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This article examines the digital media revolution as a revolution reliant upon a sustained legacy of colonial violence in regions such as the Congo, the locale of this study. Contemporary production is foreshadowed by the industrial genocide of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries visited upon the Congo by Belgium. In an era defined by globally distributed trade networks, colonialism is equally distributed and mercurial – its complex supply chains obfuscating responsibility toward either the environment or its human inhabitants. The paper looks at the minerals required for latter day digital devices which have become the latest iteration of conflict in the region. Minerals are traced through a number of modern technologies including matches, atomic clocks and mobile devices, all of which evoke alchemical transformation and spectacle. We trace the legacy of colonial violence through smartphones, as the contemporary epitome of technical supremacy – highlighting their qualities of immediacy, mobility and making the remote proximate, especially by bringing remotely sourced geological elements into everyday use. Moving away from our own techno-romantic affiliation with such commodities, the article highlights the fact that focus on effect often further obfuscates the causal factors and consequences of resource extraction in commodity production. Even as we summon stories of global trade with our fingertips on mobile, networked devices, we are implicated in these cycles of violence.

The devastating impacts of recent Australian bushfires and the COVID-19 pandemic have highlighted the immediacy of climate change impacts and accelerated social, economic and environmental change w...

In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, offline programmes of universities in China had to be rescheduled, classes were moved online based on the government’s requirements. The paper investigated how an online learning environment–especially massive open online course (MOOC) platforms–introduced a sense of social presence in students’ lives to help them better deal with trauma and changed circumstances. To this end, the author conducted a questionnaire-based survey of 5,000 students and 620 teachers at Communication University of China from May 2020 to June 2020 and analysed the respondents’ attitudes towards online community learning during the outbreak and the associated trauma period. The survey reveals that the mimicked social networking environment ensures that students perceive social presence and makes the trauma more bearable. By applying social presence theory to the ongoing crisis and conducting a case study of online education adopted by a Chinese university, this research deepens the understanding of technical reality and social networking environment creation described by the theory. Meanwhile, by analysing co-presence, immediacy, and intimacy in community learning, this study paints a more nuanced picture of the mental state of traumatised groups in a virtual environment. © AMIC/WKWSCI-NTU 2021.

PurposeGiven the significance of willingness to communicate and its integral role in the field of foreign/second language acquisition (F/SLA), this quantitative study intends to examine the relationship between sensory emotioncy types and teacher immediacy with second language learners' willingness to communicate (WTC).Design/methodology/approachA total number of 280 students majoring in teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL), and English Language and Literature completed three scales of Sensory Emotioncy Type (SET), Willingness to Communicate and Teacher Immediacy (TI). For data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed.FindingsThe results of SEM showed that learners' WTC was significantly predicted by emotioncy and teacher immediacy. Further, reports from correlational and regression analyses revealed a significantly positive correlation, first, between teacher immediacy and learners' WTC, secondly, between emotioncy and learners' WTC.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this study was that the participants were selected from one context with relatively a small sample which might restrict the generalization. Nonetheless, the present study findings might extend ancillary horizons and provided worthwhile insights into the perception of teacher immediacy and emotioncy on students' willingness to communicate.Practical implicationsThe significance of the current study lies in its theoretical contribution to the notion of WTC and its pedagogical implications and suggestions to the benefits of rejuvenating second language teaching and learning. Findings of this study help pre-service and in-service teachers in providing them more robust picture of learners' individual differences; and hence exert the most appropriate tasks which learners have the most degree of familiarity and better to say, emotioncy.Originality/valueIn the current study notable results were obtained which would be efficacious to the present literature on the EFL teacher immediacy, emotioncy and willingness to communicate. First and foremost, the findings added to a growing body of literature on emotioncy as a relatively novel concept in academic settings and teacher immediacy , and willingness to communicate which have gained scant attention in the field.

Introduction: Ongoing professional education is an essential activity to ensure that hospital staff are using the best available evidence to deliver healthcare. Hospital staff from a range of professional groups cite increasing work volume and being too time poor to complete or attend education. To address this issue, a new 5-minute online education format (Take 5) was developed. Methods: A descriptive study using a short evaluation survey was undertaken at Royal Perth Hospital in Perth, Western Australia, to evaluate interprofessional healthcare staffs’ levels of engagement with the new education format. Results: The Take 5 education format facilitated the development of over 120 topics available via an intranet library page. During the study, it received 26,623 hits, averaging 19.3 visits per day. Topics were downloaded 45,611 times. Medication discrepancies (n = 1,326) and personal protective equipment (PPE) conservation (n = 1,115) were the most frequently downloaded. A total of 2,001 evaluation surveys were received, with nursing and medicine having the highest participation. The majority of staff (n = 1,895; 94.4%) rated the resource as having “good” to “high” quality content. Qualitative data showed that the topics were informative, easy to access and understand and perceived to help the participants change their clinical practice. Conclusion: The Take 5 uptake has been strong and sustained, as highlighted by the substantive utilisation and evaluation. The concept was not designed to replace formal education but to act as an adjunct, providing key education to meet staff demands. It provided immediacy of information and quality evidence-based content and directed the learner to more formal learning content and resources.

El mundo de las artes y de la literatura ha respondido a la tragedia debida a la difusión del virus con distintos relatos desde el confinamiento. Aunque sea prematuro desarrollar una teoría que tenga sentido sobre las expresiones artísticas procedentes de la pandemia, es evidente que empiezan a desarrollarse, en la literatura, unas formas narrativas híbridas, que mezclan el relato autobiográfico con la ficción y el ensayo. En el ámbito artístico, en cambio, la expresión del malestar debido a la pandemia se difunde con más rapidez y de manera más explícita. A este propósito se realizará un recorrido entre las obras literarias publicadas recientemente entre Latinoamérica y Europa y se pondrá brevemente la atención sobre el relato emblemático “Me olvido de todo menos de mi cuerpo” de Alia Trabucco Zerán. Se tomarán también dos cómics como ejemplos de lenguajes visuales que surgen del confinamiento: el video cómic, Rebibbia Quarantine. Drammatico reportage dalla quarantena di Roma Nord Est, de Zerocalcare y “Più forte di carta e inchiostro” que forma parte de la novela gráfica Alack Sinner firmada por José Muñoz y Carlos Sampayo. Se ha elegido el cómic porque se demuestra un lenguaje extremadamente eficaz debido a su inmediatez y capacidad de alcanzar un público amplio, y es un ejemplo de producto artístico que puede suscitar reflexiones imprescindibles en el lector sobre la crisis actual. En estas obras destaca la posición del intelectual y del artista que, en el aislamiento y en la reclusión, convierten la escritura y el arte en un espacio de resistencia.

Disasters typically do not abide by logical or standard rules and can be of any size or variety. But what is a disaster? How does time factor into dealing with the disaster? When will help arrive? How long will it take to recover? Why can everything not be fixed immediately? Television shows since the 1970s were instrumental in elevating public awareness of emergency service capabilities but also created a false expectation of expediency and un-implied over-exaggeration in capabilities. The speed of information from 21st century technology has created an immediacy of results expectation. People now expect the lights to come on when the switch is turned on and get impatient when that does not happen. This light switch fallacy is the expectation of what should occur in the rescue and recovery after a disaster. But the light switch cannot just be turned on, everything is solved, and life goes back to normal.

This paper considers that web design comprehends the notion of transparency (immediacy) as a mean to support user immersion. But it also comprehends the notion of opaque (hypermediacy) as a mean to support interactivity. Therefore, the user oscillates between being immersed on the content and interacting with the interface, and this oscillation might disrupt the making sense process. We argue that the creative oscillation between immediacy and hypermediacy can enhance reality and thus support meaningful web experience. To this end, this paper investigates the role of agency to sustain oscillation between immediacy and hypermediacy in a website. Thus, this paper starts reviewing some of the works that instantiate narrative in design and those that focus on the agency that is experienced when interacting with a computer. Thus, agency is used as an analytical lens to investigate how interface design was used to specific outcomes in retail context: a sense of aesthetic, service excellence, playfulness and consumer return on investment. In order to that, it is performed a close reading in two versions of two specific genres of websites to understand how remediation changed over time and its implication on agency. The first genre is service design, and the second is product design. The results suggest that those design that privilege narrative and cognitive interactivity intend to provoke a sense of aesthetic and service excellence. The results also suggest that those websites that privilege explicit interactivity intend to provoke a sense of playfulness and consumer return on investment. In addition, a creative oscillation between immediacy and hypermediacy enhance reality and support meaningful user experience. In addition, this paper identifies some of the signifiers that support different levels of agency. Finally, exploring the oscillation between immediacy (transparency) and hypermediation (reflectivity) creates meaning to the experience because it acknowledges the interface and the role it plays in presenting reality.

Online learning is negatively associated with student connectedness. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Higher Education (HE) institutions have pivoted to blended and online learning. Subsequently, HE institutions have seen a shift in student connectedness resulting in loneliness, isolation, social and psychological distance. Consequently, it is essential for teacher practitioners to respond with innovative digital learning resources that aim to develop student connectedness. The current systematic review aimed to explore the research question: what are the characteristics of effective digital teaching resources when the aim of the resource is to build student connectedness? This systematic literature review was conducted in line with published guidance for undertaking reviews (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, 2009). Successively, 17 papers met the inclusion criteria and were analysed using a thematic synthesis approach. Results identified five key themes that are important when designing digital resources to build connectedness: usability; teacher interaction; immediacy; synchronicity; and community. The findings of this research are expected to provide a template to assist teacher practitioners in creating innovative digital resources that facilitate connectedness.

El estudio de las citas online es un área de investigación cada vez más en auge. Tanto internet como las redes sociales han revolucionado la forma en que se inician las relaciones románticas y/o sexuales. La imagen es clave en estas aplicaciones en las que la inmediatez es una de sus características básicas. Para poder conocer y clasificar los tipos de representaciones virtuales gays han sido seleccionadas las apps de Grindr y Tinder, que son actualmente las apps de citas online gay con mayor número de ususarios. Este artículo se presenta como una investigación interdisciplinar a partir de un marco teórico conceptual que incluye teoría queer, estudios de comunicación y sociología. Este trabajo se aborda metodológicamente desde una doble perspectiva; un análisis cualitativo de la representación visual de los cuerpos, poniendo especial énfasis en la manera en que el sexo y el género se representan en estas redes, y no sobre su escenificación real; y por otra parte, un análisis cuantitativo de 50 perfiles de cada una de las aplicaciones, a través de las cuáles se han categorizados los cuerpos en función de la imagen presentada. Los resultados constatan la ausencia de masculnidades minoritas o alternativas a la masculinidad hegemónica. Con respeto a esta realidad, consideramos que las redes sociales, y especialmente, las dos aplicaciones investigadas han perdido la oportunidad de convertirse en una plataformas útiles y revolucionarias en cuanto al a representación y visualización de nuevas identidad de género.

This paper explores the influence of crisis-related information on customers’ recommendations and purchase intentions. Various studies have investigated the role of risk-related information in terms of its certainty and immediacy. This research introduces a model that differentiates and investigates different types of information provided by organizations through social network sites (SNSs) that are related to the coronavirus (COVID-19) crisis, including situational information and precautionary measures information specifically. The proposed model targeted users of SNSs in Saudi Arabia, where around 72.38% of its population is considered active SNSs users with 3 h of average daily time spent on SNSs. Based on the survey data collected from 356 online shoppers in Saudi Arabia, structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to test the proposed model. The reliability of instrument was tested using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), where the results showed acceptable model fit indices (X2/df = 2.6, GFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.93, and RMSEA = 0.067). Based on that, the structural model was built and tested, which also showed acceptable fit indices (X2/df = 2.9, GFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, and RMSEA = 0.073). The findings highlight that situational and adopted precautionary measures information had a significant impact on recommendations (γ=0.73) and purchase intentions (γ=0.39). Further, organizations that hold themselves accountable for broadcasting updated information related to the crisis and disseminating the necessary preventive measures develop a high level of recommendations and purchase intentions among customers. A personal recommendation construct was confirmed as a partial mediator, where an indirect significant influence was found of broadcasting information on purchase intention through personal recommendation (γ=0.309). Therefore, this paper suggests that organizations should consider offering customers all the necessary types of information related to the COVID-19 crisis.

Working outside traditional bureaucratic structures, animal activists have a long history of creating, managing and using records in radical ways to bring the suffering of animals to society’s attention. Today’s online platforms enable animal activism on a networked scale, with unprecedented reach and immediacy of impact, but also with risks and challenges. This article presents findings from a critical case study of the radical recordkeeping of Direct Action Everywhere (DxE), a US-based animal liberation group. The case study explores the performative role recordkeeping plays in the group’s animal activism and advocacy, and the challenge of ensuring the longevity of an archival record of its activities and their impact. It is framed by Records Continuum Theory and illustrates the benefits of applying a Records Continuum lens to researching radical recordkeeping contexts. The paper reports on the research findings of the case study, including the vital role recordkeeping plays as a form of “strategic witnessing” for the activities of DxE, as well as in developing the DxE community and communicating its mission to the public. It discusses the challenges faced by DxE in preserving their archives into the future through integrating archiving into their current radical recordkeeping processes, Continuum-style, and addressing the risks associated with using online collaborative platforms for recordkeeping and archiving. Overcoming these challenges will ensure that current recordkeeping plays its part in DxE’s animal activism, and that in the future records of continuing value take their place among the multiple narratives of society in the archival multiverse.

Scholarly activities are increasingly dependent on a wide variety of online tools and platforms. Processing health information on such platforms may enrich research studies and solve some healthcare issues. Health information analyses and online surveys are frequently conducted to test old hypothesis and generate new ones. These studies require thorough understanding of the subject and skilful use of online platforms, including social media. Social media platforms are increasingly employed for retrieving and disseminating research data. Scholarly activities on Twitter and other globally popular social media are now recommended for research, education, and clinical practice. Aggregated social media information and related altmetric data have emerged as reflections of the immediacy effects of online sharing and commenting and as tools to complement citation analyses. Researchers and research managers may use altmetrics to plan their studies and introduce changes to the education process. Securing uninterrupted access to Internet and available online tools may facilitate quality research and other scholarly activities.

El propósito de esta investigación fue evidenciar la vinculación de la gestión e iniciativa institucional, ciencia, tecnología y medio ambiente con la eficacia e inmediatez de los servicios, el ahorro de recursos y compromiso ambiental en cuanto al impacto de la automatización de los procesos administrativos. El objetivo de este estudio permitió caracterizar en recursos y tiempo estos procesos en la Facultad de Humanidades de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (FAHUSAC), comparar ambiental y económicamente los procesos administrativos por la implementación de la automatización de los mismos; se realizó con una muestra de 381 estudiantes, 282 profesores de las 92 sedes que la conforman y 145 miembros del personal administrativo. Se efectuó un análisis documental, encuestas tipo Likert de opinión satisfactoria aplicadas a profesores y estudiantes, así como entrevistas con preguntas semiabiertas al personal administrativo. Por la naturaleza de la investigación se aplicaron por correo electrónico y WhatsApp, como resultados se obtuvo la consolidación de los servicios con procesos que viabilizan la gestión en tiempo y costos posibilitados por la adquisición de herramientas y recursos digitales que permiten la adecuación a la modalidad virtual, la aceptación de la automatización de los servicios administrativos casi en su totalidad, mediación en el ahorro de combustibles, uso de papel y tiempo en gestiones, compromiso institucional con el medio ambiente al minimizar el uso de papel y combustibles así como reducir los gastos de movilización de los usuarios al trasladarse al campo central y la exposición física ante asaltos y accidentes viales.

Future maps and visualizations of sea level rise struggle to convey the salience of evolving coastal hazards on the ground. This study engaged three Norfolk, Virginia communities in the “Blue Line” project to identify the appealing components of various types of visualizations and determine which images increase risk perceptions, contribute to the selection of adaptation or mitigation strategies, and elicit protective actions. Participants viewed models of future high tide shorelines for 2050, 2080, and 2100 as digitized maps and photographs of the lines marked on the ground with tape, spray chalk, and flags at three different communities: a residential neighborhood and park; a downtown museum and open space; and a working waterfront. Results indicate that while the combination of maps and photographs were preferred for the realism conveyed, maps were better able to show a larger area and photographs were more personal. Photographs balanced the reactions to maps, which were preferred, and increased the perception of sea level rise, but also elicited built solutions. Citizens expressed greater immediacy for action in residential areas even if the perceived risk was higher in heritage areas. These results can inform the balance of visualization types utilized by planners and community organizations to create a comprehensive plan through participatory processes.

Based on the reports of 60 Chinese extraordinary disastrous events by mass media, the present paper investigates the use of contrastive discourse marker “at first I thought” by the survivors of the sudden disastrous events describing with conversation analysis. The research questions are as follows (1) what are people’s reactions to extraordinary disastrous events? (2) How do people describe their first reaction to a disaster in words? (3) What is the relationship between their first reaction and subsequent facts? The finding of current study is when disastrous event witnesses or survivors describe the sudden events, they hold the sense of nothing serious happened in their mentality, and adopt “At first I thought A, then I realized B” and its different variants to describe their first reactions. According to the data, the relationship between their first reaction and subsequent facts is as below: the collision between wrong first thought and correct reality; by using the immediacy markers, or credentials, one begins to identify the correctness of first thought; and naked reports of a catastrophic first thought can be used to describe the extraordinary disastrous events.

BACKGROUND: Studies of current opinion of our community members for the characteristics, mode, and location of use, use cases, and overall enthusiasm for point-of-care testing (POCT) diagnosis and management tools are needed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Qualitative research methods were used to develop, refine, and evaluate hardcopy and electronic versions of a 45-item English language survey. The accuracy of the instrument was measured by recorded structured interview, and its precision was measured by comparison to its administration to a group of uncompensated volunteers. MAIN FINDINGS AND RESULTS: Comparison of survey and structured interview data demonstrated high levels of accuracy. Highly concordant with significant levels of correlation and of direct association indicated favorable precision. Ninety-three percent of respondents believed that POCT could improve their care, and 56% identified having a POCT in their home as a top priority. Accuracy, insurance coverage, immediacy of results, and ease of use were identified as the most important characteristics of a POCT. CONCLUSIONS: Community members strongly support the development of accurate, in-home devices that produce immediate results that can be used to diagnose, manage, and encourage their adherence to treatments for their medical conditions.

Estimulado pelo surgimento de dispositivos portáteis e acessíveis como smartphones equipados com câmeras digitais, o sujeito da contemporaneidade acessa e cria conteúdos de maneira autônoma, motivado, à princípio, pela maleabilidade e instantaneidade desses novos aparatos tecnológicos. Visto que os antigos modos de se criar produtos midiáticos priorizavam apenas retratar padrões tradicionalistas e invisibilizavam a existência da transgeneridade ou do transativismo, surge um movimento independente, dentro das redes sociais, que através de imagens e textos, vai legitimar a presença transgênero no convívio social. Esse estudo objetivou traçar um panorama da quantidade de perfis que atualmente abordam tais questões, dentro do Instagram, e que encontram-se produzindo para este público específico. Através do uso da Netnografia, a pesquisa resultou na observação de duas personalidades de relevância na plataforma, e a partir deste recorte, constatou-se que a necessidade de ocupação desses espaços on-line reside no desejo de inspirar seus seguidores a assumirem suas identidades de gênero e lutarem por sobrevivência também fora da Internet.

Research on peer review to date has focused on its role as a formal compliance mechanism, a process for enhancing and developing teaching practice, and as a considerable source of anxiety for educators. In this paper, we draw on scholarly reflections from our experience of undertaking a reciprocal, formative peer review in an Australian higher education setting. Our findings provide novel conceptual, empirical, and practical insights by providing the first application of an appreciative inquiry framework to the process of peer review. We argue that adopting an appreciative inquiry framework assists us in learning from “the best” aspects of our colleagues’ teaching. Moreover, it offers a framework for understanding and responding to some of the challenges long-associated with peer review. In doing so, it presents potential benefits pertaining to student retention and learning outcomes, while opening up new possibilities for researching and practicing peer review.

Background Work-related stress is becoming an increasingly recognised occupational hazard that can have detrimental effects on the health of both patient and doctor. The practice of gastroenterology not only includes the demands of clinics and in-patient work faced by other medical specialities but also the additional burden of complex, and often high-risk, endoscopic interventions. Mindfulness, a secular form of meditation, can relieve stress, even if only practiced for a few minutes a day. Methods and Results We present a personal perspective of the burnout experienced in stressful gastroenterology careers and the personal use of mindfulness in the daily routine to provide a source of calm when surrounded by many different pressures. We review some of the literature exploring the role of mindfulness in clinical practice with an emphasis on gastroenterology. While the practice of mindfulness is not designed to obviate immediacy and quick decisions in a rapidly changing clinical environment, it has been held widely useful to mitigate the stress involved in making those decisions. Conclusion Practicing mindfulness, meditation and mindful living offers many advantages to gastroenterologists' wellbeing as well improved patient care. We advocate its teaching to both gastroenterology trainees and consultants who are not familiar with the technique.

In this article, I look at Jules Vallès’s L’Insurgé to argue that its narrative style performs the politics of anonymity at the heart of the Paris Commune. To do this, I analyse three key elements of the novel – its autofictionality, its fragmentation and its ubiquitous present tense. By rejecting the exemplarity inherent in autobiography, this autofiction avant la lettre implies that the I of the narrator Jacques Vingtras, himself a stand-in for the author Jules Vallès, can be substituted with any other I. In the ‘révolution anonyme’ of 1871, there can be no leader; in its narrative, the central character is replaceable. The fragmentary writing further resists the unity of nineteenth-century novels to draw portraits of various actors of revolt; centralised revolution is abandoned in favour of communal politics. Finally, the narration in the present tense creates a sense of immediacy which rejects the glorification of the revolutionary past, and instead underscores the Paris Commune’s new politics in the making. The novel is thus enacting the ‘grande fédération des douleurs’ to which it is dedicated.

Na contemporaneidade os alunos que vivenciam as culturas digitais estão acostumados ao ciberespaço, a instantaneidade das redes sociais, a ludicidade dos jogos digitais e a busca por informação na Internet. No entanto, na sala de aula percebe-se a falta de motivação e de engajamento dos alunos, especialmente pela ausência de práticas pedagógicas em contextos digitais. Neste sentido, o artigo tem como propósito apresentar pistas de como a gamificação e os dispositivos digitais proporcionam a imersão das culturas digitais na sala de aula. De natureza qualitativa, o estudo analisou entrevistas realizadas com alunos que vivenciaram o uso da gamificação e dos dispositivos digitais nas aulas de Português de uma escola pública de ensino secundário em Portugal. Os relatos dos sujeitos demonstraram que os dispositivos utilizados favoreceram a interação e a comunicação entre professor- aluno-aluno, proporcionaram o envolvimento dos alunos nas atividades e contribuíram para a inovação, a criatividade e o trabalho em equipe.

Objective This study aimed to determine if episodic future thinking (EFT) can decrease delay discounting (DD) among adults with prediabetes both in and out of the laboratory. DD measures how much the value of a reinforcer decreases as a function of the delay to receive it. Methods Adults with prediabetes (n = 67) completed a three-session study. At session 1, baseline measures (including DD) were collected. At sessions 2 and 3, participants were prompted to engage in either EFT or control episodic thinking (CET) while completing DD and other measures. In addition, between the completion of sessions 2 and 3, participants engaged in EFT or CET at home and completed DD tasks remotely via smartphones or other Internet-connected devices. Results Results showed significant -1.2759 (-20.24%) reductions in DD in the EFT group compared with a + 0.0287 (+0.46%) DD increase in the CET group (p = .0149) in the laboratory; and -0.4095 (-8.85%) reduction in DD in the EFT group compared with a + 0.2619 (+5.64%) increase in the CET group (p = .011) at home. Working memory (measured by Backwards Corsi and Digit Span) was found to moderate the effects of EFT on some measures of DD. EFT did not change measures from the food purchase task or a food ad libitum procedure. Conclusions Results show that EFT decreases DD in and out of the laboratory and supports the further exploration of EFT as an intervention for prediabetes and related chronic diseases. Clinical trial registration NCT03664726.

En la era digital, la relación de los sujetos con el pasado ha cambiado por el sentido de inmediatez de internet y la expansión de la memoria de los dispositivos electrónicos. El presente es el marco temporal dominante, debido a la actualización permanente de información al que se tiene acceso cotidianamente desde las tecnologías comunicacionales. En el presente ensayo, se analizará el proceso de transformación del sentido del pasado y las nuevas estrategias para construirlo. Para ello, se realizará una discusión entre la comunicación digital y la historiografía que permitirá determinar la influencia del uso de internet en las maneras de crear memoria actualmente y la incidencia de este fenómeno en el trabajo de los historiadores.

This study aimed at increasing our understanding of citizen journalism practice, with a focus on rural dwellers which has been less well studied. This study, which is anchored on democratic participant media theory took place at Ardo Kola, Taraba State in the north-eastern region of Nigeria. The data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews, among 40 rural dwellers. The findings confirmed acceptance and knowledge of citizen journalism among the rural dwellers, but its adoption and practice are still very minimal due to poverty, power failure, their attitude, religious upbringing, customs, high level of illiteracy, high internet subscription and slow speed. It was suggested that government should make efforts to set up good schools, create more job opportunities, sponsor the skill work of those who did not attend formal education, and improve power supply in the rural communities. Interestingly, it was found among many other things that citizen journalism provides an avenue for community dwellers to gather and disseminate messages with immediacy, assists in the checkmating of the excesses of government officials, and promotes a healthy lifestyle in community settings. Therefore, it is relevant to encourage citizen journalism practice in rural areas, and further studies could explore beyond the use of a single community, more issues confronting rural dwellers as regards the adoption and practice of citizen journalism in developing countries.

Purpose Internet use is common among people with suicidal feelings and a considerable amount of suicide help material is available online. Despite attempts to promote formal help sites (e.g. governmental and charity sector) in internet search results, users’ evaluation of these sites is lacking. This study, therefore, aimed to explore distressed users’ perceptions of formal online help and their experiences of using this in times of crisis. Methods In-depth interview study of 53 adults reporting suicide-related internet use. Results While highly valued in relation to general mental health problems, formal sites were not perceived to meet the different needs of those experiencing suicidal thoughts, and did not engage individuals in crisis. Sites were criticised for being impersonal, dispassionate, too focused on information-giving, and lacking solutions that were novel or sensitive to reasons why an individual may choose to seek help online. Most participants criticised the tendency for sites to signpost to offline services as their primary response. Participants desired immediacy and responsive online help incorporating ‘live chat’, self-help tools, opportunities to interact with others and lived-experience content. Positive accounts of seeking online help described sites incorporating these features. Conclusions Formal online help services should be reappraised to ensure they meet users’ needs for immediacy and responsive help to capitalise upon the opportunity available for suicide prevention.

During the late 1930s, towards the beginning of a long and colourful career as a translator, writer, novelist and painter, Pierre Klossowski (1905–2001) proved an attentive reader of the work of the Danish thinker Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55). This article examines Klossowski's twofold engagement with Kierkegaard, the first in the form of a commentary, published in Bataille's magazine Acéphale in 1937 addressing the Dane's use of Mozart's Don Giovanni in his philosophical treatise Either — Or, the second, a year later, being a translation of an essay by Kierkegaard, also originally part of Either — Or, offering an alternative interpretation of Sophocles’ Antigone to the one proposed by Hegel. The aim of the article is to examine how Klossowski, in these texts, problematizes the possibility of mediation and translatability, and emphasizes instead the irreducibility of immediacy, secrecy, indirection.

Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Physical touch is considered a core competency in Physiotherapy, central to clinical reasoning and communication. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of research into how the skill is learned and the experiences of students in that process. The aim of this paper is to explore that learning experience among pre-registration physiotherapy students. An approach underpinned by phenomenology and ethnographic methods was undertaken over an 8-month period in one Higher Education Institution in the UK. Data came from a series of observations and focus groups, complemented by personal reflective learning diaries with first- and second-year undergraduate students. Focus group data were analyzed thematically and triangulated with other data sources. Three themes were developed: 1) ‘Uncertainty, self-awareness and anxiety’ explores the discomfort experienced in the early stages; 2) ‘Emerging familiarity and awareness of inter-action’ demonstrates developing confidence in bodily capability and communicative capacity; and 3) ‘Realities of touch in a clinical environment’ focuses on the shift from the pre-clinical to clinical context and highlights the cyclical processes of embodied learning. This study highlights the complexity and immediacy of the embodied learning of touch and its interactions with the development of professional identity. Negotiation of boundaries, both seen and unseen, creates jeopardy in that process through the first two years of the course.

Corruption comes from the Latin "corruputio" or "corruptus" meaning damage or corruption (Samidan, 2011). Meaning of the word corruption is corruption, literally, malice, depravity, dishonesty, can be bribed, immoral, deviations from the Holiness (Karsona, 2013). Corruption may be defined as a misappropriation or misuse of State money and private for personal benefit or others. The Act of corruption can also damage a country in terms of economy and education. Corruption in Indonesia is already very worrying, and needs to be eradicated altogether, during the handling of the corruption eradication more done in the form of repressive actions, namely the Act provides punishment by holding the corruptor. Other strategies in the fight against corruption, one of them with preventive action or prevention of the occurrence of corruption, this action which is considered the most effective way to prevent the occurrence of corruption, namely through education pathways. This type of research is a case study, Bungin (2003) describes research case study is a study that is comprehensive, intensive, detailed and insightful as well as more directed in an effort to elucidate the issues or phenomena the contemporary nature and immediacy. Anti-corruption education modules can be delivered through the role of the Counselor/teacher BK through granting information services by delivering anti-corruption education values for students of JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL. Anti-corruption education could be developed back-related media provided against the students. Keywords: Anti-corruption Education, Counselors, Students

In recent years the globalization trend in higher education has continued. This borderless educational world provides students opportunities to select and follow a study programme anywhere in the world. The resulting international classrooms create challenges and opportunities for international study programmes in preparing their diverse student populations for the demands posed by today’s fast-paced (business) environment. The teacher plays a pivotal role in accommodating the increasingly diverse student body and facilitating learning while being mindful of different learning styles, expectations and needs. Whereas initially the consequences of having an international classroom was taken for granted, higher education institutions have increasingly become aware that it involves more than offering the curriculum in English. In this study we explore the linkages between the student diversity, in terms of self-reported nationality, ethnicity and native language, affective learning and teacher credibility in the context of international classrooms. A key objective of this study was to check the reliability of the measurement items and scales for use in research pertaining to international classrooms. For this study, data was collected from 183 students following the International Business programme at an undergraduate level at one of the most international Universities of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands. The study sample had students from 35 different countries with the Dutch (42%) and German (19%) students constituting the largest group. The sample was divided into two groups: those with the same ethnicity, nationality and native language as the teacher (student-teacher congruence), and those who were different (student-teacher incongruence). The results of this research suggest that the measurement tools for teacher credibility and affective learning are valid, whereas the tool for nonverbal immediacy did not prove reliable. In addition, the theory-driven hypotheses were not supported as no significant difference was found between the scores of affective learning and teacher credibility between the two different groups of students.

Micro-learning within team meetings offers immediacy of knowledge application and integration into practice. As a pedagogical method micro-learning has grown within workplace settings through being able to deliver small amounts of knowledge often, that is relevant, upskilling and applicable directly into practice. With more meetings happening in the workplace than ever before leveraging learning opportunities has never been more important. Learning opportunities have regularly been missed during team meetings due to competing priorities, information overload, lack of shared attention, divergent mental models and failure to identify learning needs. This article covers one aspect of a PhD research project focused on learning in team meetings. Discussion are two transactional analysis concepts delivered as micro-learning topics within team meetings and applied into practice. The approach, findings and further considerations are presented.

Glioma is a common type of brain tumour that is associated with neurocognitive and psychosocial impairments. This study primarily aimed to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of a videoconferencing format of the Making Sense of Brain Tumour (Tele-MAST) programme. Recruited from a multidisciplinary brain tumour clinic, participants were randomly allocated to the 10-session Tele-MAST programme or standard care, with the latter group offered Tele-MAST after re-assessment. Semi-structured interviews explored participants' experiences of receiving psychological support via the videoconferencing platform. Measures of mental health and quality of life were administered at pre-intervention and post-intervention assessments. Of the 35 patients deemed eligible for the study, 14 (40% accrual) with high grade (71%) or low grade (29%) glioma participated. They were randomized to the Tele-MAST condition (n = 8) or standard care/waitlist (n = 6). Ten individuals commenced the Tele-MAST programme, of whom eight completed ≥8 sessions. The major themes that depicted their experience of the Tele-MAST programme were ease of access and benefits of remote delivery, tailored support and immediacy, and sense of connection versus disconnection. Most participants (63%) demonstrated clinically reliable improvement at post-intervention. These preliminary findings support the feasibility and acceptability of remote delivery of psychological support and highlight the need for a larger-scale evaluation of the Tele-MAST programme.

Girish Karnad is a writer, dramatist, director and actor par excellence. He belongs to a generation that has produced Dharamveer Bharati, Mohan Rakesh and Vijay Tendulkar who have created a national theatre for modern India, which is the legacy of his generation. Jnanpitha Awardee, Karnad is the author of many well known plays in Kannada and English. He has represented Indian art and culture in foreign lands. Girish Karnad was a conscious writer, who had keenly observed cultural and political upheavals in India and brings in a new equation in his plays. In this paper, I propose to analyze the selected plays of Indian playwright Grirish Karnad who has experimented with the fusion of the traditional and the modern dramatic forms and content. Karnad is most famous as a playwright and his plays have become a byword for imagination, innovation and craftsmanship. In the subsequent years, Karnad continued to post script narratives, interpreting for us histories and myths, forging an idiom of writing that was tethered to both the past and present. Karnad's practice of drawing source from myths and tales lends the play an immediacy of appeal. This paper thus studies Karnad's selected plays from the point of view of themes and techniques. While doing so, the focus will mainly be on the history and myth in his dramatic works-Karnad's journey from his first drama 'Yayati holds a mirror to the very evolution of a truly 'Indian theatre.'

Embedded librarians working in online classrooms present a new avenue of learner support direct to students in the space where they learn. The development of embedded librarian practice has evolved since 2004 and is becoming commonplace in online tertiary classrooms, but what is not yet so common is theory underlying this new practice. A multiple case study of embedded librarians in online tertiary classrooms in New Zealand was conducted to identify what makes this practice effective in providing support. Six factors were identified as contributing to effectiveness: relationality, immediacy, relevancy, interactivity, parity and faculty?librarian collaboration. The Embedded Librarian Support model was derived from, and is presented as the culmination of, the findings of this research.

La psicología actual se enfrenta a desafíos que tienen características particulares. Estos desafíos tienen que ver con la inmediatez, la alienación y la construcción de un sentido exitista de la vida. El problema es que estas necesidades actuales siguen siendo tratadas con una psicología con bases epistemológicas y psicológicas obsoletas. Necesitamos reconocer esta crisis. Este artículo se enfoca en ofrecer una posibilidad de reflexión y especialización para los psicoterapeutas y la psicología en general, en la búsqueda de volverse más atingentes a los desafíos que enfrentan en su quehacer actual. Propone la necesidad de declarar crisis en los fundamentos filosóficos, los paradigmas, los enfoques y las técnicas que dan base a la psicoterapia tradicional. En el desarrollo del artículo se presenta unadisciplina complementaria recientemente creada llamada coaching psicogénico. Se muestran sus características principales y generales. Por último, se desglosan ciertas premisas éticas importantes para adoptar en la actualidad e incrementar la efectividad y credibilidad de la psicología.

Distance education (DE) is neither a new concept nor process. Learning through postal correspondence can be traced back to more than 150 years. The avenues of DE have evolved from postal correspondence, videotaped lessons, electronic communications, to distance teaching higher education institutes. Up until the start of 2020, DE was an educational process of choice or preference. However, when WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020, DE was no longer an option but rather the only choice and educational avenue for the majority of the universities worldwide; Lebanon is no exception. This chapter considered the case study of DE at Phoenicia University, Lebanon, studying instructors’ attitudes and perceptions about some of the quality attributes of DE such as interactivity, inclusiveness, and immediacy prior to and after their first online semester. A mixed methods approach was adopted, where pre- and post-test surveys were administered with 54 instructors in Spring 2020. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 instructors toward the end of that semester. This study found that the participants held a more positive stance when it came to instructor immediacy following their first online semester. On the contrary, instructors’ attitudes and perceptions toward interactivity and inclusiveness did not significantly change between the pre- and post-test results, maintaining a less favorable stance of DE for these particular attributes in comparison to physical classroom education. The study concluded that overall, participants perceived DE as an efficient approach given the unprecedented crisis; nonetheless, the effectiveness of such an approach was challenged by many obstacles and limitations due to internet connection issues and the unreliable power infrastructure.

Covid-19, the greatest global health crisis for a century, brought a new immediacy and urgency to international bio-medical research. The pandemic generated intense competition to produce a vaccine and contain the virus, creating what the World Health Organization referred to as an ‘infodemic’ of published output. In this frantic atmosphere, researchers were keen to get their research noticed. In this paper, we explore whether this enthusiasm influenced the rhetorical presentation of research and encouraged scientists to “sell” their studies. Examining a corpus of the most highly cited SCI articles on the virus published in the first seven months of 2020, we explore authors’ use of hyperbolic and promotional language to boost aspects of their research. Our results show a significant increase in hype to stress certainty, contribution, novelty and potential, especially regarding research methods, outcomes and primacy. Our study sheds light on scientific persuasion at a time of intense social anxiety.

The rising number of adult learners interested in online distance education coupled with the increasing competition between educational institutions have forced universities to identify alternative options for course offerings, such as online or blended learning. Instructor immediacy (the measure of the psychological distance which an instructor puts between himself and his students) received significant attention in the communication literature and several studies reported that instructor verbal and nonverbal immediacy behaviors are associated with learning outcomes, satisfaction, and motivation. However, few researchers have examined instructor immediacy in distance learning settings. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of instructor immediacy behaviors on student perception of instructor immediacy and social presence (the degree to which a person is perceived as "real" in mediated communication) in two online, computer conferencing environments: (a) video and audio with text chat and (b) audio with text chat. Further, this study sought to identify the relationship between perceived instructor immediacy and social presence within the context of the different computer conferencing environments. An ancillary purpose was to determine the effect of immediacy behaviors on learning outcomes as indicated by posttest scores and identify the relationship between perceived instructor immediacy and posttest scores. The study employed a randomized two-factor design to test the effects of instructor immediacy behaviors (high vs. low) and delivery modality (audio vs. video) on student perception of instructor immediacy, social presence, and learning outcomes. Specifically, 433 students enrolled in two sections of an undergraduate psychology course at San Diego State University were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Each group viewed a different version of a scripted and recorded 20-minute online lesson on current perspectives in psychology. Students who viewed the high immediacy sessions indicated significantly higher perception of instructor immediacy and social presence than students who viewed the low immediacy sessions. In addition, students who viewed the high immediacy-video session indicated the highest perception of instructor immediacy and social presence. The results also showed that there was a significant difference in learning outcomes as indicated by immediate posttest scores between students in the high immediacy-audio group and the low immediacy-video group. However, no significant difference was found between the four groups on the learning outcomes as indicated by their scores on the delayed posttest. The correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between perceived instructor immediacy and perceived instructor social presence. Further, a regression analysis revealed that instructor immediacy significantly predicted social presence. Finally, no significant relationship was found between perceived instructor immediacy and learning outcomes as indicated by the immediate or delayed posttest. These findings have significant implications for institutions of higher education that are selecting computer conferencing tools and training faculty to deliver courses online. In addition, this study lays the groundwork for future research in this area and potentially creates a greater awareness regarding the effects of instructor immediacy in online learning environments.

Immediacy of such a problem as health professionals’ information competence formation is due to the necessity of continuing improvement of pedagogical approaches, methods and technologies of educating medical staff how to use information technologies in their professional activity to provide for their correspondence to the stable and outrunning level of society development in the process of education and healthcare digital transformation. The article aims at the formation of methodological approaches to the pedagogical process studying the use of information technologies in the framework of post-graduate continuing education of health professionals taking into account their professional requirements and work specifics. The leading method of the problem study is the method of involved observation that enabled to make authentic comparison and analyze inquiries of 349 professionals attending the courses of continuing education. The article shows that the applied pedagogical approaches and methods have to correspond to the modern level of information technologies and digital education development, characterized by qualitative changes in the technologies that process and transfer data and widely use the intellectual decision making systems. It states the results obtained in the practical implementation of the offered theoretical and methodological approaches to the process of health professionals’ information competence formation. This results in the developed complex of methodological approaches to teaching information technologies at the general scientific, specific scientific and method and technological levels enabling the formation of health professionals’ information competence. The article can be useful for students and teachers of pedagogical universities, teachers of medical universities and institutions involved in health professionals’ continuing education.

BackgroundPrevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services in Kenya can be strengthened through the delivery of relevant and culturally appropriate SMS messages.MethodsThis study reports on the results of focus groups conducted with pre and postnatal women living with HIV (5 groups,n = 40) and their male partners (3 groups,n = 33) to elicit feedback and develop messages to support HIV+ women’s adherence to ART medication, ANC appointments and a facility-based birth. The principles of message design informed message development.ResultsRespondents wanted ART adherence messages that were low in verbal immediacy (ambiguous), came from an anonymous source, and were customized in timing and frequency. Unlike other studies, low message immediacy was prioritized over customization of message content. For retention, participants preferred messages with high verbal immediacy—direct appointment reminders and references to the baby—sent infrequently from a clinical source.ConclusionOverall, participants favored content that was brief, cheerful, and emotionally appealing.

The purpose of this article is to explore options to further open access in the Netherlands from 2021. Its premise is that there is a need to look at qualitative aspects of open access, alongside quantitative ones. The paper first takes stock of progress that has been made. Next, we suggest to broaden the agenda by involving more types of actors and involve other scholarly formats (like books, chapters, proceedings, preprints and textbooks). At the same time we suggest to deepen the open access agenda by including several open access characteristics: immediacy, open licenses, open metadata, open peer review and diamond open access. To facilitate discussion,a framework is proposed that allows specifying these actions by the a) aspects of open access they address (what is made open access, how/when/where it is made open access, and copyright and rights retention), b) the actors that play a role (government, research institutions, funders), and c) the various levels at which these actions can be taken: state as goal, set as policy, legalize and promote, recognize and reward, finance, support with infrastructure. A template is provided to ease the use of the framework., A live version of this spreadsheet with the framework described in this article is available at https://tinyurl.com/dutchoapolicies

As countries deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in varying ways, one area of agreement is the need to test for the COVID-19 virus in as many people as possible. Beeching et al have rightly pointed out that ‘tests cannot be interpreted if they are not available’.1 However, as reported in the UK media, access to COVID-19 (viral) testing has been limited for some sections of the population including healthcare professionals and carers. There have also been long delays in getting the results back to the person being tested. This has now been addressed by increasing the number of specimen collection stations and the use of home collection kits, although the return of results can take several days. As we now move into the next phase of getting the economy restarted, the number of tests required will increase significantly, underpinning the test and trace service. More and more employers and business owners will be asking the question ‘Do any of my employees or customers have COVID-19?’; there has also been a call for testing at the borders, as international travel recommences. This will further stimulate the demand for convenient and timely testing; Beeching et al 1 argued the need for rapid near patient testing, a point also made by Sheridan reviewing the developments in fast, portable diagnostic tests for COVID-19.2 We refer to this as point-of-care testing (POCT) since the intention is to act on the result (the care element) immediately. POCT recognises the immediacy of the question being asked both in spatial and temporal dimensions.3 With the immediacy of the COVID-19 pandemic and the sheer number of people that require testing (virus or antibody), it is relatively easy to demonstrate the benefit, and therefore the value, of POCT to a wide spectrum of what we might call …

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of “social information” in Facebook News Feed ads on American users’ advertising responses, including ad credibility, attitude-toward-the-ad, brand interest, intention to click and purchase intention. Using social impact theory as a conceptual framework, three factors were tested – relationship strength, physical distance and number of affiliated friends. The moderating role of product involvement was also investigated. Design/methodology/approach A 2 (strength of relationship: weak vs strong) × 2 (immediacy of relationship: close distance vs long distance) × 2 (number of friends: one vs several) between-group factorial design was used, and 397 research participants were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Findings Significant main effects were found for relationship strength and physical distance. Product involvement was identified as a moderating variable. No significant effects were found under the high involvement condition. Under the low involvement condition, however, relationship strength and physical distance significantly affected Facebook users’ advertising responses. Research limitations/implications Research samples were recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk). It is possible that the characteristics of this specific social group might have influenced the findings of the study. Only one specific product category, fast casual restaurant, was tested. Participants were asked to imagine themselves in certain scenarios. Even though the scenarios were carefully tested in the pretest and clear instructions were given, field experiments might be helpful in future research to better reflect the actual consumer experience. Practical implications Marketers should take advantage of the “social information” feature in Facebook News Feed ads, especially for low involvement products. Names of friends with stronger social relationships and within close physical distance should be included in the ads. Originality/value The study is one of the first to examine the effects of “social information” in Facebook advertising. It also confirms the Social Impact Theory in a social media setting.

During the course of an email correspondence on the subject of Heinrich von Kleist’s short essay “Uber die allmahliche Verfertigung der Gedanken beim Reden” (1805-6?), translation and Shakespeare scholar Jurgen Gutsch observed to me in passing that he was struck by how all the English translations of this title that he had located depended on words of French origin to render the German Verfertigung (preparation, formulation, construction, fabrication, formation, production, completion). What, I wondered, would be the effect if a translation of this essay deliberately set out to unleash the Germanic substrate of English, with all its informal, down-to-earth immediacy and the expressive potency of empirical Anglo-Saxon forebears who lived and communicated as peasants, farmers, tradesmen, merchants, and craftsmen? What would be lost if we minimized the abstractions of French and Latinate origin that derive from the language of administration, government, law, philosophy, and religion? That, then, is the backstory of this experiment in translation.

We outline nine water-related challenges faced by the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) of the Pacific Ocean and map them with relevant sustainable development goals (SDGs). The challenges thus identified have been modeled using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to find out their priority weights. Based on this weightage, the relative immediacy of each of these water-related challenges have been calculated, and classified as high, medium, and low. The findings reveal that the most immediate challenge in terms of their relative immediacy weightage is the ‘rising sea level’. This is followed by ‘low water quality and its availability’, and ‘spread of water-borne and vector-borne diseases’. Other challenges analyzed in this study pertains to overfishing and exploitation of exclusive economic zones; soil erosion and coastal inundation; increase in incidences of natural disasters; coral reef damage and increased ocean acidification; climate refugee; and changing precipitation pattern. This study would be instrumental for policy makers and inter-governmental organizations in directing the resource allocation for adaptation and mitigation efforts in the small islands.

Esta investigación analiza las configuraciones gramaticales implementadas en la construcción de mensajes del lenguaje escrito, a través de la red social Facebook en un grupo de 100 estudiantes, el problema a investigar se definió: ¿Cuál es el impacto de la red social Facebook en el uso de abreviaturas comunicacionales del lenguaje escrito en los estudiantes de segundo y tercero bachillerato de la Unidad Educativa Pedro J. Montero? Objetivo General: estudiar la incidencia de las abreviaturas comunicacionales del lenguaje escrito en la red social Facebook. Hipótesis: los factores que inciden en el uso de abreviaturas comunicacionales del lenguaje escrito en la red social Facebook son el uso del chat como medio de comunicación virtual y la inmediatez en la codificación del mensaje. Variables: lenguaje escrito y Comunicación virtual. Tipo: descriptivo. Diseño: no experimental-transeccional. Metodología: empirismo. Técnicas: cuatro cualitativas y cuatro cuantitativas. Muestra: no probabilística-por cuota. Resultados: hipótesis comprobada.