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Objective To investigate the epidural administration of combinations of ropivacaine, morphine and xylazine in bitches undergoing unilateral mastectomy. Study design Prospective, randomized, blinded, clinical study. Animals A total of 22 bitches scheduled to undergo unilateral mastectomy for mammary tumor excision. Methods Dogs were anesthetized with acepromazine (0.02 mg kg–1) and morphine (0.3 mg kg–1) intramuscularly, propofol intravenously (IV) and isoflurane. Prior to the beginning of surgery, dogs were randomly administered one of three epidural treatments: ropivacaine (0.75 mg kg–1) with morphine (0.1 mg kg–1) (group RM, n = 7); ropivacaine with xylazine (0.1 mg kg–1) (group RX, n = 8); or ropivacaine with morphine and xylazine (group RMX, n = 7). Cardiopulmonary variables and the expired concentration of isoflurane (F e ′Iso) were recorded intraoperatively. Meloxicam (0.1 mg kg–1) was administered IV during skin closure. Postoperative pain scores were evaluated with the Glasgow composite measure pain scale short form for 24 hours, and rescue analgesia with morphine (0.5 mg kg–1) was administered intramuscularly when pain scores were ≥ 6/24. Results F e′ Iso was significantly higher in group RM than in groups RX and RMX. Heart rate decreased significantly in groups RX and RMX, but blood pressure remained within acceptable values. The number of dogs administered rescue analgesia within 24 hours was significantly higher in group RX (seven out of eight dogs, 87.5%) than in groups RM (one out of seven dogs, 14.3%; p = 0.01) and RMX (two out of seven dogs, 28.6%; p = 0.04). Time to standing was significantly longer in group RX than in group RM. Conclusions and clinical relevance All epidural treatments provided adequate antinociception with minimal cardiovascular adverse effects during mastectomy. The inclusion of morphine (groups RM and RMX) provided the best postoperative analgesia. Owing to the undesirable effect of xylazine on ambulation, the combination ropivacaine–morphine appeared to provide greater benefits in bitches undergoing unilateral mastectomy.

Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging is an emerging technology with many applications in small animals, for example, the study of pulmonary diseases, although clear guidelines and critical mass of evidence are still missing in the preclinical literature. The neonatal rabbit is a valuable model for studying pulmonary development. However, the longitudinal monitoring of lung function by micro-CT can be challenging. Distinctive datasets corresponding to the end-inspiration and end-expiration phases need to be generated and analyzed to derive lung-functional parameters. The quality of CT scans and the reliability of parameters obtained remain highly dependent on the anesthesia protocol used. Three different anesthetic protocols were tested. The combination of dexmedetomidine 0.25 mg/kg injected intraperitoneally followed by 1% isoflurane was found to facilitate CT imaging at 4 and 11 days after birth. Contrarily, isoflurane and ketamine-xylazine were found unsuitable and thus not investigated further. Total lung volumes significantly increased at day 11 compared with baseline in both respiratory phases, whereas lung tissue remained constant. As expected, functional residual capacity, air-to-tissue ratio, and minute ventilation were significantly increased at day 11 in each animal. Those parameters were correlated with inspiratory capacity, compliance, elastance, and resistance of both respiratory system and tissue component, as measured by flexiVent. Lung development was also evaluated by histomorphometric analyses. In conclusion, we have identified a safe and suitable anesthesia protocol for micro-CT imaging in neonatal rabbits. Moreover, the possibility to longitudinally measure lung function in the same subject dramatically reduced the intraexperimental variability.

Objectives To investigate the extent of vatinoxan distribution into sheep brain, and whether vatinoxan influences brain concentrations of xylazine; and to examine the utility of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a surrogate of brain tissue concentrations for vatinoxan and xylazine. Study design Randomised, blinded, experimental study. Animals A total of 14 adult female sheep. Methods Sheep were randomly allocated into two equal groups and premeditated with either intravenous (IV) vatinoxan (750 mu g kg(-1), VX) or saline (SX) administered 10 minutes before IV xylazine (500 mu g kg(-1)). Sedation was subjectively assessed at selected intervals before and after treatments. At 10 minutes after xylazine administration, a venous blood sample was collected and the sheep were immediately euthanised with IV pentobarbital (100 mg kg(-1)). Plasma, CSF and brain tissues were harvested, and concentrations of vatinoxan and xylazine were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug ratios were then calculated and the data were analysed as appropriate. Results The brain-to-plasma and CSF-to-plasma ratios of vatinoxan were 0.06 +/- 0.013 and 0.05 +/- 0.01 (mean +/- standard deviation), respectively. Xylazine brain concentrations were not significantly different (835 +/- 262 versus 1029 +/- 297 ng g(-1) in groups VX and SX, respectively) and were approximately 15-fold higher than those in plasma. The CSF-to-brain ratio of vatinoxan was 0.8 +/- 0.2, whereas xylazine concentrations in the brain were approximately 17-fold greater than those in CSF, with and without vatinoxan. Conclusions and clinical relevance Vatinoxan did not significantly affect sedation with xylazine or the concentrations of xylazine in the brain. CSF is not a good predictor of xylazine concentrations in the brain, whereas vatinoxan concentrations were concordant between the brain and CSF, using the dosages in this study.

The objective of our research was to estimate the therapeutic index and assess the interaction of alfaxalone (IP) with ketamine or xylazine (IM) in chicks by using isobolographic analysis. The up-and-down technique was involved to calculate the median effective anesthetic dosages (ED50) of alfaxalone, xylazine, and ketamine given separately or at the same time in young chicks. Then the up-and-down technique was involved to estimate the median lethal dosage (LD50) of alfaxalone (IP) to determine the safety profile. The ED50 of all anesthetics was evaluated isobolographically to assess the type of interaction between alfaxalone and xylazine or alfaxalone and ketamine. The alfaxalone ED50 was 32.88 mg/kg (IP), whereas the LD50 was 102.40 mg/kg (IP). The ED50 values for alfaxalone, ketamine, and xylazine were 32.88, 12.24, and 2.45 mg/kg, respectively. The ED50 values of alfaxalone with ketamine or xylazine (25:25 ED50 values) were: 7.39+2.35, and 8.61+0.63 mg/kg, respectively. ED50 values were decreased when the combinations of alfaxalone/ketamine or alfaxalone/xylazine were administered by 22-21% and 26-25%, respectively. The anesthesia of chicks with alfaxalone is safe, produces a surgical stage of anesthesia, and can be used for minor surgical procedures. The use of alfaxalone with ketamine or xylazine has been shown to have a synergistic effect and these findings may be of clinical relevance in poultry or may be extended to mammals following further clinical trials.

Özet: Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Van ili yöresinde yetiştirilen ve ismini buradan alan Van kedilerinde bulbus oculi’nin bilgisayarlı tomografi (CT) ve manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MR) ile morfometrik ve volümetrik ölçülerini elde etmek, ve bu ölçüm değerlerinin cinsiyetler arasındaki biyometrik farklılıklarını ortaya koymak amacıyla yapıldı. Çalışmada 8 dişi, 8 erkek olmak üzere toplam 16 adet erişkin Van Kedisi kullanıldı. Hayvanlar ketamin- xylazin kombinasyonu ile anesteziye alındı. Anestezi altındaki hayvanlar CT ve MR cihazı ile taranarak görüntüleri elde edildi. Daha sonra bu görüntülerden iş istasyonundaki yazılım programı (Syngo CT Software) kullanılarak bulbus oculi’nin morfometrik ve volümetrik ölçümleri hesaplandı ve istatistiki analizi yapıldı. Morfometrik ve volümetrik analiz sonuçlarına bakıldığında, W (vücut ağırlığı) ve ACL (sol ön kamera) değerlerinin erkek kedilerde; DVLL (sol lens’in dorsoventral uzunluğu) değerinin ise, dişi kedilerde daha yüksek olduğu tespit edildi. Cinsiyetler arasındaki bu farkların istatistik olarak önemli düzeyde olduğu gözlendi (P < 0.05). Bulbus oculi ve lens’e ait volümetrik ölçüm değerleri sırasıyla ortalama 4.60 ± 0.27 cm3 ve 0.67 ± 0.09 cm3 olarak belirlendi. Sonuç olarak, Van kedilerinde bulbus oculi’nin biyometrik değerlerinin istatistiksel olarak erkek ve dişiler arasındaki farklılıkları CT ve MR kullanılarak tespit edildi. Sunulan çalışmanın bu kedilerle ilgili oftalmatolojik uygulamalara ve anatomi eğitimi alan öğrencilere katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir., This study was conducted to obtain the morphometric and volumetric measurements of bulbus oculi of Van cats, growing around the city of Van in Turkey and named after here, by using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to reveal the biometric differences of these measurement values between the sexes. A total of 16 adult Van cats including 8 females and 8 males were used in the study. The animals were anesthetized with the combination of xylazine and ketamine. The anesthetized animals were scanned by using CT and MRI devices and their images were obtained. Then, the morphometric and volumetric measurements of bulbus oculi were calculated from these images using the software (Syngo CT Software) in the workstation and their statistical analysis was performed. Upon the examination of the morphometric and volumetric analysis results, it was determined that while W (bodyweight) and ACL (Left Anterior Chamber) values were higher in male cats, DVLL (Dorsoventral length of the left lens) value was higher in female cats. These differences between the sexes were statistically significant (P

It was hypothesized that premedication with vatinoxan, a peripheral alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, would mitigate xylazine-induced pulmonary alterations in sheep. Fourteen adult sheep were allotted into two equal groups and premedicated with either vatinoxan (750 mu g/kg IV) or saline and sedated 10 min later with xylazine (500 mu g/kg IV). Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) was measured and respiratory rate (RR) counted at intervals. The sheep were euthanized with IV pentobarbital 10 min after xylazine administration. The severity of pulmonary parenchymal alterations was assessed and graded grossly and histologically and correlations of the morphological changes with SpO(2) evaluated. Following xylazine injection, SpO(2) was significantly higher and RR significantly lower with vatinoxan than with saline and the sheep administered vatinoxan exhibited significantly smaller quantities of tracheal foam than those receiving saline. No significant differences in macroscopic oedema scores were detected between treatments. In contrast, the vatinoxan-treated animals exhibited significantly graver microscopic interstitial alveolar oedema and haemorrhage than saline-treated animals. The histological severity scores did not correlate with changes in SpO(2). In conclusion, xylazine induced a marked reduction in SpO(2) which was abolished by the prior administration of vatinoxan. The histologically detected alterations after pentobarbital euthanasia with vatinoxan premedication need to be studied further.

Objective To elucidate the antinociceptive, physiologic and biochemical effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and xylazine in hybrid goats. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of 30 female hybrid goats aged 1–2 years and weighing 25 ± 2.9 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods The goats were divided into five groups and administered xylazine (0.1 mg kg−1; group XYL.1), xylazine (0.3 mg kg−1; group XYL.3), EA (group EA), EA + xylazine (0.1 mg kg−1; group XYL.1-EA) and 0.9% saline (0.3 mL; control group CON). Nociceptive threshold and serum glucose concentration were measured at time 0 and at 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes and 24 hours after treatment. Nociceptive threshold was measured by passing potassium ions through the skin using potassium iontophoresis. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR) and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded at times 0 and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes and 24 hours. Repeated-measures analyses were performed for each response variable; p Results Antinociceptive effects in groups XYL.1 and XYL.3 were increased significantly at 15–60 minutes compared with group CON. Antinociceptive effect was higher in group XYL.1-EA than groups XYL.1 or EA at 15–60 minutes (p Conclusions and clinical relevance The XYL.1 and EA combination was effective for antinociception with minimum physiologic alteration, suggesting that the combination may be a new and effective strategy for pain relief during clinical procedures in goats.

To compare effects of intravenous (IV) alfaxalone with ketamine-xylazine combination on anaesthetic induction, recovery and cardiopulmonary variables in mute swans. Randomized, controlled, clinical study. A group of 58 mute swans. Swans were given either alfaxalone (10 mg kg ; group A) or a combination of ketamine (12.5 mg kg ) and xylazine (0.28 mg kg ) (group KX) IV. Heart and respiratory rates, end-tidal carbon dioxide and peripheral haemoglobin oxygen saturation were recorded at 5 minute intervals during anaesthesia. Time from anaesthetic induction to intubation, from cessation of isoflurane to extubation, to lifting head, sternal recumbency and absence of head/neck ataxia were recorded. Anaesthetic and recovery quality were scored (1 = very poor; 5 = excellent). Data are presented as median (interquartile range). Significance was set at p < 0.05. In group A, 44% (12/27) of swans required mechanical ventilation for 2-14 minutes versus 3.2% (one/31) of swans in group KX (p = 0.0002). Heart rate was higher in group A than in group KX [146 (127-168) versus 65.5 (56-78) beats minute , respectively; p < 0.0001]. The isoflurane concentration required to maintain anaesthesia was higher in group A than in group KX [2.5% (2.0-3.0%) versus 1.5% (1.0-2.0%), respectively; p = 0.0001]. Time from cessation of isoflurane administration to lifting head was significantly longer in group A than in group KX [12 (9-17) versus 6 (4-7.75) minutes, respectively; p < 0.0001]. Anaesthesia quality scores were significantly better in group KX than in group A [4 (4-5) versus 4 (3-4), respectively; p = 0.0011], as were recovery scores [4 (3-5) versus 2 (2-3), respectively; p = 0.0005]. Alfaxalone is a suitable anaesthetic induction agent for use in mute swans. There is a greater incidence of postinduction apnoea and a higher incidence of agitation on recovery with alfaxalone than with ketamine-xylazine. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2021 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.]

The present study evaluated the efficiency of a ketamine-xylazine combination to attenuate the pain associated to electroejaculation (EEJ) in dogs. To that end, 10 dogs of undetermined breed were anesthetized (i.m.) with a mixture of 8mg.kg-1 ketamine hydrochloride (Cetamin®, Syntec, Brazil) and 1mg.kg-1 IM xylazine hydrochloride (Xilazin®, Syntec, Brazil) and subjected to EEJ procedures. Painful stimuli were detected by cardiorespiratory rate, measured every 5 min, and body temperature, taken before and after EEJ. Mean values for the parameters evaluated decreased, suggesting that the anesthesia protocol used is safe for semen collection by EEJ and can relieve the pain associated to this procedure.Semen, collection, mammals

Hip dysplasia in cats appears to have a similar prevalence as that seen in dogs especially with large breeds of cats like the Maine coon. However, cats do not commonly show signs of lameness like dogs do. This study was to determine the prevalence of hip dysplasia in domestic shorthair breed of cats in three municipal districts in Accra, Ghana. Twenty (12 males and 8 females) adult (2.3 ± 0.8 years) shorthair breed of cats of both gender weighing 1.7 ± 0.4 kg were included in this study. They were sedated with xylazine and atropine injection prior to radiography. Extended and frog-leg ventro-dorsal radiographs were taken using a manual processing x-ray machine. Norberg angles (NA), joint space scores and subjective morphological alterations for each hip were assessed. Comparisons were made for the NA scores within gender, between gender, between the right and left hips using Independent t-test. The relationship between the joint space scores and weight, age or gender of the cats was assessed. The morphological changes were also assessed. Mean manual Norberg angle measurements for 19 cats were 93.67 ± 1.9° and mean digital Norberg angle measurements for 19 cats was 102.35 ± 1.1°. One cat with complete cranio-dorsal luxation, due to history of preceding accident had manual Norberg angle of 38° and digital Norberg angle of 45°. Two cats displayed mild subluxation of the hip joint. There was no considerable difference in the NA or joint space measurements. This study found a ten percent prevalence of hip dysplasia in domestic shorthair breed of cats in the three Municipal Districts in Accra, Ghana. Both manual and digital methods for measuring the NA provided results which were within similar ranges. Key words: cats, hip dysplasia, radiographs, prevalence, shorthair, domestic.

Today, one of the most common non-communicable diseases, which, according the World Health Organization experts, dominates the structure of human morbidity and mortality is osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water from the hot springs of the Afyonkarahisar region on the calcium content and the levels of certain hormones in the blood of rats with experimentally induced osteoporosis. 25 female albino rats of the same age were used in the experiment. Ovaries were removed from all animals under anesthesia with ketamine (200 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg), after which they were divided into two groups: control (10 animals) and experimental (15 animals). The animals of the control group were given tap water twice a day through an orogastric tube and they were bathed in it for 15 minutes at the same time, the water temperature was (35 ± 2) °C. The animals of the experimental group were given fresh water from the Süreyya I hot spring using the same method. Blood clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters were measured prior to the study, as well as on day 1, 7, 14, and 21 after the ovariectomy operation. The ovariectomy demonstrated inconsistence of the tested blood parameters with the standard ones. In the course of the treatment, by day 21 of the experiment, the parameters normalized, and the most noticeable changes were observed in the rats of the experimental group (p < 0.05). The results of the work performed showed that Süreyya I hot spring water contributed to a significant improvement in the clinical, hematological and biochemical blood parameters in rats with osteoporosis, therefore, it can be used for prevention and treatment of this disease in combination with other types of treatment.

Cautery hot-iron disbudding is a painful routine husbandry practice performed on many dairy farms and calf rearing facilities. Refinements to eliminate or reduce the pain associated with disbudding are desired. Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser scalpels cut and ablate tissue using high-power light energy. The objective of this study was to test the utility of a CO2 laser scalpel in bovine disbudding and to compare healing and pain measures with those of cautery hot-iron disbudding. Twelve Holstein bull calves (6–39 d of age) were enrolled in the study. Calves were randomly assigned into groups that were disbudded with a CO2 laser scalpel (n = 6) or cautery hot iron (n = 6). Calves were sedated with xylazine for the procedure and were given oral meloxicam and a local anesthetic block for analgesia. Outcome measures were maximum surface temperature by infrared thermography, mechanical nociception threshold (MNT) tests, and digital images for wound healing. The infrared thermography and MNT measures were collected before disbudding and out to 72 h postprocedure. Images for wound healing were collected before disbudding and at 6, 24, and 72 h and 7, 14, 28, and 42 d postdisbudding. Overall maximum surface temperatures were not different between groups (35.3 ± 0.3°C vs. 36.0 ± 0.3°C for laser and hot iron, respectively). No differences in overall MNT measures were noted between the laser calves (2.28 ± 0.19) and the hot-iron calves (2.42 ± 0.19 kg of force). All 6 calves in the laser group were completely healed by d 42, whereas only 4 out of 6 hot-iron calves were fully healed. These results suggest that disbudding calves using a CO2 laser scalpel may be painful based on the outcomes measured. Further research that focuses on pain associated with time points beyond those used in this study and that performs the procedure in unsedated calves is needed to fully evaluate its utility.

Ketamine and xylazine (Ket/Xyl) are anesthetic agents that target neural pathways and are commonly used in combination in mouse studies. Since neural pathways can modulate acute pancreatitis severity, we asked if Ket/Xyl affect disease severity. C57BL/6 mice were treated with six hourly injections of cerulein to induce mild acute pancreatitis. Mice were also treated with and without ketamine, xylazine, and Ket/Xyl before pancreatitis induction in vivo and in vitro. Ket/Xyl pretreatment in vivo increased selected parameters of pancreatitis severity such as trypsin activity and edema; these effects were predominantly mediated by xylazine. Ket/Xyl also changed markers of autophagy. These in vivo effects of Ket/Xyl were not attenuated by atropine. The drugs had no little to no effect on pancreatitis responses in isolated pancreatic cells or lobules. These findings suggest that Ket/Xyl administration can have substantial effect on acute pancreatitis outcomes through nonmuscarinic neural pathways. Given widespread use of this anesthetic combination in experimental animal models, future studies of inflammation and injury using Ket/Xyl should be interpreted with caution. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Ketamine and xylazine anesthetic agent administration before acute pancreatitis induction in mice lead to changes in pancreatitis responses independent of acute pancreatitis induction. Future studies should consider the potential effects of anesthesia administration when studying disease processes associated with inflammation and injury.

Purpose: To study the protective effects of ketamine and xylazine against light exposure-induced retinal degeneration (RD) in rats. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups viz: light damage before anesthesia (LAE), light damage only (LDO), and control (CON) group which was kept in the dark for 12 - 18 h to habituate before light exposure. LDO group was exposed to light before anesthesia, while LAE group was maintained under anesthesia with ketamine and xylazine. The groups were kept for 120 min in darkness after anesthesia prior to light exposure and they were awakened prior to light damage. Functional assessment was carried out using electroretinography while morphological analysis was carried out using histology and immunochemistry techniques. Results: Ketamine-xylazine combination preserved the function of the retina and protected against light-induced RD based on retinal imaging studies and immunochemistry analysis. Xylazine and ketamine anesthesia provided protection against light-induced retinal damage, and thus reduced photoreceptor cell death. Conclusion: These results indicate that xylazine and ketamine anesthesia offer protection against lightinduced damage and photoreceptor cell death in rats, and therefore, can potentially be developed for use in humans.

Oxygen supplementation is rarely considered when anesthetizing laboratory mice, despite reports that mice become profoundly hypoxic under anesthesia. Little is known about the effects of hypoxia on anesthetic performance. This article focuses on the effects of oxygen supplementation on physiologic parameters and depth of anesthesia in male and female C57BL/6 mice. Anesthesia was performed via common injectable anesthetic protocols and with isoflurane. Mice anesthetized with injectable anesthesia received one of 3 drug protocols. Low-dose ketamine/xylazine (100/8 mg/kg) was chosen to provide immobilization of mice, suitable for imaging procedures. Medium-dose ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine (100/10/1 mg/kg) was chosen as a dose that has been recommended for surgical procedures. High-dose ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine (150/12/3 mg/kg) was chosen after pilot studies to provide a long duration of a deep plane of anesthesia. We also tested the effects of oxygen supplementation on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in mice. Mice breathed supplemental 100% oxygen, room air, or medical air with 21% oxygen. Anesthetized mice that did not receive supplemental oxygen all became hypoxic, while hypoxia was prevented in mice that received oxygen. Oxygen supplementation did not affect the MAC of isoflurane. At the high injectable dose, all mice not receiving oxygen supplementation died while all mice receiving oxygen supplementation survived. At low and medium doses, supplemental oxygen reduced the duration of the surgical plane of anesthesia (low dose with oxygen: 22 ± 14 min; low dose without supplementation: 29 ± 18 min; medium dose with oxygen: 43 ± 18 min; medium dose without supplementation: 61 ± 27 min). These results suggest that mice anesthetized with injectable and inhalant anesthesia without supplemental oxygen are routinely hypoxic. This hypoxia prolongs the duration of anesthesia with injectable drug protocols and affects survival at high doses of injectable anesthetics. Because of variable responses to injectable anesthetics in mice, oxygen supplementation is recommended for all anesthetized mice.

Autonomic dysfunction is involved in the onset of salt-sensitive hypertension as baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is blunted in salt-sensitive hypertension. However, salt sensitivity exhibits sex disparity because in salt-sensitive hypertension, blood pressure (BP) is usually higher in males when compared with females. The mechanism(s) underlying this sexual dimorphism is not clear. We, therefore, designed this study to determine BRS in weanling male Sprague – Dawley rats that were either bilaterally orchidectomized or sham-operated (under ketamine and xylazine anaesthesia (90 mg and 10 mg/kg/body weight i.m) respectively, with or without testosterone replacement (10 mg/kg sustanon 250® i.m once in 3 weeks) and were placed on normal (0.3%) or high (8%) NaCl diet for 6 weeks. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured via arterial cannulation under urethane and α-chloralose anesthesia (5 ml/kg body weight i.p). BRS was determined as change in HR per unit change in BP in response to 30 seconds bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCO). Serum concentration of testosterone was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). High salt diet (HSD) increased both the basal BP and peak BP after BCCO when compared with control. Orchidectomy attenuated but testosterone replacement restored the elevated BP in rats fed HSD. HSD blunted BRS to BCCO. However, this effect of HSD was lost in the absence of testosterone as there was no significant difference in BRS between rat fed a normal or high salt diet. Our results suggest that blunting of the BRS may be one of the mechanisms by which testosterone promotes salt-induced hypertension and serves as one of the bases for sex disparity in salt-sensitive hypertension.

Background Epilepsy is a neural disorder with repeatable seizure attacks. In this article, we used the neurotoxin colchicine, which is derived from the plant Colchicum autumnale, to introduce a low cost but the more valuable alive animal model for epilepsy. Materials and Methods Wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g after intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (20 mg/kg) were restrained in the stereotaxic apparatus; they were cannulated in the dorsal striatal area (AP: 0.5 mm; L: 3 mm; V: 3.6 mm). One week later, an injection cannula attached to a 5-µ Hamilton syringe by polyethylene tubing guided 0.05 to 25 μg/rat colchicine in the recovered healthy rats once daily for 4 consecutive days. The control group solely received the saline solution. The behavioral signs of all animals were daily recorded. Finally, the brains of rats under deep euthanasia were collected in 10% formalin and examined histopathologically. The dorsal striatal regions were cut coronally into 3 to 4 µm-thick slices, and then stained with hematoxylin-eosin. They were eventually examined under the light microscope to verify the injection placement or possibility of lesions. All data were analyzed by analysis of variance under α = 0.05. Results Behaviors were quantified based on Racine five-stage scoring and showed the significant epileptic generalized seizures in alive animal treated by intrastriatal injection of colchicine. However, tissue damage was invisible in the target brain area. Conclusion The colchicine, using injection successively into the dorsal striatal region of rat, can create recurring epileptic convulsions in the animal.

Respiratory mucociliary clearance (MCC) is a key defense mechanism that functions to entrap and transport inhaled pollutants, particulates, and pathogens away from the lungs. Previous work has identified a number of anesthetics to have cilia depressive effects in vitro. Wild-type C57BL/6 J mice received intra-tracheal installation of 99mTc-Sulfur colloid, and were imaged using a dual-modality SPECT/CT system at 0 and 6 h to measure baseline MCC (n = 8). Mice were challenged for one hour with inhalational 1.5% isoflurane, or intraperitoneal ketamine (100 mg/kg)/xylazine (20 mg/kg), ketamine (0.5 mg/kg)/dexmedetomidine (50 mg/kg), fentanyl (0.2 mg/kg)/1.5% isoflurane, propofol (120 mg/Kg), or fentanyl/midazolam/dexmedetomidine (0.025 mg/kg/2.5 mg/kg/0.25 mg/kg) prior to MCC assessment. The baseline MCC was 6.4%, and was significantly reduced to 3.7% (p = 0.04) and 3.0% (p = 0.01) by ketamine/xylazine and ketamine/dexmedetomidine challenge respectively. Importantly, combinations of drugs containing fentanyl, and propofol in isolation did not significantly depress MCC. Although no change in cilia length or percent ciliation was expected, we tried to correlate ex-vivo tracheal cilia ciliary beat frequency and cilia-generated flow velocities with MCC and found no correlation. Our results indicate that anesthetics containing ketamine (ketamine/xylazine and ketamine/dexmedetomidine) significantly depress MCC, while combinations containing fentanyl (fentanyl/isoflurane, fentanyl/midazolam/dexmedetomidine) and propofol do not. Our method for assessing MCC is reproducible and has utility for studying the effects of other drug combinations.

Alpha2 receptor agonists (alpha2-agonists) are useful sedative and analgesic agents in sheep, but have adverse pulmonary effects, which are reportedly similar between different alpha2-agonists. This randomized crossover study compared pulmonary function after intravenous administration of an alpha2-agonist, either xylazine or an equipotent dose of medetomidine in 34 female sheep anaesthetized twice. Pulmonary function was assessed using spirometry, volumetric capnography, arterial blood gas analysis 1 min prior to, and 5 and 10 min after administration of the allocated alpha 2 agonist drug. Pulmonary structural changes were subsequently assessed using computed tomography (CT). Tachypnoea or hypoxaemia prompted reversal with atipamezole and exclusion of data. Data were analysed for a fixed effect of drug using a mixed effect linear model with significance set at p 2), and lower dynamic compliance, tidal volume, CO2 elimination and end tidal CO2 tension and arterial oxygen tension than medetomidine. This was associated with a significantly lower % of aerated tissue and higher % poorly and non-aerated tissue in CT images of sheep receiving xylazine versus medetomidine. In conclusion, xylazine administration produced marked decreases in pulmonary function, in ventilated isoflurane anaesthetized sheep, when compared to an equipotent dose of medetomidine when administered as an intravenous bolus supporting the use of medetomidine when alpha2-agonists are required.

Chemical restraint in dairy calves is necessary to enable diagnostic and surgical procedures. It is unclear whether xylazine or detomidine differ with regard to desirable and unwanted effects.In a prospective randomized interventional study, 10 healthy Holstein-Friesian calves (age range 3-6 month) were sedated with either xylazine (0.1 mg/kg, Group X, n = 5) or detomidine (0.03 mg/kg, Group D, n = 5) intravenously, followed by butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg i. v.) in all animals. Characteristics of sedation and selected pharmacodynamic parameters were compared between groups using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test.All calves (5/5) in Group X and (3/5) calves in Group D became laterally recumbent within 5 minutes. Two calves (40 %) in Group D remained standing and could not been positioned in lateral recumbency 15 minutes after initial administration of the sedation agents. Sedation scores, onset and duration of sedation did not differ between groups. Heart and respiratory rate decreased in both groups. Mean arterial pressure was with around 30 mmHg significantly higher in Group D (tand clinical relevance The xylazine-butorphanol combination provided reliable recumbent chemical restraint. With detomidine-butorphanol recumbency failed in some individuals, but a sufficient clinical sedation was achieved. Based on the limited monitoring used in this study, the side effects are of minor clinical relevance in healthy individuals.Diagnostische und chirurgische Eingriffe erfordern eine medikamentöse Ruhigstellung von Milchkälbern. Unklar ist, inwiefern sich Xylazin und Detomidin in Bezug auf ihre erwünschten und unerwünschten Wirkungen unterscheiden.Im Rahmen dieser prospektiven, randomisierten, interventionellen Studie wurden 10 gesunde Holstein-Kälber (Altersbereich 3–6 Monate) untersucht. Die intravenöse Sedation der Tiere erfolgte mit Xylazin (0,1 mg/kg, Gruppe X, n = 5) oder Detomidin (0,03 mg/kg, Gruppe D, n = 5). Anschließend erhielten alle Tiere Butorphanol (0,1 mg/kg i. v.). Neben Sedationscharakteristika wurden ausgewählte pharmakodynamische Parameter zwischen den Gruppen mit einem nicht parametrischen Mann-Whitney U Test verglichen.Alle Kälber (5/5) der Gruppe X und (3/5) Kälbern der Gruppe D legten sich innerhalb von 5 Minuten nieder. Zwei Kälber (40 %) der Gruppe D blieben stehen und konnten auch 15 Minuten nach Verabreichung der initialen Sedierung nicht in Seitenlage verbracht werden. Hinsichtlich Sedationscore, Beginn und Dauer der Sedation konnten keine Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen festgestellt werden. Herz- und Atemfrequenz waren in beiden Gruppen während der Sedation vermindert. Der mittlere arterielle Blutdruck lag in Gruppe D um etwa 30 mmHg und damit signifikant höher (Zeitpunkt tRelevanz Die Kombination von Xylazin und Butorphanol bewirkte eine verlässliche medikamentöse Ruhigstellung und ein Niederlegen der Tiere. Mit Detomidin-Butorphanol hingegen ließ sich bei einigen Kälbern trotz ausreichender klinischer Sedationstiefe kein Niederlegen erzielen. Nebenwirkungen dieser Medikamente, die im Rahmen dieser Studie mit eingeschränktem Monitoring beobachtet werden konnten, haben bei gesunden Individuen geringe klinische Relevanz.

Purpose Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) represents the only available approach for glymphatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow 3D mapping in the brain of living animals and humans. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel DCE-MRI protocol for mapping of the glymphatic system transport with improved spatiotemporal resolution, and to validate the new protocol by comparing the transport in mice anesthetized with either isoflurane or ketamine/xylazine. Methods The contrast agent, gadobutrol, was administered into the CSF of the cisterna magna and its transport visualized continuously on a 9.4T preclinical scanner using 3D fast-imaging with a steady-state free-precession sequence (3D-FISP), which has a spatial resolution of 0.001 mm3 and a temporal resolution of 30 s. The MR signals were measured dynamically for 60 min in multiple volumes of interest covering the entire CSF space and brain parenchyma. Results The results confirm earlier findings that glymphatic CSF influx is higher under ketamine/xylazine than with isoflurane anesthesia. This was extended to account for new details about the distinct CSF efflux pathways under the two anesthetic regimens. Dynamic contrast MR shows that CSF clearance occurs mainly along the vagus nerve near the jugular vein under isoflurane and via the olfactory bulb under ketamine/xylazine. Conclusion The improved spatial and temporal sampling rates afforded by 3D-FISP shed new light on the pharmacological modulation of CSF efflux paths. The present observations may have the potential to set a new standard for future experimental DCE-MRI studies of the glymphatic system.

There is a scarcity of information for a reliable and safe protocol for semen collection in R. timorensis. The induction of general anesthesia by Ketamine-Xylazine in both intravenous and intramuscular routes provides valuable information for the practicality of the procedure. Five healthy and matured Rusa timorensisstags, aged more than 3 years, weighing an average of 68.5 ± 2.4 kg were selected for this experiment. General anaesthesia was conducted by using a combination of Ketamine and Xylazine at the dosage of 2mg/kg, and 1mg/kg respectively in both intramuscular and intravenous routes. The procedure was performed from April to November 2012 resulting in 30 collections. The physiological parameters included were respiratory rate, heart rate and temperature before, during and post-procedure. The onset, recovery and total time are significantly different between IV and IM route at 5.13 ± 0.88 min, 7.47 ± 1.61 min, 18.67 ± 1.47 min, and 11.67 ± 1.44 min, 11.73 ± 1.03 min and, 29.07 ± 4.01 min respectively. Meanwhile, there is no significant difference in the duration time of anesthesia between IV and IM route at 15.27 ± 3.03 min and 17.40 ± 3.55 min respectively. Both routes provide the same success rate and yield the same semen quality, however, the intravenous route is desirable due to fast induction and recovery time. General anaesthesia is integral for the restraining of wild cervidae, intravenous route of drug administration should be considered for semen collection in Rusa deer.

Measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) is a standard procedure in ophthalmic research in animals, specifically in glaucoma research, and the control of IOP is essential during certain veterinary ophthalmic surgeries. We evaluated the effect of isoflurane on IOP in the clinically healthy laboratory rabbits and tested a way to minimize the alteration of IOP during isoflurane anesthesia. After measurement of the baseline IOP in each eye of 9 awake New Zealand white rabbits, animals were anesthetized by using either: (1) isoflurane without premedication, (2) a combination of ketamine and xylazine, or (3) isoflurane inhalation after an injection of ketamine–xylazine premedication. Isoflurane led to a sustained increase in IOP of approximately 12 mm Hg. In contrast, ketamine and xylazine decreased IOP by nearly 5 mm Hg (all values compared with baseline measurements in awake, unrestrained animals). The observed decrease in IOP after ketamine–xylazine anesthesia is consistent with anesthetic effects generally seen during anesthesia in other studies. The increased IOP after isoflurane anesthesia in rabbits in this study was an unexpected result that appears to be specific to this combination of anesthetic and animal species. Premedication with ketamine–xylazine diminished the effect of isoflurane inhalation on IOP. These results should be considered in the design of ophthalmic research studies using rabbits and in intraocular surgery where IOP stability is desired.

Objetivo. Exponer los resultados de toros con postitis que se les practicó Técnica Arieta-Román de Postioplastia como manejo quirúrgico de esta patología. Materiales y métodos. Los pacientes fueron 25 toros Bos Indicus, con buena condición corporal y con postitis crónica ulcerativa. Se aplicó xilacina al 2 % a la dosis de 0,1 mg/kg de peso vivo como tranquilizante por vía intramuscular. Posteriormente, para la anestesia, se infiltró clorhidrato de lidocaína al 2 % a dosis de 1 ml/cm3 de tejido en la base del prepucio. Se realizó lavado y evaluación detallada de la lesión. Se realizó una incisión en el limbo mucocutáneo, se ligaron los vasos de gran calibre con puntos de transfixión con material absorbible acidó poliglicólico del calibre 0. La divulsión se realiza en 360° hasta conseguir el desprendimiento de todo el tejido afectado incluyendo la mucosa prepucial dañada. Se procedió sujetar la mucosa con hilo nylon número 6 para evitar la retracción, así mismo se le colocaron 3 puntos de forma cardinal con sutura de nylon monofilico para expandir la mucosa y poder suturarla a la piel, esos mismos puntos de sujeción se fijaron con punto de cirujano y posteriormente se colocaran 4 puntos entre ellos. Resultados. Los 25 toros operados con la técnica Arieta-Román de Postioplastía descrita tuvieron recuperación en un período de 90 días posoperatorio en promedio, dos de ellos tuvieron complicación de estenosis cicatrizal. Conclusiones. Se concluye que la técnica Arieta-Román de Postioplastía empleada en este estudio tuvo resultados favorables.

Xylazine and acepromazine are drugs used exclusively in veterinary medicine. Xylazineis used as a sedative, analgesic, and tranquilizer while acepromazine is used as a sedative, pre-anesthetic, and anesthetic adjuvant. In vitrodrug toxicity experimentation is essential to predict possible damage associated with treatment. This study was carried out to evaluate and compare the in vitroeffects of acepromazine and xylazine on cell viability. Equine Dermis cells lines were used to examine different drug concentrations (0.02 mg/mL, 0.01 mg/mL, 0.005 mg/mL and 0.0025 mg/mL). An MTT assay was carried out to reveal cell viability. Both tested drugs reduced the viability of ED cells at 0.02 and 0.01 mg/mL. At 0.005 mg/mL, only acepromazine presented an effect. These results corroborate previous studies with xylazine. On the other hand, this is thefirst report about acepromazine and cell viability. Previous studies suggest that the mechanisms involved in reducing cell viability are apoptosis for xylazine and the activation of the autophagic pathway for acepromazine. Both mechanisms have been seen in other drugs of the same classes. These findings reveal that both acepromazine and xylazine cause concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro. Future experiments could further elucidate the mechanisms by which this effect happens and thus circumvent therisk of potential tissue damage in vivo.

Objective To evaluate changes in intraocular pressure (IOP) with variable head position in healthy, anesthetized horses in hoisted inversion and to assess the influence of various cofactors (age, sex, body weight, body condition score, and neck length) on IOP changes during hoisting. Animals studied Seventeen healthy adult horses without significant ocular abnormalities. Procedures Subjects were administered intravenous xylazine/butorphanol premedication and ketamine/midazolam induction with xylazine/ketamine boluses for anesthetic maintenance. While hoisted, IOP was measured in triplicate for each eye via rebound tonometry (TonoVet) at neutral head position (ie, eyes level with the withers), at multiple 5 cm increments above and below neutral (-20 cm through +20 cm) using foam pads for head support, and with eyes above heart level via manual support. Results In hoisted positions, IOP ranged from 18 to 51 mmHg. Intraocular pressure significantly decreased with head position elevated ≥+15 cm from neutral and significantly increased when lowered ≤-5 cm from neutral. Neck length significantly influenced IOP (P = .0328) with linear regression indicating a median (range) increase of 0.244 (0.034-0.425) mmHg in IOP for every 1 cm increase in neck length. Age, sex, breed, body weight, body condition score, and eye (OD vs OS) did not significantly influence IOP. Intraocular pressure only varied significantly between eyes at +10 cm above neutral (OS > OD, 1.7 ± 0.6 mm Hg, P = .0044). Conclusions Intraocular pressure in healthy, anesthetized horses varies with head position during hoisting; increased neck length may be associated with larger changes in IOP during hoisting.

Dexmedetomidine is a most potent α-2 adrenergic selective agonist. It is one of the components of the racemic mixture of two enantiomers of medetomidine. It has a selectivity ratio of 1620/1(α 2/ α1), which is 5–10 times higher than that for detomidine (260/1) and xylazine (160/1. Dexmedetomidine produces consistent sedation, anxiolysis and muscle relaxation, which makes it a popular sedative agent in veterinary medicine. In veterinary practice, it is used for premedication and as an adjunct to general anaesthesia in several species. Similar to other alpha-2 agonists it exerts its effect through the action on alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. The sedative and anxiolytic effects of α-2 agonists are mediated by agonism of supraspinal autoreceptors situated in the pons, whereas analgesic effects are mediated by agonism of heteroreceptors located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Dexmedetomidine causes a dose-dependent redistribution of blood flow and preserves blood flow to the most vital organs at the expense of organs like skin and pancreases and this distribution of blood flow is not affected by the type of anaesthesia. The pattern of cardiovascular changes may be affected by the dose used and the type of anaesthetic combined with dexmedetomidine. Most anaesthetic drugs, such as propofol, thiopental, isoflurane and halothane have cardiovascular and respiratory side effects that are dose-dependent. Dexmedetomidine is a good anaesthetic adjuvant for general anaesthesia which reduces intra-operative isoflurane consumption provides analgesic-sparing effect without affecting postoperative recovery profile and improved cardiovascular stability and contributes to the provision of balanced anaesthesia.

Nonclinical rodent studies with repeat slow intravenous dosing, such as safety assessments of anticancer therapeutics, often require the use of animals with surgically implanted catheters. Catheterization is a relatively short surgical procedure but requires use of anesthesia. Ketamine/xylazine injectable anesthesia is typically used because it has advantages over inhalation anesthesia including ease of administration, safety and predictability of effects, and relatively low cost. However, ketamine/xylazine anesthesia in rodents can also be associated with the development of undesirable corneal lesions of uncertain mechanism such as mineralization of Bowman’s membrane or stroma, erosion/ulceration, inflammation, fibroplasia, and neovascularization. Such findings have the potential to confound study interpretation in programs for which the cornea is a potential target tissue. This case report describes the occurrence of ketamine/xylazine-related corneal lesions observed in surgically catheterized rats in a 16-day toxicity study for an oncology compound.

Left displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows is a disease diagnosed all over the world. In Germany, a common method for its correction is laparoscopic abomasopexy (LA). The aim of the study was to assess cortisol and substance P concentrations, behavioral patterns, and feeding and rumination times during and after LA in cattle treated with xylazine before LA compared with nonsedated cattle. A total of 28 cattle that had been referred to a veterinary teaching hospital with a diagnosis of left displacement of the abomasum were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. Surgery was performed according to a standardized protocol. Animals of XYL (n = 14) received xylazine (0.02 mg/kg body weight i.v.) before surgery, and animals of CON (n = 14) received a placebo (0.9% saline i.v.). All cows received ketoprofen (3 mg/kg body weight i.v.) twice, and benzyl penicillin procaine (20,000 IU/kg body weight i.m.) for 5 ± 1 d. Blood samples for the determination of plasma cortisol concentration (PCC) and plasma substance P concentration were taken 3 h before surgery (+00:00), at 1100 h (+03:00), 1115 h (+03:15, skin incision), 1130 h (+03:30), 1145 h (+03:45, dorsal recumbency), 1200 h (+04:00, end of surgery), 1230 h (+04:30), 1300 h (+05:00), 1400 h (+06:00), and 1100 h (+27:00) the following day. Behavior was assessed on the day of surgery and the following day (0800, 1300, and 1700 h), and during surgery. Feeding and rumination time were recorded for 24 h after surgery. Data analysis was done using R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). The LA was performed in all animals without negative effects. The PCC was lower in XYL than in CON at all times and significantly lower at +03:30. In CON, PCC was significantly higher at +03:45, +04:00, and +04:30 compared with +03:00. In XYL, PCC was significantly lower at +03:15 and +03:30 compared with +03:00, and significantly higher at +04:00 and +04:30. Plasma substance P concentration did not differ between groups. No differences were observed in behavior between CON and XYL. Feeding and rumination times did not differ between groups. Animals in XYL showed significantly more chews per bolus after surgery than animals in CON. In conclusion, administration of xylazine before LA results in lower stress levels for cattle during the course of LA, especially before being put into lateral and dorsal recumbency. Therefore, in the opinion of the authors, xylazine administration can be recommended before LA to improve the well-being of the animals during and after surgery.

Background The molecular actions underlying the clinical effects of inhaled anaesthetics such as sevoflurane and isoflurane are not fully understood. Unexpected observations in positron emission tomography (PET) studies with [11C]AZD9272, a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) radioligand with possible affinity for monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), suggest that its binding is sensitive to anaesthesia with sevoflurane. The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of sevoflurane anaesthesia on the binding of [11C]AZD9272 and of [11C]L-deprenyl-D2, a radioligand selective for MAO-B in non-human primates (NHPs). Methods Altogether, 12 PET measurements were conducted with a high-resolution research tomograph using the ligands [11C]AZD9272 or [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 in six cynomolgus monkeys anaesthetised with sevoflurane or ketamine/xylazine. Results The specific binding of [11C]AZD9272 and [11C]L-deprenyl-D2 was markedly reduced during anaesthesia with sevoflurane compared with ketamine/xylazine. The reduction was 80–90% (n=3) for [11C]AZD9272 and 77–80% (n=3) for [11C]L-deprenyl-D2. Conclusions Sevoflurane anaesthesia inhibited radioligand binding to MAO-B in the primate brain. The observation of lower MAO-B binding at clinically relevant concentrations of sevoflurane warrants further exploration of the potential role of MAO-B related mechanisms in regulation of systemic blood pressure during anaesthesia.

Objective To investigate the effect of metamizole on physiologic variables in calves undergoing surgical extirpation of the navel during anaesthesia using xylazine, ketamine and isoflurane. Study design Double-blind, randomized trial. Animals A total of 26 calves. Methods Calves with uncomplicated umbilical hernias and otherwise clinically healthy were randomly allocated to one of two groups: the control group (CG) and metamizole group (MG). All calves were administered meloxicam (0.5 mg kg–1) intravenously (IV) 150 minutes before skin incision (SI). Animals were premedicated with xylazine (0.2 mg kg–1) intramuscularly 50 minutes before SI. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg kg–1) IV 30 minutes before SI and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. MG calves were given metamizole (40 mg kg–1) IV 60 minutes before SI. CG calves were administered an equivalent volume of saline. Heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were recorded from 5 minutes before SI until the end of anaesthesia (60 minutes after SI). Blood samples for determination of the plasma cortisol concentration (PCC) were drawn 60 minutes before SI and at 5, 30, 60, 150, and 510 minutes after SI. Results In both groups, PCC increased during surgery and decreased after surgery. PCC was consistently lower in MG than in CG and was significantly (p = 0.0026) lower at 150 minutes after SI in the MG. Overall, the mean PCC in MG was 10.9 nmol L–1 lower than that in CG (p = 0.01). In both groups, HR decreased during anaesthesia, whereas MAP increased, albeit with no statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences between groups. Conclusions and clinical relevance Our study results suggest that a single preoperative dose of metamizole may have a positive impact on intra- and immediate postoperative analgesia by reducing PCC when used as an indicator of nociception.

Anestesi merupakan kondisi yang dikendalikan dengan ketidaksadaran yang bersifat reversible. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan pemberian anestesi ketamin-xilazin dengan anestesi propofol terhadap gambaran elektrokardiogram (EKG) pada kucing domestik. Sebanyak 15 ekor kucing domestik berumur 1.5-3 tahun dan sehat. Kucing dibagi kedalam tiga kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol (KK), kelompok perlakuan I (KP1), dan kelompok perlakuan 2 (KP2). Anestesi propofol diberikan pada KP1, kombinasi ketamin-xilazin diberikan pada KP2, dan tanpa pemberian anestesi pada KK. Pengambilan data EKG yang meliputi heart rate, durasi P, durasi QRS, durasi T, interval PR, interval QT, Amplitudo P dan Amplitudo R, serta MEA (mean electrical axis) pada kelompok perlakuan diambil pada stadium III. Kelompok KP1 memiliki nilai parameter yang lebih mendekati nilai normal daripada KP2. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan anestesi propofol lebih aman daripada anestesi kombinasi ketamin-xilazin terhadap gambaran EKG jantung.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:30:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 Background: Recognising pain in donkeys is challenging because they are stoic. Objectives: To identify the responses of donkeys before and after surgical pain. Study design: Prospective, short-term longitudinal pre- and post-intervention observations. Methods: Forty adult donkeys underwent surgical castration after sedation with intravenous (IV) xylazine, induction with guaiphenesin/thiopental IV and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane and local anaesthetic blockade. Four hours after recovery from anaesthesia, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg/kg, dipyrone 10 mg/kg and morphine 0.2 mg/kg IV were administered. Behavioural responses exhibited by the animals housed in individual stalls were recorded in four 30-min videos: before castration (M0), and 3.5-4.0 hours (M1), 5.5-6.0 hours (M2) and 23.5-24.0 hours after recovery from anaesthesia (M3). To exclude the influence of insects, the behaviour of six apparently pain-free donkeys was compared with and without the presence of faeces and urine in the stall. Results: When compared with presurgical baseline behaviours (M0), after surgery (M1) donkeys raised their pelvic limbs more (P =.003). When compared with M1, after analgesia (M2), the median frequencies of ear movements (44 vs 16; P

Objective To evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine–alfaxalone anesthesia in donkey foals undergoing field castration. Study design Prospective clinical study. Animals A group of seven standard donkeys aged [median (range)] 12 (10–26) weeks, weighing 47.3 (37.3–68.2) kg. Methods Donkeys were anesthetized with xylazine (1 mg kg−1) intravenously (IV) followed 3 minutes later by alfaxalone (1 mg kg−1) IV. Additional doses of xylazine (0.5 mg kg−1) and alfaxalone (0.5 mg kg−1) IV were administered as needed to maintain surgical anesthesia. Intranasal oxygen was supplemented at 3 L minute−1. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) by oscillometry were recorded before drug administration and every 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) was recorded every 5 minutes after induction. Time to recumbency after alfaxalone administration, time to anesthetic re-dose, time to first movement, sternal and standing after last anesthetic dose and surgery time were recorded. Induction and recovery quality were scored (1, very poor; 5, excellent). Results Median (range) induction score was 5 (1–5), and recovery score 4 (1–5). Overall, two donkeys were assigned a score of 1 (excitement) during induction or recovery. HR and MAP during the procedure did not differ from baseline. fR was decreased at 5 and 10 minutes but was not considered clinically significant. SpO2 was Conclusions and clinical relevance Xylazine–alfaxalone anesthesia resulted in adequate conditions for castration in 12 week old donkeys. While the majority of inductions and recoveries were good to excellent, significant excitement occurred in two animals and may limit the utility of this protocol for larger donkeys. Hypoxemia occurred despite intranasal oxygen supplementation.

The present study aimed to evaluate intramuscular xylazine HCl 2% as an anesthetic for laparogastrotomy in dogs at different doses. Twenty-seven dogs were divided randomly and equally into three groups; group A received 4 mg/kg, group B, received 8 mg/kg, and group C received 14 mg/kg. Anesthetic indices, effect on physiological parameters, blood gases, and biochemical parameters were recorded. The onset was 4.00 ± 0.00, 3.50 ± 0.33, and 5.00 ± 0.33 min, and the duration was 18.00 ± 2.50, 21.00 ± 7.20, and 28.00 ± 4.30 min in the groups A, B, and C, respectively. Pedal reflex was absent in groups A and B from 5 - 30 min post-injection. Palpebral reflex was absent in all groups from 20 - 30 min post-injection. All dogs recorded a non-significant decrease in the rectal temperature, but a significant decrease in respiratory and heart rates. There was a significant increase in the PvCO2 level and significant hyperglycemia in all dogs. Dogs in groups B and C exhibited a significant decrease in PvO2. There was a significant decrease in the serum cortisol level in the group B. Creatinine level recorded non-significant decrease in the group A, while there was a non-significant increase in the group B. There was non-significant decrease in GGT levels in the groups A and C. Xylazine at dose of 14 mg/kg established a satisfactory stable anesthesia that was enough to conduct laparogastrotomy in dogs.

This study investigates the use of [Tc99m] liposome agents for the assessment of nuclear medicine purposes. A variety of [99mTc] liposome formulations were compared with common lymphoscintigraphic agents including [Tc99m] regular-sulfur colloid (SC), and [Tc99m] human serum albumin (HSA) besides assisting the use of positive charged liposomes in rabbits. 10 male rabbits (2–2.5 kg) were anesthetized with ketamine:xylazine intramuscularly. Then they were injected with different [Tc99m] liposome agents subcutaneously in the dorsum of each hind foot over the region of the metatarsals at the midline as well as intravenously. Dynamic (1 minute) scintigraphic images were acquired in a 256x1024 image matrix using a symbia gamma camera as early images and for the first 60 minutes post injection. This was followed by testing the tissue biodistribution by calculating the percentage of the injected dose (% ID) per organ for each (Tc99m) agent and studying the heart/liver, heart/bone marrow, and heart/kidneys ratio. All agents demonstrated good migration from the injection site to blood pool but not to lymphatic drainage. Agents were starting to clear out rapidly after 60 minutes. [Tc99m] liposome imaging can be used to develop novel liposome compositions with improved cardiac diagnostic and drug delivery characteristics.

Sejalan dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, kini telah tersedia banyak produk obat-obatan untuk anestesi, sehingga terdapat banyak pilihan penggunaan anestetik pada proses operasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek anestestik sediaan jadi, berupa kombinasi ketamin hidroklorida, atropin sulfat, dan xylazin hidroklorida terhadap parameter fisiologis kucing jantan lokal berambut pendek. Pengamatan terhadap efek fisiologis dilakukan pada lima ekor kucing jantan lokal berambut pendek di Kampus Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor. Pemberian sediaan anestesi jadi berupa kombinasi ketamin hidroklorida, atropin sulfat, dan xylazin hidroklorida pada kucing jantan lokal berambut pendek dengan dosis 0,1 mL/kgBB menghasilkan waktu induksi rata-rata 5,2 ± 1,6 menit, durasi anestesi yang dihasilkan 53,0 ± 2,5 menit. Rata-rata degup jantung yang diakibatkan oleh pembiusan ini adalah 99,0 ± 63,2 degup per menit, hasil respirasi rata-rata 36,9 ± 1,4 per menit. Hasil yang didapatkan menunjukkan bahwa waktu induksi dan durasi anestesi dari sediaan jadi, berupa kombinasi ketamin hidroklorida, atropin sulfat, dan xylazin hidroklorida lebih singkat daripada sediaan anestesi dengan premedikasi.

International audience; Aims: To compare the effects of intrathecal anaesthesia using procaine and xylazine, with and without sedation with I/V xylazine and butorphanol, on sedation and cardiorespiratory measures in calves undergoing umbilical surgery.Methods: Male dairy calves, aged

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in goat kids who were castrated following the administration of xylazine. Six goat kids were used for the study. The study was performed in two periods according to a longitudinal study, with a 15-day washout period between periods. In the first period (Control group), 1 mg/kg meloxicam was administered by i.v. route to kids. In the second period (Castration group), the kids were sedated with 0.3 mg/kg xylazine and castration was performed following meloxicam administration. Plasma meloxicam concentration was analyzed using HPLC-UV, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartmental model. In the control group following the administration of meloxicam, mean elimination half-life (t1/2 ʎz ), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞ ), total body clearance (ClT ), and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss ) were 13.50 ± 0.62 hr, 41.10 ± 2.86 hr µg/ml, 24.43 ± 1.75 ml hr-1 kg-1 , and 0.45 ± 0.03 L/kg, respectively. In the castration group, the t1/2 ʎz of meloxicam prolonged, AUC0-∞ increased, and ClT and Vdss decreased. In conclusion, the excretion of meloxicam from the body slowed and the t1/2 ʎz was prolonged in the castrated goat kids following xylazine administration. However, there is a need to determine the pharmacodynamics of meloxicam in castrated goat kids.

The study was designed to qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the antinociceptive effect of metoclopramide and xylazine each alone or as a concomitant administration in mice. Adult albino Swiss mice weighing 20-30 mg used in all experiments. By using the hot plate test, the individual analgesic dose (ED50) of metoclopramide and xylazine detected depending on the up and down method. Isobolographic analysis used to evaluate the type of interaction between two drugs at the ratio 0.5:0.5 of individual ED50 for each drug at the level of antinociception effect. Simultaneously administration of the double dose of individual ED50 and low doses (sedative, non-analgesic doses) of both drugs, also evaluated at the level of central and visceral analgesia using a hot plate and writhing response test respectively. The individual ED50 of xylazine and metoclopramide was 10.8 and 25.6mg/kg IP respectively. A synergistic interaction at the level of analgesia explored between two drugs at ratio 0.5:0.5 which represented as decreased in ED50 of metoclopramide and xylazine by 58.75 and 58.15% respectively. The animal suffered from only slight sedation and docile. Simultaneously IP administration of xylazine and metoclopramide at double dose of ED50 for each drug-induced significant increase in latency time of thermal response, as well as a significant decrease in writhes number, which induced by acetic acid in comparison with control groups. The percentage of analgesia at sub analgesic doses of a concomitant administration of both drugs was 100% in comparison with each drug alone. These results suggested safe and good use of both drugs in veterinary medicine.

This study was performed to explore the pulse oximetric evaluation of cardio-respiratory systems along with the determination of body temperature in dogs anaesthetized with xylazine-thiopentone (X-T) and xylazine-ketamine (X-K) combinations during electrosurgery. Six apparently healthy dogs weighed 20 to 25 kg undergoing electrosurgery (bipolar), were divided into two groups: group A (X-T) and group B (X-K). In group A (n=3), dogs were anaesthetized with xylazine @ 1.1 mg/kg body weight (BW) as intramuscular (IM) and thiopentone @ 20 mg/kg BW as intravenous (IV) injections, and in group B (n=3), dogs were anaesthetized with xylazine @ 1.1mg/kg BW IM and ketamine @ 5.5 mg/kg BW IM after premedication with atropine sulphate @ 0.05 mg/kg BW IM. Bipolar electrosurgery for gastrotomy or castration was performed in the dogs. Pulse oximetric monitoring and the evaluation of clinical changes: heart rate, respiratory rate and peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) were done along with the determination of body temperature before the induction of anaesthesia (control) and thereafter on 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 minutes postinduction in both groups during electrosurgery. Temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were altered significantly (P

Las técnicas más utilizadas para la recolección se semen ya sea con fines de conservación de material génico o reproductivos son: la vagina artificial y el electro eyaculador. Ha existido controversia por el uso del electroeyaculador por la comunidad científica debido al estrés que causa este método y se consideraría atentar al bienestar animal. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar los niveles de estrés causados por el uso del electro eyaculador en carneros tratados con tranquilizantes y sin tranquilizante. Se midió los niveles de cortisol y testosterona en carneros maduros sexualmente de la raza Corriedale los mismos que estaban en un promedio de 2,5 años ± 0.5 años, con un peso promedio de 75 kg ± 15 kg de los semovientes. El número de colectas que se realizaron a los carneros fueron de 8, administrándose a las 4 primeras colectas Xilacina en concentración al 2% mediante IV a dosis de 0.05 mg/kg, 10 minutos antes de realizar el procedimiento de colecta, las 4 últimas colectas no se realizaron la aplicación tranquilizante. Para la determinación de los niveles hormonales de cortisol y testosterona se produjo a extraer muestras de sangre 20 minutos después del uso del electro eyaculador, los niveles hormonales se midieron mediante la prueba de ELISA. Para el análisis de resultados se tomó como referencia las tablas de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y Shapiro-Wilk para los análisis hormonales con y sin Xilacina, así mismo se utilizó como base las pruebas paramétricas de Mann-Whitney Las pruebas estadísticas no mostraron diferencia significativa en el uso de los 2 tratamientos, dando como resultado niveles similares de cortisol y testosterona en los tratamientos.

Alfaxalone is an injectable anesthetic agent that is used in veterinary medicine for general anesthesia. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of alfaxalone delivered through continuous rate infusion by comparing ketamine–xylazine–alfaxalone (KXA) anesthesia with ketamine–xylazine (KX) anesthesia in Sprague–Dawley rats. Anesthesia was induced in male and female rats by using subcutaneous KX. After induction, rats in the KXA group received alfaxalone (10 mg/kg/h IV) for 35 min, whereas rats in the KX group did not receive alfaxalone. At the end of the trial, alfaxalone was discontinued, and xylazine was reversed in all rats by using atipamezole. Throughout anesthesia, we assessed forepaw withdrawal reflex (FPWR), hindpaw withdrawal reflex (HPWR), response to surgical stimulation, heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO2, body temperature, and time to standing. KXA produced a reliable surgical plane of anesthesia, as evidenced by the loss of both FPWR and HPWR and lack of response to surgical stimulation in all 16 rats, whereas only 6 of the 16 rats in the KX group lost HPWR. No rat in the KXA group regained a paw withdrawal reflex during alfaxalone administration, whereas 3 of the 12 rats (25%) in the KX group that reached a surgical plane of anesthesia exited that plane within the 35-min timeframe. Neither heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO2, body temperature, nor time to standing differed between KXA and KX groups; and there were no sex-associated differences in anesthesia response. These results indicate that alfaxalone (10 mg/kg/h IV) delivered through continuous rate infusion, in combination with ketamine and xylazine, provides a safe, prolonged, and reliable surgical plane of anesthesia in rats.

Objective To compare the sedative and clinical effects of intravenous (IV) administration of dexmedetomidine and xylazine in dromedary calves. Study design Experimental, crossover, randomized, blinded study. Animals A total of seven healthy male dromedary calves aged 14 ± 2 weeks and weighing 95 ± 5.5 kg. Methods Calves were assigned three IV treatments: treatment XYL, xylazine (0.2 mg kg−1); treatment DEX, dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1); and control treatment, normal saline (0.01 mL kg−1). Sedation scores, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), rectal temperature (RT) and ruminal motility were recorded before (baseline) and after drug administration. Sedation signs were scored using a 4-point scale. One-way anova and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for data analysis. Results Calves in treatments XYL and DEX were sedated at 5–60 minutes. Sedation had waned in XYL calves, but not DEX calves, at 60 minutes (p = 0.037). Sedation was not present in calves of any treatment at 90 minutes. HR decreased from baseline in XYL and DEX at 5–90 minutes after drug administration and was lower in DEX than XYL at 5 minutes (p = 0.017). HR was lower in DEX (p = 0.001) and XYL (p = 0.013) than in control treatment at 90 minutes. fR decreased from baseline in XYL and DEX at 5–60 minutes after drug administration and was lower in DEX than XYL at 5 minutes (p = 0.013). RT was unchanged in any treatment over 120 minutes. Ruminal motility was decreased in XYL at 5, 90 and 120 minutes and absent at 10–60 minutes. Motility was decreased in DEX at 5, 10 and 120 minutes and was absent at 15–90 minutes. Conclusion and clinical relevance The duration of sedation from dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg–1) and xylazine (0.2 mg kg–1) was similar in dromedary calves.