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Background: There is limited data on the association between inflammation and the formation of early left ventricular thrombus (LVT) following ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study aimed to explore the predictive value of several inflammatory biomarkers for LVT formation following STEMI., Methods and Results: Our cohort included 2534 consecutive patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) with STEMI. The final analysis included 51 patients with LVT and 102 patients without LVT, matched for age, sex, anterior infarct and ejection fraction. Upon admission, patients with LVT had higher white blood cell counts (WBC) (12.8 ± 7 vs. 12.4 ± 4 ×10 3 /µL, p = 0.01), higher absolute neutrophil counts (10.5 ± 4 vs. 8.6 ± 4 ×10 3 /µL, p = 0.003), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (8.2 ± 6 vs. 4.8 ± 4, p = 0.04), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (35.9 ± 62 vs. 18.6 ± 40 mg/L, p = 0.04). Peak values for WBC and CRP were also higher in the LVT group (17.8 ± 8 vs. 14.6 ± 5 ×10 3 /µL, p = 0.003 and 95.8 ± 82 vs. 64.2 ± 76 mg/L, p = 0.02, respectively). In univariate regression analysis, WBC upon admission (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02-1.21, p = 0.02), peak WBC (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, p = 0.009), neutrophil count upon admission (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04-1.26, p = 0.004), and peak CRP (OR: 1.01, 95% CI: 1-1.01, p = 0.03) predicted LVT formation, which was also evident in multivariate regression models., Conclusion: WBC and neutrophil counts upon admission, as well as peak WBC and CRP, have additional predictive value for LVT formation following STEMI, beyond classical risk factors., (© 2024 The Author(s). Clinical Cardiology published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC.)

Background: Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) was shown to be associated with an increased risk for new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); however, the optimal time frame to measure CRP for risk stratification is not known., Objectives: To evaluate the relation between the change in CRP over time (CRP velocity [CRPv]) and new-onset AF among STEMI patients treated with primary PCI., Methods: We included 801 STEMI patients who underwent PCI between 2007 and 2017 and had their CRP measured with a wide range assay (wr-CRP) at least twice during the 24 hours after admission. CRPv was defined as the change in wr-CRP concentration (mg/l) divided by the change in time (in hours) between the two measurements. Patient medical records were reviewed for occurrence of new-onset AF., Results: New onset AF occurred in 45 patients (6%). Patients with new onset AF had significantly higher median CRPv (1.27 vs. 0.43 mg/l/h, P = 0.002). New-onset AF during hospitalization occurred in 3.4%, 4.5 %, and 9.1% of patients in the first, second and third CRPv tertiles, respectively (P for trend = 0.006). In a multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for clinical variables the odds ratios for new onset AF was 1.93 (95% confidence interval 1.0-3.59, P = 0.04) for patients in the third CRPv tertile., Conclusions: CRPv might be an independent and rapidly measurable biomarker for new-onset AF following primary PCI in STEMI patients.

Background: Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) was shown to be associated with an increased risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), however, the optimal time frame to measure CRP for risk stratification is not known. We evaluated the relation between the change in CRP over time (CRP velocity-CRPv) and AKI among STEMI patients treated with primary PCI., Methods: We included 801 STEMI who presented between 2007 and 2017 and had their CRP measured with a wide range assay (wr-CRP) at least twice during the 24 h after admission. CRPv was defined as the change in wr-CRP concentration (mg/l) divided by the change in time (in h) between the two measurements. Patient's medical records were reviewed for occurrence of AKI., Results: Mean age was 62 ± 16 and 80% were males. Patients with AKI had significantly higher CRPv (1.47 versus 0.4 mg/l/h, p < 0.001). In a multivariate regression model CRPv was independently associated with AKI (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.0 5, p = 0.001). On receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve the optimal cutoff value of CRPv to predict AKI was measured as more than 0.8 mg/l/h, with 70% sensitivity and 65% specificity (AUC 0.712, 95% CI 0.64-0.78, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: CRPv might be an independent and rapidly measurable biomarker for AKI following primary PCI in STEMI patients.

Purpose: To demonstrate the possible association of statin therapy with C reactive protein (CRP) serial measurements in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients., Materials and Methods: STEMI patients between 2008 and 2016 with available CRP data from admission were divided into two groups according to pre-admission statin therapy. A second CRP measurement was noted following primary coronary intervention (within 24 h from admission). The difference between the two measurements was designated ΔCRP., Results: The cohort consisted of 1134 patients with a median age of 61 (IQR52-70), 81% males. Patients on statins prior to admission (336/1134, 26%) were more likely to have CRP levels within normal range (≤5 mg/l) compared to patients without prior treatment, both at admission (75 vs. 24%, p = 0.004) and at 24 h (70 vs. 48%, p = 0.029). The prevalence of patients with pre-admission statin therapy decreased as ΔCRP increased (p = 0.004; n = 301). The likelihood of ΔCRP to be above 5 mg/l in patients with pre-admission statin therapy was reduced after age and gender adjustments (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32-0.92, p = 0.023) and in multivariate (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.33-0.99, p = 0.048) analysis., Conclusions: Pre-admission statin therapy is associated with a less robust inflammatory response in STEMI patients, highlighting statin's pathophysiological importance.

Objectives: We have recently shown that the transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) channel is exclusively upregulated in rat/murine peri-infarct monocytes/macrophages following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and that this overexpression might be detrimental for cardiac recovery. We aimed to characterize the expression levels of TRPV2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of AMI patients relative to individuals with normal coronaries, and to analyze potential associations with inflammatory and cardiac ischemic markers., Methods: Patients who underwent coronary angiography due to AMI or chest pain were prospectively included. PBMCs were isolated from whole blood by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. TRPV2 expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. C-reactive protein (CRP) and troponin I (TpI) levels were determined at the central chemistry laboratory; interleukin 6 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels were tested by ELISA., Results: Following AMI, the number of TRPV2-expressing PBMCs was reduced when compared to in patients with normal coronaries. An inverse correlation was documented between the numbers of circulating macrophages and TRPV2 expression. Additionally, TRPV2 expression was inversely correlated with CRP and TpI and directly correlated with serum IGF-1., Conclusions: We assume that peripheral TRPV2 downregulation occurs concomitantly with the accumulation of TRPV2-white blood cells in the peri-infarct zone. TRPV2 may thus represent a novel target for treatment in the acute phase after MI., (© 2018 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Context: There is a known association between C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and adverse outcomes in patients presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The optimal time frame to measure CRP for risk stratification is not known., Objective: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the relation between the change in CRP velocity (CRPv) and 30-d mortality among STEMI patients., Material and Methods: We included consecutive patients with a diagnosis of STEMI who presented to Tel-Aviv Medical Center between 2008 and 2014 and had their CRP measured with a wide range assay (wr-CRP) at least twice during the 24 h after admission. CRPv was defined as the change in wr-CRP concentration (mg/l) divided by the change in time (in hours) between the two measurements., Results: The study population comprised of 492 patients, mean age was 62 ± 14, 80% were male. CRPv was significantly higher among patients who died within 30 d of admission (1.42 mg/l versus 0.18 mg/l, p < 0.001). In a multivariate regression model adjusted to multiple confounders, CRPv was independently associated with 30-d mortality (OR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.20-1.62, p < 0.001)., Conclusion: CRPv might be an independent and rapidly measurable biomarker for short-term mortality in patients presenting with STEMI.

Background: Elevated periprocedural high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was shown to be associated with an increased risk for acute kidney injury (AKI) in non-myocardial infarction (MI) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), however, no information to date is present regarding its predicting role for AKI in MI patients. We evaluated whether admission serum hs-CRP levels may predict risk of AKI among ST elevation MI (STEMI) patients undergoing primary PCI., Methods: Five hundred and sixty-two patients that were admitted with STEMI and treated with primary PCI were included in the study. Serum hs-CRP levels were determined from blood samples taken prior to PCI. Patients' medical records were reviewed for occurrence of AKI, in-hospital complications and 30 days mortality., Results: Mean age was 62 ± 16 and 455 (80 %) were males. Patients were divided into two groups, according to their admission hs-CRP values: group 1: hs-CRP ≤9 mg/l (n = 394) and group 2: hs-CRP >9 mg/l (n = 168). Patients with hs-CRP >9 mg/l had significantly higher rate of AKI following PCI (17 vs. 6 %; p < 0.001), more in-hospital complications and higher30 -day mortality rate (11 vs. 1 %; p = 0.02). In a multivariable logistic regression model admission hs-CRP level >9 mg/l was an independent predictor for AKI (OR 2.7, 95 % CI: 1.39-5.29; p = 0.001) and a strong trend for 30 day mortality (OR 4.27, 95 % CI: 0.875-21.10; p = 0.07)., Conclusion: Admission serum hs-CRP level >9 mg/l is an independent predictor for AKI following primary PCI in STEMI patients.

Background: An elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) level is associated with adverse outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although CRP levels have been shown to be associated with left ventricular (LV) systolic function and remodeling in AMI, little is known about their relation to early LV diastolic function., Methods: We retrospectively studied 173 consecutive patients <75 years of age with first ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) that was treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). They had presented within 24h of chest pain onset and their CRP levels were determined within 6h of hospital admission. They all underwent echocardiography within 3 days of admission and were stratified by CRP tertiles., Results: The cut-off points for the CRP tertiles were <2.6 mg/L, 2.6-7.9 mg/L, and >7.9 mg/L. Patients with higher CRP levels had a significantly higher mean mitral inflow E wave velocity (68 ± 16 cm/s vs 77 ± 19 cm/s vs 76 ± 17 cm/s; p=0.02), a higher E/average e' (8.9 ± 1.9 vs 9.8 ± 2.8 vs 10.4±3.2; p=0.02), and a higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (27 ± 6 mmHg vs 30 ± 8 mmHg vs 32 ± 10 mmHg; p=0.04). Elevated CRP levels were associated with more advanced diastolic dysfunction than normal CRP levels (p=0.04). The admission CRP level was an independent predictor of average E/e' ratio (multivariate analysis)., Conclusion: Admission CRP levels are associated with echocardiographic parameters of elevated LV filling pressure in patients with STEMI treated with PPCI., (Copyright © 2013 Japanese College of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We tested the hypothesis that admission serum inflammatory biomarkers may predict risk of early left ventricular (LV) thrombus formation in patients with first-ever anterior wall ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Medical records of 207 patients admitted to our department between January 2006 and April 2012 for first-ever diagnosed anterior wall STEMI and treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) were reviewed. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen levels were determined from blood samples taken before PPCI. Patients underwent an initial cardiac echocardiography on days 1 or 2 of admission and a second echocardiography on days 5 to 7 of hospitalization. An early LV thrombus was detected on the second echocardiogram in 11 patients (11 of 207, 5%), 6 of whom had also displayed an LV thrombus already during their first echocardiogram. Patients with an LV thrombus had significantly higher mean serum CRP levels than those without an LV thrombus (48 mg/L vs 8.4 mg/L, p = 0.001), and a trend for higher fibrinogen levels was also observed (398 ± 135 mg/dl vs 312 ± 82 mg/dl, p = 0.063). Following adjustment to other variables and the performance of multiple logistic regression, the CRP (relative risk 4.63, p = 0.004) and fibrinogen (relative risk 1.006, p = 0.033) levels were independent predictors of LV thrombus formation. We conclude that admission serum CRP and fibrinogen levels are independent predictors for early LV thrombus formation complicating a first-ever anterior wall STEMI., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The C‐reactive protein (CRP)‐troponin‐test (CTT) comprises simultaneous serial measurements of CRP and cardiac troponin and might reflect the systemic inflammatory response in patients with acute coronary syndrome. We sought to test its ability to stratify the short‐ and long‐term mortality risk in patients with non‐ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Methods: We examined 1,675 patients diagnosed with NSTEMI on discharge who had at least two successive measurements of combined CRP and cardiac troponin within 48 h of admission. A tree classifier model determined which measurements and cutoffs could be used to best predict mortality during a median follow‐up of 3 years [IQR 1.8–4.3]. Results: Patients with high CRP levels (> 90th percentile, >54 mg/L) had a higher 30‐day mortality rate regardless of their troponin test findings (16.7% vs. 2.9%, p < 0.01). However, among patients with "normal" CRP levels (< 54 mg/L), those who had high troponin levels (> 80th percentile, 4,918 ng/L) had a higher 30‐day mortality rate than patients with normal CRP and troponin concentrations (7% vs. 2%, p < 0.01). The CTT test result was an independent predictor for overall mortality even after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities (HR = 2.28 [95% CI 1.56‐3.37], p < 0.01 for patients with high troponin and high CRP levels). Conclusions: Early serial CTT results may stratify mortality risk in patients with NSTEMI, especially those with "normal" CRP levels. The CTT could potentially assess the impact of inflammation during myocardial necrosis on the outcomes of patients with NSTEMI and identify patients who could benefit from novel anti‐inflammatory therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) early during an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) may reflect the magnitude of the inflammatory response to myocardial damage and are associated with worse outcome. However, the routine measurement of both CRP and cardiac troponin simultaneously in the setting of ST-segment myocardial infarction (STEMI) is not used broadly. Here, we sought to identify and characterize individuals who are prone to an elevated inflammatory response following STEMI by using a combined CRP and troponin test (CTT) and determine their short- and long-term outcome. We retrospectively examined 1186 patients with the diagnosis of acute STEMI, who had at least two successive measurements of combined CRP and cardiac troponin (up to 6 h apart), all within the first 48 h of admission. We used Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) tree analysis to determine which parameters, timing (baseline vs. serial measurements), and cut-offs should be used to predict mortality. Patients with high CRP concentrations (above 90th percentile, >33 mg/L) had higher 30 day and all-cause mortality rates compared to the rest of the cohort, regardless of their troponin test status (above or below 118,000 ng/L); 14.4% vs. 2.7%, p < 0.01. Furthermore, patients with both high CRP and high troponin levels on their second measurement had the highest 30-day mortality rates compared to the rest of the cohort; 21.4% vs. 3.7%, p < 0.01. These patients also had the highest all-cause mortality rates after a median follow-up of 4.5 years compared to the rest of the cohort; 42.9% vs. 12.7%, p < 0.01. In conclusion, serial measurements of both CRP and cardiac troponin might detect patients at increased risk for short-and long-term mortality following STEMI. We suggest the future use of the combined CTT as a potential early marker for inflammatory-prone patients with worse outcomes following ACS. This sub-type of patients might benefit from early anti-inflammatory therapy such as colchicine and anti-interleukin-1ß agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C-reactive protein velocity (CRPv), defined as the change in wide-range CRP concentration divided by time, is an inflammatory biomarker associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary percutaneous intervention (PCI). However, data regarding CRPv association with echocardiographic parameters assessing left ventricular systolic and diastolic function is lacking. Echocardiographic parameters and CRPv values were analyzed using a cohort of 1059 patients admitted with STEMI and treated with primary PCI. Patients were stratified into tertiles according to their CRPv. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate CRPv optimal cut-off values for the prediction of severe systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Patients with high CRPv tertiles had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (49% vs. 46% vs. 41%, respectively; p < 0.001). CRPv was found to independently predict LVEF ≤ 35% (HR 1.3 CI 95% 1.21–1.4; p < 0.001) and grade III diastolic dysfunction (HR 1.16 CI 95% 11.02–1.31; p = 0.02). CRPv exhibited a better diagnostic profile for severe systolic dysfunction as compared to CRP (area under the curve 0.734 ± 0.02 vs. 0.608 ± 0.02). In conclusion, For STEMI patients treated with primary PCI, CRPv is a marker of both systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Further larger studies are needed to support this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]