responding to and solving the new scenario and problems in the practice of OTA services. It will help to improve the risk resistance of OTA enterprises by providing effective service recovery strategies for these enterprises., Author(s): Jiahua Wei [sup.1] , Minkun Liu [sup.2] , Wei Li [sup.1] , Zhiping Hou [sup.1] , Lei Li [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/03z391397, grid.440725.0, 0000 0000 9050 0527, Business [...]

TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 750 II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL PRIVACY 752 A. The Right to Medical Privacy 752 B. The History and Development of HIPPA 755 III. FEDERAL [...], The health care system in the United States is under conflicting pressures. From one angle, there is a demand for the highest standard of care, which includes efficient, confidential communications between doctors and patients. From another, however, the technology that has facilitated such efficiency has outpaced the security mechanisms currently in place to protect a long-recognized right to privacy. In an era of data tracking, the important privacy interest that Congress has recognized since 1996 confronts a growing threat of data commodification. Despite significant potential consequences, however, there is neither guaranteed statutory recovery nor cohesion among states for the process of any potential recovery under common law. This Note proposes that a private, statutory cause of action for a violation of one's medical privacy is the best solution to the growing problem arising out of the intersection of digital medical information and data tracking technology. Considering the realities of a medical system under demands that make an efficient return to manual data entry impossible, and digital platforms that have created an endemic of invasive oversharing, the legal system must adopt a solution in the best interest of the public. As this Note urges, there must be a federal right of action to enforce medical privacy in a sociopolitical environment where other solutions do not suffice. This solution finds support in the legislative intent and history of the existing schema, the novel risks created by recent US Supreme Court decisions combined with the inadequacy of common law approaches, and the values held in both the foundational documents of medical privacy and general ideologies of the United States.

Adolescents may be more vulnerable to COVID-19-related impacts and require long-term mental health care. Services that bolster emotion regulation, such as mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) promote positive impacts on psychosocial outcomes and have high acceptability. No studies have assessed feasibility, treatment perceptions and satisfaction of online MBIs with adolescents. 56 moderate- and high-risk adolescent (m = 14.5 years, 66.1% female, 26.8% LatinX) participants tested the feasibility, treatment perceptions and satisfaction of an 8-session online MBI focused on observing non-judgmentally, attending to positivity, and self-soothing. The study achieved acceptable feasibility with high attendance (m = 5.75) and retention rates (87.5%). The moderate- vs. high-risk group reported significantly higher ratings of treatment perceptions (t = 2.03, p < .05, d = 0.60). Significant associations were found between increased pre-test depression and anxiety symptomology and reduced intervention utility (rs = -0.34 and -0.32, ps < .05). This study demonstrated feasibility, treatment perceptions and satisfaction of an online MBI for adolescents presenting with two risk levels. Higher-risk adolescents may need a higher-touch intervention than moderate-risk, who may be more likely to find online MBIs acceptable. The impact of adjunctive MBIs for adolescents on treatment attendance and mental health outcomes over longer periods is necessary to understand patterns in effective adolescent treatment options., Author(s): Morica Hutchison [sup.1] [sup.3] , Beth S. Russell [sup.1] [sup.3] , Kim M. Gans [sup.1] [sup.3] , Angela R. Starkweather [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.63054.34, 0000 0001 0860 4915, [...]

Perfectionism is linked to a variety of mental health conditions in university students. Guided by the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model, the purpose of the current mixed methods feasibility study was to evaluate the acceptability and potential effectiveness of a brief online intervention designed to reduce the negative consequences of perfectionism in university students. Seventy university students (83.9% female; M.sub.age = 19) reporting moderate to extreme levels of perfectionism completed the two hour 'Intentional Imperfection Program' (IIP). The IIP includes techniques to increase mindfulness, compassion for self and others, distress tolerance, and social skills. Participants completed self-report measures at baseline and at a two-week follow-up. Quantitative data showed statistically significant small to moderate reductions in self-oriented perfectionism (d = -0.48, p < .001), socially-prescribed perfectionism (d = 0.40, p < .001), hostility (r = 0.53, p < .001), rejection sensitivity (d = 0.37, p < .001), depression (r = -0.47, p < .001), and anxiety (r = -0.33, p = .010) and a small increase in perceived social support (r = -0.29, p = .023). Thematic analyses of qualitative data indicated that participants found the IIP feasible, enjoyable, and useful. A brief online intervention may be a feasible way of reducing the negative consequences of perfectionism among university students. A randomised control trial is warranted to further evaluate the efficacy of the IIP. This research was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (no. ACTRN12620000574943)., Author(s): Shanara Visvalingam [sup.1] , Hannah L. McHardy [sup.1] , Susanne J. Norder [sup.1] , Natasha R. Magson [sup.1] , Melissa M. Norberg [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.1004.5, 0000 0001 [...]