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Willingness to intervene as an effective bystander is critical in preventing partner violence and fostering safety among college students. Informed by the Social Determinants of Health framework, this conceptual paper provides an overview of the background and historical evolution of bystander intervention and invites a rethinking of how various factors impact bystander intervention for partner violence among college students by highlighting the roles of (1) economic factors and education, (2) sexual beliefs, myths, and media, (3) gender values and norms, (4) environmental factors, (5) college students at risk, (6) social support network and access to services, (7) acculturation and familiarity with the U.S. culture, and (8) cost-benefit analyses. We also discuss potential practice, research, and policy implications. Understanding the Social Determinants of Health is instrumental in addressing the root cause of intersecting health disparities, which is vital in preventing violence, encouraging bystander intervention, and creating a safer community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Advancing Research To Eliminate Mental Illness Stigma (ARTEMIS) study evaluated the impact of an intervention developed and implemented in Singapore on attitudes towards depression in university students. We aimed to assess the likelihood of university students intervening when their peers suffer from depression, before and after the ARTEMIS intervention. Methods: 390 students were recruited from a university in Singapore. The ARTEMIS intervention comprised a lecture by a trained mental health professional, a sharing session by a person with lived experience of depression, and a question-and-answer segment with a panel. The Bystander Intervention Scale for Depression (BISD) was administered at baseline, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up. BISD assessed four factors: acceptance of responsibility to intervene, knowledge on how to intervene, awareness of depression among peers, and vigilance towards possible symptoms of depression. Linear mixed models were conducted to investigate associations. Sociodemographic correlates were also examined. Results: A favourable shift in all factors was observed at post-intervention, which weakened at 3-month follow-up. Having past experience in the mental health field (b=1.50) and older age (b=0.18) were significantly associated with knowledge on how to intervene. Having social contact with mental illness (SCMI) and past experience in the mental health field (PEMHF) were significantly associated with awareness of depression among peers (SCMIb=0.89, PEMHF b=0.43) and vigilance towards possible symptoms of depression (SCMI b=0.39, PEMHF b=0.61). Discussion: The short-term results of the intervention appeared promising across all BISD factors; however, these results were not sustained after 3 months. Future research should include the impact of 'booster' interventions over time. Sociodemographic factors that were identified to be significant correlates should also be considered when planning for future interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reporting workplace discrimination has garnered renewed attention in public administration scholarship. Missing, however, from the literature is bystander reporting, a relatively new and understudied mode of reporting. Using a sub-sample of respondents (i.e., bystanders) who witnessed others encountering workplace discrimination—specifically race- (n = 886) and/or sex-based discrimination (n = 1,152)—this study finds that less than one fifth (18.7% and 16.6% respectively) of all bystanders reported the alleged offense. However, this study suggests that personal characteristics such as age, race or ethnicity, and veteran status, as well as occupational variables such as supervisory status and tenure duration, significantly impacted bystander reporting after witnessing race-based discrimination. Likewise, personal characteristics such as age, as well as occupational variables such as grade level, supervisory status, and tenure duration, also significantly impacted bystander reporting after witnessing sex-based discrimination. These findings are important because a different mode of reporting may increase agency accountability for acts of workplace discrimination or retaliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guardianship is a core tenet of routine activity theory and collective efficacy. At its outset, routine activity research assumed that the mere presence of a guardian was sufficient to disrupt many forms of crime. More recent research, however, has taken as a starting point that would‐be‐guardians must take on an active role for a reduction in crime to occur. Integrating research on bystander intervention and guardianship‐in‐action, the current study elaborates the individual‐level motivations and decision processes of guardianship to answer the following questions: Who serves as a reactive guardian? How do they do so? And why? We tasked young adults (N = 1,032) included in the recent waves of the Zurich Project on the Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood (z‐proso) to assess a 70‐second video depicting a sexual harassment event. We examined participants' willingness to engage in a range of intervention options as a function of their prosocial attitudes, safety considerations, socioemotional motivations, and moral considerations. Results show a complex decision process leading to whether and how a would‐be guardian decides to intervene to disrupt sexual harassment, such that prosocial motivations and emotional reactions are weighed against perceptions of danger when deciding on a specific course of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

User intervention against incivility is a significant element of democratic norm enforcement on social media, and feeling personally responsible for acting is a vital prerequisite for intervention. However, our insight into how users construe their sense of personal responsibility and expectations of other users remains limited. By theoretically foregrounding user perspective, this study investigates the boundaries and nuances of user responsibility to intervene against incivility. Empirically, it draws on 20 qualitative vignette interviews with young people in Germany. The findings show that as contexts collapse in users' newsfeeds, the imagined boundaries of personal public spheres and own social relationships with uncivil users serve as heuristics for hierarchizing and delimiting personal responsibility to intervene. Beyond abstract individual responsibility for the public discourse, practical responsibility is distributed among personal public spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The situational model of bystander behavior is a validated 5‐step process for understanding intervention in bullying and sexual harassment, yet the individual‐level and contextual‐level factors that facilitate the progression from one step to the next are not well understood. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether individual characteristics (social‐emotional skills, affective empathy, cognitive empathy, and personal attitudes toward bullying and sexual harassment) and contextual‐level factors (school climate and perceived peer attitudes toward bullying and sexual harassment) explained the association between subsequent steps of the bystander intervention model. A sample of 788 high school students completed several validated measures of these constructs. Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that each step significantly and positively predicted the next step, and the addition of a direct path from accepting responsibility to helping improved model fit. The mediational model indicated that individual‐level characteristics had significant direct effects on interpreting bullying and sexual harassment as problems, accepting responsibility, and helping, and indirect effects from noticing the bullying and sexual harassment to all subsequent steps except knowing. In contrast, contextual‐level effects contributed to accepting responsibility in an inverse direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among criminologists there has been an expanded contemporary interest in measures that encourage bystander intervention in the social settings of escalating and potentially violent incidents. These broadly include partner abuse and domestic disputes, as well as confrontational social interaction and other forms of targeted harassment and violence (racist, sexist, homophobic, ableist etc.), in everyday life. This article considers the likely success or failure of seeking to foster such measures as a core strategy of violence prevention, with discussion of the author’s Sydneybased study of the understandings of violence arising from young men’s lived experience of its various forms. It particularly concentrates on the results of focus groups conducted with a mixed sample of young men (aged 16-25 years) between 2018-2020. These participants had personal engagements with violence and potential violence, that shaped their reservations and doubts about regular intervention and general male anti-violence advocacy as reasonable and achievable social practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, bystander intervention has become an integral part of the effort to address the high prevalence rates of sexual violence on college campuses. Bystanders put their lives at risk by preventing high-risk situations from happening. Despite their critical role, bystander intervention has not been adequately examined to understand their decision-making process. The current study examined the behaviour of bystanders from an African perspective using college student data from Ghana and Ivory Coast. Specifically, the study examined the influence of sexual consent attitudes, personality traits, sense of community, and prior experiences of sexual violence on two dimensions of bystander intervention. The results revealed that lack of behavioural control, sexual consent norms, and a sense of community influence bystanders' decision to intervene. Also, while personality traits failed to explain bystander behaviour, experience with sexual violence did. These findings offer important insights into developing effective sexual assault programmes on campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does information about the way victims of gender-based violence (GBV) are treated by the police influence evaluations of government policies to combat gender-based violence? I theorize that because most citizens have incomplete information about such policies, information about procedural fairness should be given more weight when forming evaluations of the government's performance in this domain. Using original experiments embedded in public opinion surveys collected from Brazil, I find that information about procedural unfairness powerfully predicts more critical evaluations of GBV laws and the government's performance in helping victims. In addition, these critical opinions influence bystander intervention attitudes. Mediation analysis confirms that views of procedural unfairness are critical in explaining these effects. The implications of the findings for the implementation of specialized services are discussed in the results and conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One way mammalian mothers support offspring is by intervening on their behalf when they receive conspecific aggression. Maternal intervention protects offspring and facilitates mother–offspring rank correlation in several female-philopatric species. We tested the hypothesis that maternal intervention during development similarly facilitates mother–offspring rank correlation in one of our two male-philopatric closest living relatives: bonobos, Pan paniscus , for whom male ranks have been described as matrifocal but mechanisms of status transmission are unclear. We predicted mothers would intervene at higher rates in bonobos compared to chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes , where sons earn adult ranks independently. We expected this difference would be especially pronounced for sons as they reached reproductive age (∼8 years) and when aggressors were adult males, which female bonobos, but not female chimpanzees, often dominate. However, for both sons and daughters of all ages (0.5–16 years) and against aggressors of varying age and sex, bonobo mothers in Kokolopori, DRC (N = 22 pairs, 210 conflicts) intervened less frequently than did chimpanzee mothers at Ngogo, Uganda (N = 66 pairs, 221 conflicts), doing so in 8% versus 49% of all conflicts. These differences persisted regardless of the severity of aggression offspring received and the distress they demonstrated. Our results provide no support for our hypothesis that conflict intervention facilitates mother–son rank correlation in bonobos. Nor are patterns explained by additional alternative hypotheses related to species variation in costs of retaliation, quality of female–female relationships or infanticide risk. We introduce two new hypotheses: (1) that success in aggressive competition is less important for male bonobos than for male chimpanzees and (2) proclivities for support are heightened in chimpanzees compared to bonobos because of increased ingroup protectiveness in chimpanzees. The latter hypothesis arises from our unexpected, preliminary observation that nonmother bonobo bystanders intervened less often than nonmother chimpanzee bystanders during these events. • Bonobo vs chimpanzee mothers intervened less often when offspring were aggressed. • Maternal likelihood of intervening increased with severity of inflicted aggression. • Bonobo mothers intervened less often regardless of severity of aggression. • Bonobo mothers intervened less often regardless of aggressor or offspring age or sex. • Bonobos mothers received less retaliation than chimpanzee mothers for intervening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations have increasingly emphasized the role of employees as potential interventionists following acts of workplace sexism. However, sexism can be expressed in a variety of ways and bystanders may not be equally likely to recognize and intervene after witnessing different forms of workplace sexism. The current study correspondingly draws on the model of ambivalent sexism and the deontic theory of justice to propose that bystanders will experience weaker moral reactions following witnessed benevolent sexism as compared to hostile sexism and will correspondingly be less likely to intervene. We tested our hypotheses with an experimental vignette study that exposed participants to either benevolent or hostile sexism. Consistent with expectations, results showed that hostile sexism was perceived to be more of a moral violation and elicited more moral anger than benevolent sexism. Additionally, the results supported a serial mediation model in which witnessed hostile sexism (as compared to benevolent sexism) was associated with a greater willingness to intervene through perceived moral violation and moral anger. These results can inform organizational practices and empirical research aimed at understanding and improving bystander intervention willingness in response to workplace sexism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this project was to explore how individual (i.e., gender of the intervener) and contextual (i.e., type of bullying and whether the target is a friend) factors influence the use and type of prosocial bystander intervention. This necessitated the development and validation of a survey that deconstructs prosocial bystander interventions. To accomplish this, two studies were conducted. In Study 1, data were collected from 484 middle school students, and an exploratory factor analysis was performed on a new survey, the Forms of Bullying Bystander Actions (FBBA). Adjustments were made to the FBBA items, and data were collected from 252 middle and high school students in Study 2. Initial evidence suggests that the FBBA has a 4-factor structure (emotional intervention, direct intervention, reporting intervention, and ignore) and can measure bystander intervention in bullying in a scenario-based format. In relation to the primary aim of the study, whether the victim is known seems to play a major role in whether youth intervene in bullying. The use of different prosocial interventions varied in frequency depending on the type of bullying and whether the victim was a friend or not, but there were no gender differences in the overall frequency of prosocial interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequent occurrences of cyberbullying on social platforms have sparked a great deal of social conflict, and bystander intervention plays a crucial role in preventing the escalation of cyberbullying. This research examines the impact of victim self-disclosure on bystander intervention in cyberbullying through two experimental studies. The studies collected data from March to July of 2022, utilizing a convenience sampling approach to recruit university students as experiment participants. Study 1 recruited 247 valid participants, while Study 2 recruited 522 eligible participants. The results of Study 1 indicate that the perceptible dimensions (frequency, privacy, and valence) of victim self-disclosure impact bystander intervention. Specifically, in a low privacy context, positive self-disclosure increases bystander intervention, while negative self-disclosure does the opposite. The results of Study 2 suggest that the valence of self-disclosure affects bystander intervention through the mediation of victim blaming, with interpersonal distance moderating the impact of victim self-disclosure valence on the extent of victim blaming. This moderated mediation model clarifies the psychological process by which the valence of victim self-disclosure affects bystander intervention. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the social psychological process behind bystander intervention, providing a scientific basis and pathway for reducing cyberbullying and fostering a harmonious online environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European governments encourage their citizens to report signals of child sexual exploitation while traveling abroad. To better understand what inhibits their reporting behavior, this study examines travelers' intent to report signals of sexual exploitation of children in the context of travel and tourism (SECTT). Building on scholarship on crime reporting behavior and (indirect) bystander intervention, travelers from five European countries were surveyed about barriers influencing their reporting decision. Results indicate that barriers related to the interpretation of the situation and cost-benefit reasoning inhibit intent to report. Awareness of the phenomenon and intervention decreases the perceived barriers and positively impact the intents to report. Previous experience with observing signals of SECTT is associated with a lower intent to report. Explanations for this unexpected finding and recommendations for practitioners are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study examines how youth and adult members of 4‐H Shooting Sports clubs perceive firearm injury risk and risk reduction, and the applicability of a bystander intervention (BI) risk reduction framework in this community. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 youth and 13 adult members of 4‐H Shooting Sports clubs across nine US states from March to December of 2021 until thematic saturation was reached. Deductive and inductive thematic qualitative analyses were performed. Six overarching themes emerged: (1) The tendency to view firearm injury as predominantly unintentional in nature; (2) Acknowledgment of a wide array of risks for firearm injury; (3) Perceived barriers to bystander action to prevent firearm injury including knowledge, confidence, and consequences of action; (4) Facilitators of bystander action including a sense of civic responsibility; (5) Direct and indirect strategies to address potential risks for firearm injury; and (6) Belief that BI skills training would be useful for 4‐H Shooting Sports. Findings lay the groundwork for applying BI skills training as an approach to firearm injury prevention in 4‐H Shooting Sports, similar to how BI has been applied to other types of injury (i.e., sexual assault). 4‐H Shooting Sports club members' sense of civic responsibility is a key facilitator. Prevention efforts should attend to the broad array of ways in which firearm injury occurs, including suicide, mass shootings, homicide, and intimate partner violence, as well as unintentional injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk for sexual violence begins early in the lifespan; thus, interventions are needed to decrease the risk for sexual violence among high school youth. The current study evaluates the Your Voice Your View (YVYV) sexual violence prevention program using a school‐based cluster trial among 26 high schools in the Northeastern United States. YVYV, includes: 1) a series of four classroom workshops designed to engage students as allies in violence prevention through bystander intervention skills training, address risks for sexual aggression, and reduce risk for victimization; 2) a Lunch and Learn teacher training workshop; and 3) a 4‐week social norms poster campaign based on normative data from the school. Schools were matched based on size and demographics and randomly assigned to the intervention group or a wait‐list control group. A sample of 2685 10th grade students enrolled in the research and completed assessments at baseline, 2‐month and 6‐month follow‐up periods. The magnitude of the difference in sexual aggression did not vary by condition at either follow‐up period. The magnitude of 6‐month differences in experiencing unwanted sexual intercourse varied significantly by condition (IRR = 0.33 [0.14–0.76]), demonstrating a small protective effect favoring intervention schools (Cohen's f2 = 0.012). These findings highlight the promise of multicomponent interventions grounded in bystander intervention skills training, risk reduction, and social norms theory as a promising, comprehensive approach for sexual violence prevention among youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying is a pervasive problem and is especially common in schools. While much attention is given to survivors and perpetrators of bullying, there is a need to continue to understand the importance of bystanders. Bystanders can have a critical influence on bullying. In some contexts, bystanders may contribute to the noxious effects of bullying. In other contexts, they can significantly reduce the consequences of bullying. Understanding the types of bystanders and their effects on bullying can reduce bullying rates. This article reviews the literature on bystanders and bystander intervention in bullying situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pathways to bystander responses were examined in both generalized and bias‐based bullying incidents involving immigrant‐origin victims. Participants were 168 (Mage = 14.54, 57% female) adolescents of immigrant (37.5%) and nonimmigrant backgrounds, who responded to their likelihood of intervening on behalf of either an Arab or Latine victim. Models tested whether contact with immigrants and one's desires for social contact with immigrant‐origin peers mediated the effects of individual (shared immigrant background, and discriminatory tendencies) and situational (inclusive peer norms) intergroup factors on active bystander responses. Findings indicated that desires for social contact reliably mediated effects across both victims; however, contact with immigrant peers was only associated with responses to Latine victims. Implications for how to promote bystander intervention are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large share of online users has already witnessed online hate speech. Because targets tend to interpret such bystanders' lack of reaction as agreement with the hate speech, bystander intervention in online hate speech is crucial as it can help alleviate negative consequences. Despite evidence regarding online bystander intervention, however, whether bystanders evaluate online hate speech targeting different social groups as equally uncivil and, thereby, equally worthy of intervention remains largely unclear. Thus, we conducted an online experiment systematically varying the type of online hate speech as homophobia, racism, and misogyny. The results demonstrate that, although all three forms were perceived as uncivil, homophobic hate speech was perceived to be less uncivil than hate speech against women. Consequently, misogynist hate speech, compared to homophobic hate speech, increased feelings of personal responsibility and, in turn, boosted willingness to confront. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mandated by a consent decree, the Ethical Policing is Courageous (EPIC) program was developed by the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD). The EPIC curriculum is based on active bystandership, encouraging officers to intervene when police misconduct could potentially occur. This research sought to evaluate the EPIC program recently adopted in one state. An adapted integrity measuring instrument from the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) developed by Klockars et al. was used to compare officers who have recently completed the ethics programming being phased out against officers who participated in the EPIC program. Results indicate a significant difference in the areas of reporting and intervening with respect to excessive force. Implications for further research are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how young adults evaluate gender-based social inclusion and exclusion from academic peer groups. Participants included 199 college students (Mage = 19.18; SD = 1.37, Range = 18–25), who made judgments about the acceptability of gender-based social exclusion of female and male peers from a Physics group (a stereotypically masculine field) and bystander responses to gender-based social exclusion. Equitable attitudes and acceptability of gender-based social exclusion were examined as predictors of bystander responses to social exclusion. Findings showed that participants were less likely to see the exclusion of a female as acceptable compared to the exclusion of a male. However, regarding expected bystander intervention, models differed based on condition (exclusion of a male compared to exclusion of a female peer). Specifically, in the female exclusion condition, participants' gender predicted equitable attitudes, which then predicted expected bystander intervention and ratings of acceptability. In the male exclusion condition, equitable attitudes predicted acceptability, which then predicted expected bystander intervention. These findings have important implications for understanding how to shape inclusive campus climates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No-Hit-Zones (NHZ) use a public health approach to prevent violence against children. NHZs include bystander intervention training, educational materials, and an organizational policy that prohibits any form of physical hitting. This study is the first to assess the effectiveness of the NHZ bystander intervention training component exclusively. Following the training, staff were less likely to support the use of physical punishment, more likely to support intervention when witnessing physical punishment, and demonstrated increased knowledge about the NHZ policy. These results suggest that bystander intervention training is an integral part of NHZs' ability to establish a safe environment for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Up to 20% of female students experience some form of sexual violence while attending college. Bystander intervention programs to reduce sexual violence among university students are increasingly common, yet their effectiveness is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of literature on issues of sexual violence on college campuses, as well as the role of bystander intervention programs and bystander behavior. Methods: Using PRISMA guidelines, database and reference list reviews generated a total of 530 resources from 1972 to 2020. Results: Screenings resulted in a total of 106 resources including peer-reviewed articles, governmental reports, and other scholarly references. Conclusions: Research into campus-based sexual violence has documented the increasing popularity of bystander intervention programs. Although these bystander programs are popular, literature highlights their limited effectiveness in reducing campusbased sexual violence. Future research should explore methods to increase understanding of how bystander intervention programs impact immediate and long-term behavior. Research also should explore motivations to intervene during lower risk situations on the sexual violence continuum which could help explain motivations to intervene during higher-risk situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This report described the logic model driven, data collection strategies used to launch an evaluation of Campus SaVE’s requirement that colleges provide bystander training to reduce sexual violence (SV).To describe campus-level bystander training to reduce SV, our team recruited several large public universities. On each campus, we identified staff responsible for implementing relevant bystander trainings and conducted surveys and interviews with these key informants to describe their campus’ bystander programming. Undergraduate students at each campus were electronically surveyed to measure their receipt of bystander training and SV experiences. Two student survey options were available at the campus level: a 11-item (‘mini’) survey focused only on bystander training and SV experiences subset and ‘full’ survey that additionally included multi-item scales outlined in our logic model.Of 72 eligible campuses, 17 provided survey data (Spring 2017–2019). Campus key informants were recruited, surveyed (n = 74), and interviewed (n = 68) to describe bystander program implementation. Electronic surveys were launched to 858,388 students; 100,306 completed surveys (response rate: 11.7%, range across 17 campuses: 3–23%). Using a recall of the past academic year, one in three students reported receiving a named bystander training; SV was disclosed as victimization (5.0%) or perpetration (0.6%). Psychometric properties of scales (‘full’ survey) indicated acceptable to good internal consistency for sexual harassment (α = 0.82), attitudes toward consent (α = 0.74), problematic alcohol use (α = 0.63), bystander self-efficacy (α = 0.76), and engaging peers in prevention (α = .88).This methodology report can inform others attempting to evaluate bystander programming to reduce sexual violence on college campuses.Methods: This report described the logic model driven, data collection strategies used to launch an evaluation of Campus SaVE’s requirement that colleges provide bystander training to reduce sexual violence (SV).To describe campus-level bystander training to reduce SV, our team recruited several large public universities. On each campus, we identified staff responsible for implementing relevant bystander trainings and conducted surveys and interviews with these key informants to describe their campus’ bystander programming. Undergraduate students at each campus were electronically surveyed to measure their receipt of bystander training and SV experiences. Two student survey options were available at the campus level: a 11-item (‘mini’) survey focused only on bystander training and SV experiences subset and ‘full’ survey that additionally included multi-item scales outlined in our logic model.Of 72 eligible campuses, 17 provided survey data (Spring 2017–2019). Campus key informants were recruited, surveyed (n = 74), and interviewed (n = 68) to describe bystander program implementation. Electronic surveys were launched to 858,388 students; 100,306 completed surveys (response rate: 11.7%, range across 17 campuses: 3–23%). Using a recall of the past academic year, one in three students reported receiving a named bystander training; SV was disclosed as victimization (5.0%) or perpetration (0.6%). Psychometric properties of scales (‘full’ survey) indicated acceptable to good internal consistency for sexual harassment (α = 0.82), attitudes toward consent (α = 0.74), problematic alcohol use (α = 0.63), bystander self-efficacy (α = 0.76), and engaging peers in prevention (α = .88).This methodology report can inform others attempting to evaluate bystander programming to reduce sexual violence on college campuses.Results: This report described the logic model driven, data collection strategies used to launch an evaluation of Campus SaVE’s requirement that colleges provide bystander training to reduce sexual violence (SV).To describe campus-level bystander training to reduce SV, our team recruited several large public universities. On each campus, we identified staff responsible for implementing relevant bystander trainings and conducted surveys and interviews with these key informants to describe their campus’ bystander programming. Undergraduate students at each campus were electronically surveyed to measure their receipt of bystander training and SV experiences. Two student survey options were available at the campus level: a 11-item (‘mini’) survey focused only on bystander training and SV experiences subset and ‘full’ survey that additionally included multi-item scales outlined in our logic model.Of 72 eligible campuses, 17 provided survey data (Spring 2017–2019). Campus key informants were recruited, surveyed (n = 74), and interviewed (n = 68) to describe bystander program implementation. Electronic surveys were launched to 858,388 students; 100,306 completed surveys (response rate: 11.7%, range across 17 campuses: 3–23%). Using a recall of the past academic year, one in three students reported receiving a named bystander training; SV was disclosed as victimization (5.0%) or perpetration (0.6%). Psychometric properties of scales (‘full’ survey) indicated acceptable to good internal consistency for sexual harassment (α = 0.82), attitudes toward consent (α = 0.74), problematic alcohol use (α = 0.63), bystander self-efficacy (α = 0.76), and engaging peers in prevention (α = .88).This methodology report can inform others attempting to evaluate bystander programming to reduce sexual violence on college campuses.Conclusions: This report described the logic model driven, data collection strategies used to launch an evaluation of Campus SaVE’s requirement that colleges provide bystander training to reduce sexual violence (SV).To describe campus-level bystander training to reduce SV, our team recruited several large public universities. On each campus, we identified staff responsible for implementing relevant bystander trainings and conducted surveys and interviews with these key informants to describe their campus’ bystander programming. Undergraduate students at each campus were electronically surveyed to measure their receipt of bystander training and SV experiences. Two student survey options were available at the campus level: a 11-item (‘mini’) survey focused only on bystander training and SV experiences subset and ‘full’ survey that additionally included multi-item scales outlined in our logic model.Of 72 eligible campuses, 17 provided survey data (Spring 2017–2019). Campus key informants were recruited, surveyed (n = 74), and interviewed (n = 68) to describe bystander program implementation. Electronic surveys were launched to 858,388 students; 100,306 completed surveys (response rate: 11.7%, range across 17 campuses: 3–23%). Using a recall of the past academic year, one in three students reported receiving a named bystander training; SV was disclosed as victimization (5.0%) or perpetration (0.6%). Psychometric properties of scales (‘full’ survey) indicated acceptable to good internal consistency for sexual harassment (α = 0.82), attitudes toward consent (α = 0.74), problematic alcohol use (α = 0.63), bystander self-efficacy (α = 0.76), and engaging peers in prevention (α = .88).This methodology report can inform others attempting to evaluate bystander programming to reduce sexual violence on college campuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Over recent years, expectations for bystanders to intervene to interrupt or prevent domestic violence have increased. However, the extent of these expectations and the ways in which bystanders are supported to uphold these expectations remain ambiguous. Drawing on a scoping review methodology, this study aims to map the bystander expectations and advice contained in government policies and community resources across eight countries.We conducted a grey-literature search to identify the three most recent and relevant policy documents from each country, as well as the three most easily-accessible online community resources. We charted key information from each policy and resource, including type of violence and level of prevention; responsibility to intervene and effectiveness of bystander intervention; recognition of danger; and recommended bystander actions.The results indicate that the government policies and community resources included in the review held high expectations for bystanders to intervene in domestic violence. However, the information provided on how to safely and effectively intervene was inconsistent in its recognition of the risk posed to bystanders, and often offered contradictory advice.An examination of our findings within the context of existing evidence suggests that there are severe limitations to the messages and information presented by the policies and resources. As a matter of urgency, more empirical research is needed to inform the government policies and community resources that encourage bystanders to intervene in domestic violence.Methods: Over recent years, expectations for bystanders to intervene to interrupt or prevent domestic violence have increased. However, the extent of these expectations and the ways in which bystanders are supported to uphold these expectations remain ambiguous. Drawing on a scoping review methodology, this study aims to map the bystander expectations and advice contained in government policies and community resources across eight countries.We conducted a grey-literature search to identify the three most recent and relevant policy documents from each country, as well as the three most easily-accessible online community resources. We charted key information from each policy and resource, including type of violence and level of prevention; responsibility to intervene and effectiveness of bystander intervention; recognition of danger; and recommended bystander actions.The results indicate that the government policies and community resources included in the review held high expectations for bystanders to intervene in domestic violence. However, the information provided on how to safely and effectively intervene was inconsistent in its recognition of the risk posed to bystanders, and often offered contradictory advice.An examination of our findings within the context of existing evidence suggests that there are severe limitations to the messages and information presented by the policies and resources. As a matter of urgency, more empirical research is needed to inform the government policies and community resources that encourage bystanders to intervene in domestic violence.Results: Over recent years, expectations for bystanders to intervene to interrupt or prevent domestic violence have increased. However, the extent of these expectations and the ways in which bystanders are supported to uphold these expectations remain ambiguous. Drawing on a scoping review methodology, this study aims to map the bystander expectations and advice contained in government policies and community resources across eight countries.We conducted a grey-literature search to identify the three most recent and relevant policy documents from each country, as well as the three most easily-accessible online community resources. We charted key information from each policy and resource, including type of violence and level of prevention; responsibility to intervene and effectiveness of bystander intervention; recognition of danger; and recommended bystander actions.The results indicate that the government policies and community resources included in the review held high expectations for bystanders to intervene in domestic violence. However, the information provided on how to safely and effectively intervene was inconsistent in its recognition of the risk posed to bystanders, and often offered contradictory advice.An examination of our findings within the context of existing evidence suggests that there are severe limitations to the messages and information presented by the policies and resources. As a matter of urgency, more empirical research is needed to inform the government policies and community resources that encourage bystanders to intervene in domestic violence.Conclusions: Over recent years, expectations for bystanders to intervene to interrupt or prevent domestic violence have increased. However, the extent of these expectations and the ways in which bystanders are supported to uphold these expectations remain ambiguous. Drawing on a scoping review methodology, this study aims to map the bystander expectations and advice contained in government policies and community resources across eight countries.We conducted a grey-literature search to identify the three most recent and relevant policy documents from each country, as well as the three most easily-accessible online community resources. We charted key information from each policy and resource, including type of violence and level of prevention; responsibility to intervene and effectiveness of bystander intervention; recognition of danger; and recommended bystander actions.The results indicate that the government policies and community resources included in the review held high expectations for bystanders to intervene in domestic violence. However, the information provided on how to safely and effectively intervene was inconsistent in its recognition of the risk posed to bystanders, and often offered contradictory advice.An examination of our findings within the context of existing evidence suggests that there are severe limitations to the messages and information presented by the policies and resources. As a matter of urgency, more empirical research is needed to inform the government policies and community resources that encourage bystanders to intervene in domestic violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bystander interventions have shown promise to reduce interpersonal violence. Substance use may co-occur with violence; thus, bystander training to identify and intervene in these ‘risky’ situations may additionally reduce substance abuse.Prospective cohort study based on an existing (2010–2014) cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating Green Dot bystander intervention efficacy.Kentucky high school seniors (n = 3377) from intervention and control high schools were recruited in three waves to begin cohort surveys during the spring of 2014–2016 and followed from high school into adulthood through 2018.Green Dot bystander training in school as randomized (2010–2014) and reported after high school (2014–2018).Substance use disorder (SUD, DSM-5 criteria) rates (%) for the past 12 months at baseline (5.1%), 12-month follow up (4.7%), and final follow up (12–48 month; 6.8%) follow up.No statistically significant differences were observed between intervention and control schools at either follow up. However, self-reported receipt of Green Dot bystander training in and after high school was associated with lower substance use disorder (SUD) rates at the 12-months (n = 2078; p = .004) and final follow-up (at 24–48 month; n = 1896; p = .001) relative to those receiving no training. This pattern held for both sexes and among those attending 4-year colleges.Receipt of Green Dot bystander training, in and after high school, may additionally reduce SUD rates. Replication research using prospective cohorts and other bystander training approaches is encouraged.Design: Bystander interventions have shown promise to reduce interpersonal violence. Substance use may co-occur with violence; thus, bystander training to identify and intervene in these ‘risky’ situations may additionally reduce substance abuse.Prospective cohort study based on an existing (2010–2014) cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating Green Dot bystander intervention efficacy.Kentucky high school seniors (n = 3377) from intervention and control high schools were recruited in three waves to begin cohort surveys during the spring of 2014–2016 and followed from high school into adulthood through 2018.Green Dot bystander training in school as randomized (2010–2014) and reported after high school (2014–2018).Substance use disorder (SUD, DSM-5 criteria) rates (%) for the past 12 months at baseline (5.1%), 12-month follow up (4.7%), and final follow up (12–48 month; 6.8%) follow up.No statistically significant differences were observed between intervention and control schools at either follow up. However, self-reported receipt of Green Dot bystander training in and after high school was associated with lower substance use disorder (SUD) rates at the 12-months (n = 2078; p = .004) and final follow-up (at 24–48 month; n = 1896; p = .001) relative to those receiving no training. This pattern held for both sexes and among those attending 4-year colleges.Receipt of Green Dot bystander training, in and after high school, may additionally reduce SUD rates. Replication research using prospective cohorts and other bystander training approaches is encouraged.Setting/Participants: Bystander interventions have shown promise to reduce interpersonal violence. Substance use may co-occur with violence; thus, bystander training to identify and intervene in these ‘risky’ situations may additionally reduce substance abuse.Prospective cohort study based on an existing (2010–2014) cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating Green Dot bystander intervention efficacy.Kentucky high school seniors (n = 3377) from intervention and control high schools were recruited in three waves to begin cohort surveys during the spring of 2014–2016 and followed from high school into adulthood through 2018.Green Dot bystander training in school as randomized (2010–2014) and reported after high school (2014–2018).Substance use disorder (SUD, DSM-5 criteria) rates (%) for the past 12 months at baseline (5.1%), 12-month follow up (4.7%), and final follow up (12–48 month; 6.8%) follow up.No statistically significant differences were observed between intervention and control schools at either follow up. However, self-reported receipt of Green Dot bystander training in and after high school was associated with lower substance use disorder (SUD) rates at the 12-months (n = 2078; p = .004) and final follow-up (at 24–48 month; n = 1896; p = .001) relative to those receiving no training. This pattern held for both sexes and among those attending 4-year colleges.Receipt of Green Dot bystander training, in and after high school, may additionally reduce SUD rates. Replication research using prospective cohorts and other bystander training approaches is encouraged.Intervention: Bystander interventions have shown promise to reduce interpersonal violence. Substance use may co-occur with violence; thus, bystander training to identify and intervene in these ‘risky’ situations may additionally reduce substance abuse.Prospective cohort study based on an existing (2010–2014) cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating Green Dot bystander intervention efficacy.Kentucky high school seniors (n = 3377) from intervention and control high schools were recruited in three waves to begin cohort surveys during the spring of 2014–2016 and followed from high school into adulthood through 2018.Green Dot bystander training in school as randomized (2010–2014) and reported after high school (2014–2018).Substance use disorder (SUD, DSM-5 criteria) rates (%) for the past 12 months at baseline (5.1%), 12-month follow up (4.7%), and final follow up (12–48 month; 6.8%) follow up.No statistically significant differences were observed between intervention and control schools at either follow up. However, self-reported receipt of Green Dot bystander training in and after high school was associated with lower substance use disorder (SUD) rates at the 12-months (n = 2078; p = .004) and final follow-up (at 24–48 month; n = 1896; p = .001) relative to those receiving no training. This pattern held for both sexes and among those attending 4-year colleges.Receipt of Green Dot bystander training, in and after high school, may additionally reduce SUD rates. Replication research using prospective cohorts and other bystander training approaches is encouraged.Main outcome measure: Bystander interventions have shown promise to reduce interpersonal violence. Substance use may co-occur with violence; thus, bystander training to identify and intervene in these ‘risky’ situations may additionally reduce substance abuse.Prospective cohort study based on an existing (2010–2014) cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating Green Dot bystander intervention efficacy.Kentucky high school seniors (n = 3377) from intervention and control high schools were recruited in three waves to begin cohort surveys during the spring of 2014–2016 and followed from high school into adulthood through 2018.Green Dot bystander training in school as randomized (2010–2014) and reported after high school (2014–2018).Substance use disorder (SUD, DSM-5 criteria) rates (%) for the past 12 months at baseline (5.1%), 12-month follow up (4.7%), and final follow up (12–48 month; 6.8%) follow up.No statistically significant differences were observed between intervention and control schools at either follow up. However, self-reported receipt of Green Dot bystander training in and after high school was associated with lower substance use disorder (SUD) rates at the 12-months (n = 2078; p = .004) and final follow-up (at 24–48 month; n = 1896; p = .001) relative to those receiving no training. This pattern held for both sexes and among those attending 4-year colleges.Receipt of Green Dot bystander training, in and after high school, may additionally reduce SUD rates. Replication research using prospective cohorts and other bystander training approaches is encouraged.Results: Bystander interventions have shown promise to reduce interpersonal violence. Substance use may co-occur with violence; thus, bystander training to identify and intervene in these ‘risky’ situations may additionally reduce substance abuse.Prospective cohort study based on an existing (2010–2014) cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating Green Dot bystander intervention efficacy.Kentucky high school seniors (n = 3377) from intervention and control high schools were recruited in three waves to begin cohort surveys during the spring of 2014–2016 and followed from high school into adulthood through 2018.Green Dot bystander training in school as randomized (2010–2014) and reported after high school (2014–2018).Substance use disorder (SUD, DSM-5 criteria) rates (%) for the past 12 months at baseline (5.1%), 12-month follow up (4.7%), and final follow up (12–48 month; 6.8%) follow up.No statistically significant differences were observed between intervention and control schools at either follow up. However, self-reported receipt of Green Dot bystander training in and after high school was associated with lower substance use disorder (SUD) rates at the 12-months (n = 2078; p = .004) and final follow-up (at 24–48 month; n = 1896; p = .001) relative to those receiving no training. This pattern held for both sexes and among those attending 4-year colleges.Receipt of Green Dot bystander training, in and after high school, may additionally reduce SUD rates. Replication research using prospective cohorts and other bystander training approaches is encouraged.Conclusions: Bystander interventions have shown promise to reduce interpersonal violence. Substance use may co-occur with violence; thus, bystander training to identify and intervene in these ‘risky’ situations may additionally reduce substance abuse.Prospective cohort study based on an existing (2010–2014) cluster-randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating Green Dot bystander intervention efficacy.Kentucky high school seniors (n = 3377) from intervention and control high schools were recruited in three waves to begin cohort surveys during the spring of 2014–2016 and followed from high school into adulthood through 2018.Green Dot bystander training in school as randomized (2010–2014) and reported after high school (2014–2018).Substance use disorder (SUD, DSM-5 criteria) rates (%) for the past 12 months at baseline (5.1%), 12-month follow up (4.7%), and final follow up (12–48 month; 6.8%) follow up.No statistically significant differences were observed between intervention and control schools at either follow up. However, self-reported receipt of Green Dot bystander training in and after high school was associated with lower substance use disorder (SUD) rates at the 12-months (n = 2078; p = .004) and final follow-up (at 24–48 month; n = 1896; p = .001) relative to those receiving no training. This pattern held for both sexes and among those attending 4-year colleges.Receipt of Green Dot bystander training, in and after high school, may additionally reduce SUD rates. Replication research using prospective cohorts and other bystander training approaches is encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In everyday life we may hear someone being racist or saying something otherwise objectionable in a public space. Calling out that person for being discriminatory is generally regarded as morally imperative, yet it is evidently very difficult to do so when one is outside of an ongoing conversation. This article maps some interactional practices overhearers use to enter an ongoing dispute in which there is evident racism. We show how interveners design and time their turns at talk to take a stance against some racism oriented to as egregious or disruptive whilst walking the accountability tightrope. That is, we analyse their efforts to remain 'outside' of the dispute and not accountable for their entry. By documenting the design and timing of an intervener's turns, we argue against using a participation framework approach to track participation, and contend that challenging racism, despite one's moral obligation to do so, requires careful coordination between the disputants, overhearers, and the intervener. • Bystanders intervene into public disputes in ways which limit how accountable they are for their entry. • Racism is treated as so morally reprehensible that it warrants intervention. • Taking a 'neutralistic' stance allows interveners to remain 'outside of' the dispute while condemning the disputant(s). • Standing together and spontaneously coordinating turns makes it difficult to be individually targeted for intervening. • A focus on categorisation practices to track 'trajectories of engagement' is more useful than participation frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared the effectiveness of two approaches for diminishing psychological reactance in the context of bystander intervention: preemptive and postscript mitigation. Undergraduates (N = 598) completed an online survey experiment. Participants viewed a message promoting bystander intervention and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: preemptive script, restoration postscript, or a message-only control (no pre/postscript). Consistent with past work, no differences were observed in the effectiveness of the preemptive and postscript mitigation techniques vis-à-vis reactance and behavioral intention. The use of a reactance mitigation strategy (preemptive or postscript) resulted in greater behavioral intention relative to a control message. However, post hoc analyses revealed this effect occurred among women, but not men. Counter to expectations, the use of preemptive and postscript strategies did not reduce reactance relative to a control message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence from a growing research literature on the causes and effects of informal social control (ISC) and bystander interventions carried out by nonprofessionals against intimate partner violence (IPV) shows anomalies and unexplained counterintuitive findings. This study employs a new experimental vignette design to examine the hypothesis: high bystander legitimacy (in the eyes of potential perpetrators) will moderate the effects of (1) incipient ISC and (2) perceived ISC, on parent's self‐estimated likelihood of perpetrating IPV. The data consist of 210 rural Korean parents randomly drawn from Kyunggi province using a three‐stage cluster probability proportional to size approach. Parents were randomly assigned to low and high incipient ISC, perceived ISC, and collective legitimacy conditions, following a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental vignette approach. Hypotheses were tested using regression models with standard errors corrected for district clusters. Incipient ISC was associated with significantly less self‐estimated likelihood of perpetrating IPV. An interaction between high bystander legitimacy and incipient ISC was negative (B = −8.88, p < 0.01). The interaction between perceived ISC and legitimacy was not significant. However, the interaction between perceived ISC and female gender was positively associated with self‐estimated likelihood of perpetrating IPV (B = 8.61, p < 0.05). The findings suggest that the presence of a legitimate bystander (whom the potential perpetrator believes has a legitimate right to be concerned about his or her family) may deter parents from perpetrating IPV. Programs to boost ISC and bystander intervention should include modules that strengthen collective legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this cohort analyses, we sought to estimate the longer-term efficacy of a high-school based bystander intervention to reduce gender-based violence (GBV) into young adulthood.Seniors were recruited from 23 of 26 high schools that participated in the original RCT (2010–2014) designed to test the effectiveness of a bystander intervention to reduce GBV. Of 3,389 high school seniors who completed an electronic survey in their last term, 1,986 complete at least one annual follow up survey through 2018 (58.6% retention). Receipt of bystander training was defined based on (1) the high school the participant attended (‘as randomized’ in the original RCT) and (2) participants’ report of additional bystander training received after high school (‘as reported’). The primary GBV outcomes were sexual violence perpetration and victimization rates (%) for the past 12 months.Only at the final follow up were significant reductions in sexual violence perpetration (SVP) noted for the ‘as randomized’ analyses. Self-reported SVP rates were 38% lower (adjusted rate ratio = 0.62; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.48–0.81) among 1,107 participants who had attended schools randomized to the bystander intervention (SVP = 2.1%: 95% CI; 1.6–2.9) relative to 877 participants who had attended control schools (SVP = 3.4%; 95% CI: 3.0-3.9). Receipt of additional bystander training after high school was not associated with lower rates of any GBV form when compared with participants receiving no bystander training in or after high school.Bystander training was not consistently associated with longer-term reductions in GBV perpetration nor victimization in this prospective cohort study based on a large school-based RCT.Methods: In this cohort analyses, we sought to estimate the longer-term efficacy of a high-school based bystander intervention to reduce gender-based violence (GBV) into young adulthood.Seniors were recruited from 23 of 26 high schools that participated in the original RCT (2010–2014) designed to test the effectiveness of a bystander intervention to reduce GBV. Of 3,389 high school seniors who completed an electronic survey in their last term, 1,986 complete at least one annual follow up survey through 2018 (58.6% retention). Receipt of bystander training was defined based on (1) the high school the participant attended (‘as randomized’ in the original RCT) and (2) participants’ report of additional bystander training received after high school (‘as reported’). The primary GBV outcomes were sexual violence perpetration and victimization rates (%) for the past 12 months.Only at the final follow up were significant reductions in sexual violence perpetration (SVP) noted for the ‘as randomized’ analyses. Self-reported SVP rates were 38% lower (adjusted rate ratio = 0.62; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.48–0.81) among 1,107 participants who had attended schools randomized to the bystander intervention (SVP = 2.1%: 95% CI; 1.6–2.9) relative to 877 participants who had attended control schools (SVP = 3.4%; 95% CI: 3.0-3.9). Receipt of additional bystander training after high school was not associated with lower rates of any GBV form when compared with participants receiving no bystander training in or after high school.Bystander training was not consistently associated with longer-term reductions in GBV perpetration nor victimization in this prospective cohort study based on a large school-based RCT.Results: In this cohort analyses, we sought to estimate the longer-term efficacy of a high-school based bystander intervention to reduce gender-based violence (GBV) into young adulthood.Seniors were recruited from 23 of 26 high schools that participated in the original RCT (2010–2014) designed to test the effectiveness of a bystander intervention to reduce GBV. Of 3,389 high school seniors who completed an electronic survey in their last term, 1,986 complete at least one annual follow up survey through 2018 (58.6% retention). Receipt of bystander training was defined based on (1) the high school the participant attended (‘as randomized’ in the original RCT) and (2) participants’ report of additional bystander training received after high school (‘as reported’). The primary GBV outcomes were sexual violence perpetration and victimization rates (%) for the past 12 months.Only at the final follow up were significant reductions in sexual violence perpetration (SVP) noted for the ‘as randomized’ analyses. Self-reported SVP rates were 38% lower (adjusted rate ratio = 0.62; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.48–0.81) among 1,107 participants who had attended schools randomized to the bystander intervention (SVP = 2.1%: 95% CI; 1.6–2.9) relative to 877 participants who had attended control schools (SVP = 3.4%; 95% CI: 3.0-3.9). Receipt of additional bystander training after high school was not associated with lower rates of any GBV form when compared with participants receiving no bystander training in or after high school.Bystander training was not consistently associated with longer-term reductions in GBV perpetration nor victimization in this prospective cohort study based on a large school-based RCT.Conclusions: In this cohort analyses, we sought to estimate the longer-term efficacy of a high-school based bystander intervention to reduce gender-based violence (GBV) into young adulthood.Seniors were recruited from 23 of 26 high schools that participated in the original RCT (2010–2014) designed to test the effectiveness of a bystander intervention to reduce GBV. Of 3,389 high school seniors who completed an electronic survey in their last term, 1,986 complete at least one annual follow up survey through 2018 (58.6% retention). Receipt of bystander training was defined based on (1) the high school the participant attended (‘as randomized’ in the original RCT) and (2) participants’ report of additional bystander training received after high school (‘as reported’). The primary GBV outcomes were sexual violence perpetration and victimization rates (%) for the past 12 months.Only at the final follow up were significant reductions in sexual violence perpetration (SVP) noted for the ‘as randomized’ analyses. Self-reported SVP rates were 38% lower (adjusted rate ratio = 0.62; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.48–0.81) among 1,107 participants who had attended schools randomized to the bystander intervention (SVP = 2.1%: 95% CI; 1.6–2.9) relative to 877 participants who had attended control schools (SVP = 3.4%; 95% CI: 3.0-3.9). Receipt of additional bystander training after high school was not associated with lower rates of any GBV form when compared with participants receiving no bystander training in or after high school.Bystander training was not consistently associated with longer-term reductions in GBV perpetration nor victimization in this prospective cohort study based on a large school-based RCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Experiencing sexual violence is associated with a significantly increased risk of adolescent pregnancy. The Green Dot bystander intervention training reduced sexual violence (SV) perpetration and victimization in a large high school-based randomized control trial (RCT). The purpose of this paper was to investigate the efficacy of Green Dot training in reducing pregnancy rates among female and male students participating in this RCT.Across the four years of the bystander intervention, 63,320 students completed annual surveys. Students’ reports of being or causing pregnancy in the past 12 months (4.0%; n = 2,560) were significantly times higher, 5 to 7-fold, for those disclosing SV victimization or perpetration, respectively. The effect of bystander intervention training was analyzed ‘as randomized’ and ‘as reported’ with self-reported, 12-month pregnancy rates as the primary outcome.When Green Dot was fully implemented in the last two years of the RCT, this intervention was associated with a modest yet not significant reduction in pregnancy rates (aRR = 0.89; 95% CI:0.77–1.03; ‘as randomized analyses’). Reported receipt of Green Dot training was associated with a 33% reduction in pregnancy rates (aRR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64–0.91; p = .01) and this pattern was more pronounced in the latter two years of the RCT (aRR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.54–0.86).Green Dot training did reduce sexual violence perpetration and victimization, and this training appears to additionally reduce pregnancy rates over time.Methods: Experiencing sexual violence is associated with a significantly increased risk of adolescent pregnancy. The Green Dot bystander intervention training reduced sexual violence (SV) perpetration and victimization in a large high school-based randomized control trial (RCT). The purpose of this paper was to investigate the efficacy of Green Dot training in reducing pregnancy rates among female and male students participating in this RCT.Across the four years of the bystander intervention, 63,320 students completed annual surveys. Students’ reports of being or causing pregnancy in the past 12 months (4.0%; n = 2,560) were significantly times higher, 5 to 7-fold, for those disclosing SV victimization or perpetration, respectively. The effect of bystander intervention training was analyzed ‘as randomized’ and ‘as reported’ with self-reported, 12-month pregnancy rates as the primary outcome.When Green Dot was fully implemented in the last two years of the RCT, this intervention was associated with a modest yet not significant reduction in pregnancy rates (aRR = 0.89; 95% CI:0.77–1.03; ‘as randomized analyses’). Reported receipt of Green Dot training was associated with a 33% reduction in pregnancy rates (aRR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64–0.91; p = .01) and this pattern was more pronounced in the latter two years of the RCT (aRR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.54–0.86).Green Dot training did reduce sexual violence perpetration and victimization, and this training appears to additionally reduce pregnancy rates over time.Results: Experiencing sexual violence is associated with a significantly increased risk of adolescent pregnancy. The Green Dot bystander intervention training reduced sexual violence (SV) perpetration and victimization in a large high school-based randomized control trial (RCT). The purpose of this paper was to investigate the efficacy of Green Dot training in reducing pregnancy rates among female and male students participating in this RCT.Across the four years of the bystander intervention, 63,320 students completed annual surveys. Students’ reports of being or causing pregnancy in the past 12 months (4.0%; n = 2,560) were significantly times higher, 5 to 7-fold, for those disclosing SV victimization or perpetration, respectively. The effect of bystander intervention training was analyzed ‘as randomized’ and ‘as reported’ with self-reported, 12-month pregnancy rates as the primary outcome.When Green Dot was fully implemented in the last two years of the RCT, this intervention was associated with a modest yet not significant reduction in pregnancy rates (aRR = 0.89; 95% CI:0.77–1.03; ‘as randomized analyses’). Reported receipt of Green Dot training was associated with a 33% reduction in pregnancy rates (aRR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64–0.91; p = .01) and this pattern was more pronounced in the latter two years of the RCT (aRR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.54–0.86).Green Dot training did reduce sexual violence perpetration and victimization, and this training appears to additionally reduce pregnancy rates over time.Conclusions: Experiencing sexual violence is associated with a significantly increased risk of adolescent pregnancy. The Green Dot bystander intervention training reduced sexual violence (SV) perpetration and victimization in a large high school-based randomized control trial (RCT). The purpose of this paper was to investigate the efficacy of Green Dot training in reducing pregnancy rates among female and male students participating in this RCT.Across the four years of the bystander intervention, 63,320 students completed annual surveys. Students’ reports of being or causing pregnancy in the past 12 months (4.0%; n = 2,560) were significantly times higher, 5 to 7-fold, for those disclosing SV victimization or perpetration, respectively. The effect of bystander intervention training was analyzed ‘as randomized’ and ‘as reported’ with self-reported, 12-month pregnancy rates as the primary outcome.When Green Dot was fully implemented in the last two years of the RCT, this intervention was associated with a modest yet not significant reduction in pregnancy rates (aRR = 0.89; 95% CI:0.77–1.03; ‘as randomized analyses’). Reported receipt of Green Dot training was associated with a 33% reduction in pregnancy rates (aRR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64–0.91; p = .01) and this pattern was more pronounced in the latter two years of the RCT (aRR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.54–0.86).Green Dot training did reduce sexual violence perpetration and victimization, and this training appears to additionally reduce pregnancy rates over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extending theorization on bystander intervention, this study examined antecedents of upstanding, a communication practice in which bystanders communicate disapproval to norm violators, using the context of mask wearing during COVID-19. Survey findings from undergraduate students revealed that perceived legitimacy of intervention played a key role in decisions to stand up to mask norm violators. In addition, anticipation of hostile responses from the confronted party and bystander indifference discouraged upstanding behavior or intentions. Participants also expected to receive less support from bystanders in a hypothetical episode as an upstander than what they intended to offer an upstander as a bystander. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgroud: Countless efforts to combat sexual harassment have been proposed, and for the first time in history, the second order of sexual harassment (SOSH) has been legislated under the term second-order violence (SOV) by a unanimous vote of the Catalan Parliament. Advances in preventing and responding to sexual harassment contribute to highlighting the intervention as being crucial to supporting survivors against retaliation. A lack of support provides a general explanation on why bystanders tend not to intervene and highlights the reality that reprisals are suffered by those who support victims. Methods: From the existing knowledge about sexual harassment prevention and response mechanisms, this paper analyzes scientific evidence through a review of the literature published in databases, as well as legislation, reports, and other materials. Results: The context that enables SOV legislation is grounded in three realms: (1) bystander intervention and protection, (2) the role of support networks in protecting survivors, and (3) awareness and legislation of SOSH. An active bystander refers to the involvement of someone who is aware of potential sexual harassment situations. Conclusions: The lack of legislation against SOSH limits bystander intervention and support; therefore, legislating protection for supporters has become urgent and necessary. Legislating SOSH has great social implications because gender equality cannot be fully achieved if bystander protection is not legally considered. Policy Implications: As no legal system has previously contemplated SOSH, its pioneering parliamentarian approval and establishment by Catalan law constitute a legal key innovation for the field of gender and women's studies. In fact, evidence reported here are important in developing further regulations and policy. Policy Implications: As no legal system has previously contemplated SOSH, its pioneering parliamentarian approval and establishment by Catalan law constitute a legal key innovation for the field of gender and women's studies. In fact, evidence reported here are important in developing further regulations and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theorizing situates bystander intervention approaches to combatting street sexual harassment as either an anti-carceral mode of social justice concerned with citizen responsibility and reshaping community norms or a carceral practice that shifts forms and sites of penal power. This article examines the intersection and effect of carceral and anti-carceral framing techniques in the 2015 "The Harasser is a Criminal" media campaign deployed by the Egyptian anti-sexual harassment initiative HarassMap to promote bystander intervention. Situated within a sphere of Egyptian gender activism that is transnational, secular, and feminist-oriented, and operating within a militarized, authoritarian political context, HarassMap's campaign complicates how bystander intervention is instrumentalized as a technology of power to shape subjective and intersubjective responses to Egypt's street sexual harassment problem. Carceral and anti-carceral currents flow together in their campaign not to promote a reliance on police or juridical structures for redress, but to cultivate new ethical dispositions as a means of mobilizing individuals to act. Through the figure of the bystander, HarassMap is engaged in a biopolitical project which seeks to create new neoliberal subjects who police themselves and assume responsibility for their own behavior in public space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Bystander intervention mitigates the negative impact of bias incidents in the workplace. However, intervention tends to be viewed as binary: intervention occurred or it did not. Consequently, research has focused on conditions under which witnesses of bias incidents choose to intervene, and less is known about how witnesses may intervene. This paper elucidates the intervention behavior choices available to witnesses of bias incidents and develops a bystander intervention behavior (BIB) scale. Design/methodology/approach: To develop the scale, the authors used the three-phased act frequency methodology. In phase I, the authors surveyed faculty who had both witnessed a bias incident and seen someone intervene to address it. The authors asked these faculties to list the observed bystander intervention behaviors they had personally observed. In Phase II, different survey respondents and subject matter experts assessed the prototypicality of each of the behaviors in relation to the concept of bystander intervention. In phase III, the authors tested the validity and reliability of the resulting 18-item scale and assessed the ability of bystander intervention behavior to mitigate the negative impact of bias incidents on the academic workplace. Findings: The BIB scale consists of two theoretically derived, empirically validated and reliable dimensions; it can be used as a summary score to evaluate the extent to which colleagues intervene indirectly and directly when a bias incident occurs in the academic workplace. Originality/value: This scale is valuable in advancing efforts to mitigate the negative effect of bias in the workplace and training colleagues to intervene in various ways when bias occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coercive sexual harassment (CSH) by faculty is a risk factor for women in higher education. Bystander intervention and support for a victim are critical. Social networks can influence peers' social reactions to victims of sexual violations. This is the first study to explore the responses of peers who learn about CSH of a peer indirectly, thus becoming indirect bystanders. In this scenario, a peer classmate learns of CSH of a classmate from another classmate who witnessed the CSH. The 181 participants (52.8% female) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions where a written vignette described an interaction between the instructor faculty member and a student; the interchange involved either moderate or severe CSH (severity). The peer informant who witnessed the CSH and shared the information with the potential indirect bystander was described as either a close friend in the same class or only a classmate (friendship status). The vignette was followed by a series of items with Likert-type scales that measured cognitive appraisals (offensiveness of interaction, harm to victim, the believability of information, personal responsibility to act), emotional reactions (fears of negative consequences for taking action, emotional reactions to perpetrator and victim), and behavioral intentions (helping peer victim, social responses to victim, behaviors towards professor/perpetrator). Results indicated that the severity of CSH was a critical factor in cognitive appraisals and both positive emotional reactions to the victim and negative emotions towards the perpetrator. Yet, the main effects for the severity of CSH were moderated by friendship status of the informant: when the source was a close friend in the moderate CSH condition, participants were more likely to act to support the victim, less likely to avoid/exclude the victim, and more likely to avoid/exclude the professor than when the source of the information was simply a classmate. Results support training programs that focus on peer social networks as sources of deterrence and enhanced support regarding SH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there have been calls to move the obligation and responsibility of social justice from the margins of the workplace to the center, building a more radical Human Resource Development (HRD). The purpose of this article was to leverage bystander intervention and ally development to discuss the cultivation of social justice in the workplace. One of the principle contributions of this article is its potential to situate the onus for social justice as the work of everyone in the workplace, and as a part of every practice, policy, and decision. We contend that bystander intervention and ally development are necessary tools to implement social justice initiatives that can address issues at both the interpersonal and systemic levels. Everyone is invited to participate in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campaigns like that of the Department of Homeland Security's "See Something, Say Something" are intended to increase public reporting of "terrorism-related behaviors." Yet given prior research on whom the general public considers to be a terrorist, it is likely these types of programs are instead affected by pejorative automatic associations. With this in mind, we inquire: Does implicit bias affect public reporting within a suspicious activity scenario? Through a randomized experiment using virtual reality technology, we find evidence of such bias, as manifested in whether participants indicated they would call the police when presented with a Middle Eastern male. We conclude effective counterterrorism programming should involve an awareness campaign component detailing what terrorism truly looks like in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applied Andersen's Model of Health Service Use to examine help-seeking behaviors for intimate partner violence (IPV) and predisposing, enabling, and need factors for help-seeking among college students. The sample (N = 2,719) consisted of those who experienced IPV and was recruited from six universities in the United States and one university in Canada through an online survey. Results showed that 45.4% of the sample had sought some form of help for IPV. The most utilized source of formal help was from medical services, and friends were the number one source of informal help. Gender, age, sexual orientation (predisposing factors), IPV training (enabling factor), experiencing psychological and technological violence, and IPV consequences (need factors) were associated with seeking help. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was attempted to examine the effectiveness of mobile-based military WithYou programs. The research design was a quasi-experimental study with one group pretest-posttest design. Data were collected from 17 December to 23 December 2020. 42 and 37 members of the Air base in City C participated in the pretest and posttest, respectively. A video education program developed to inspire bystander intervention efficacy and the intention of helping peers and strangers was provided on mobile. The data collected before and after attending the program were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test. The results showed that mobile-based military WithYou program was effective in increasing the intention to help friends and others. Attempts to develop and apply educational content using mobile devices for military personnel will be meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol's effects on bystander responses to potential sexual assault situations are understudied. In this mixed-methods study, we examined quality of bystander responses in intoxicated versus sober people. Participants were 121 young adults (ages 21-29, 50% female) randomly assigned to consume alcoholic beverages or soda water. After drinking, participants listened to a sexual assault vignette and completed a semistructured interview assessing how they would respond if they had witnessed the situation. Nearly all participants reported they would directly intervene if faced with the situation. Intoxicated participants and men were significantly less likely to use high-quality bystander intervention strategies than were sober participants and women. Results suggest that alcohol intoxication may negatively impact the likelihood that bystander intervention efforts will be helpful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in third-person perception (TPP) is well-established. The current study contributes to the literature by examining differences in the perceptual bias attributable to different television genres: Teen Dramas, Crime Dramas, and Super Hero/Fantasy Shows. A field survey of middle school and high school students (N = 1,255) documented thirdperson perception regarding depictions of abuse on television watched by children and adolescents, as well as a unique third-person effect: Intended bystander intervention when witnessing peer bullying in real life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The #MeToo movement centers on raising awareness of risky situations for victimization and encourages the general community to intervene in these situations. Similarly, sexual violence awareness programming that take place on college campuses throughout the academic year can prime individuals to be active bystanders. Except for a handful of systematically evaluated bystander intervention programs, however, it is unclear how informal sexual violence awareness programming affects actual intervention behaviors. The link between prior victimization and bystander intervention is also not well understood. Given these gaps in research, the current study examines how exposure to sexual violence awareness programming and prior victimization are associated with bystander intervention. In particular, we consider the intersection of prior sexual victimization and participating in sexual violence awareness programming on campus. Utilizing a sample of 735 college students from a four-year southeastern university, the results of the current study demonstrate victims of sexual violence who attend sexual violence awareness programming are less likely to intervene. The findings of the current study highlight the importance of program design and suggest that increased attention to the problem of sexual violence does not necessarily translate into bystander intervention. Overall, this may run counter to goals of the #MeToo movement and deserves further attention. Avenues for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing one's readiness to help (Baynard 2010) and awareness of campus resources (Hayes-Smith and Levett 2010) is vital to the success of bystander intervention, which has been identified as a promising strategy for engaging student-athletes in sexual violence prevention (Moynihan et al. 2015). While studies suggest that high school coaches may play an influential role in promoting engagement in sexual violence prevention with their student-athletes (Miller et al. 2013), there is a lack of research on the potential influence of college coaches. This exploratory study examines college coaches' impact of discussing sexual violence with student-athletes on engaging in sexual violence prevention. Data collected from a Mid-Atlantic Division I university indicate that student-athletes who discussed sexual violence with their coach were more likely to take action to prevent sexual violence and more familiar with campus resources than those who did not. Implications for research and practice will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) constitutes a significant global health burden, with a survival rate of only 10-12%. Mobile phone technologies have been developed that crowdsource citizen volunteers to nearby OHCAs in order to initiate resuscitation prior to ambulance arrival. We performed a scoping review to map the available literature on these crowdsourcing technologies and compared their technical specifications.Methods: A search strategy was developed for five online databases. Two reviewers independently assessed all articles for inclusion and extracted relevant study information. Subsequently, we performed a supplementary internet search and consulted experts to identify all available bystander alert technologies and their specifications.Results: We included 65 articles examining bystander alerting technologies from more than 15 countries. We also identified 25 unique technologies, of which 18 were described in the included literature. Technologies were text message-based systems (n = 3) or mobile phone applications (n = 22). Most (21/25) used global positioning systems to direct bystanders to victims and nearby AEDs. Response radii for alerts varied widely from 200 m to 10 km. Some technologies incorporated advanced features such as video-conferencing with ambulance dispatch and detailed alert settings. Not all systems required volunteers to have training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Only ten studies assessed impact on clinical outcomes. Key barriers discussed included false positive alerts, legal liability, and potential psychological impact on volunteers.Conclusion: Our review provides a comprehensive overview of crowdsourcing technologies for bystander intervention in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Future work should focus on clinical outcomes and methods of addressing barriers to implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the efficacy of a brief, bystander bullying intervention (STAC) among high school students using a randomized controlled design. Results indicate that intervention students reported significantly greater reductions in bullying victimization at a 30-day follow-up compared to control students. At 3 months, although the intervention group sustained initial effects, control students also reported significant reductions in victimization. Findings from this pilot study provide preliminary support for the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: High rates of alcohol-related sexual assault among young adults represent a significant public health problem. Bystander intervention programs are a promising strategy to reduce sexual assault. However, little is known about how bystander intoxication may modify bystander intervention effectiveness. We examined the role of bystander intoxication and intoxication levels of the hypothetical victim and perpetrator on outcomes associated with Latané and Darley's (1970) steps of bystander intervention, which include noticing a situation, assessment of risk and need for intervention, taking personal responsibility for intervening, and selecting an intervention. Method: In a field setting, participants were recruited from a downtown area surrounded by drinking establishments. After providing informed consent, 327 participants (45% women) 21 to 29 years of age listened to 1 of 4 sexual assault vignettes (varied by victim and perpetrator intoxication), responded to questionnaires assessing outcomes related to steps of bystander intervention, and completed a field breathalyzer test. Results: Increased participant intoxication was related to decreased accuracy of situation recall and assessment of risk and need for intervention, but not ratings of personal responsibility to intervene, chosen intervention strategy, or confidence to intervene. Conclusions: Intoxication could influence how a bystander interprets a hypothetical nonconsensual sexual interaction at the level of accurate situation recall and risk assessment. If earlier steps of information processing are impaired by intoxication, later steps of intervention enactment may not occur successfully. Bystander intervention programming may consider incorporating training to overcome the impairing effects of intoxication for identifying harmful situations and choosing to intervene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effectiveness of Safe Sisters, a sexual assault bystander intervention program that targets members of college sororities. Analysis of covariance results show significant differences between treatment and waitlist control groups on posttest scores for action, bystander efficacy, intent to help friends, and intent to help strangers. Significant differences are not shown between treatment and waitlist control groups on posttest scores for precontemplation, contemplation, and rape myth acceptance. Limitations and implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the perceptions and reactions of observers in abusive supervision situations, with regard to the premises of the Bystander Intervention Framework. A 2 x 2 x 2 design was used based on observer's, perpetrator's, and victim's gender. Several vignettes for four different perpetrator-victim dyads (e.g., female perpetrator-male victim) were developed. Participants (N = 197) read these vignettes consecutively over five days and finally were asked to evaluate the perceived acceptability of the abusive supervision, and rate their willingness to help the victim. Results revealed that higher power distance orientation increased perceived acceptability of abusive supervision, and higher perceived acceptability increased avoidance of help while simultaneously decreasing willingness to provide direct or indirect help. The gender of the perpetrator was critical in perceived acceptability, whereby male observers were more tolerant toward male perpetrators. In addition, the gender of the victim was a determinant of the type of help given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]