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The textile and dyeing industry have shown dramatic growth alongside synthetic chemistry in the last century. With operations and economic importance, challenges also increase, including environmental pollution, work safety, and consumer health. Change of perspectives in the industry is on the rise, so environmentally-friendly solutions for safer processes and more circularity are urgently sought-after. A possible solution for the pressing issue of textile dyeing is the use of natural colourants obtained in fermentation processes. In this contribution, a comparison between biologically-derived dyes and their synthetic counterparts is conducted on several levels. The structural diversity of biogenic dyes is potentially high enough to pose an alternative on a broad front. Matching fundamental properties concerning dyeing, (bio)synthesis and toxicity give an impression of the advantages of developing this natural alternative. The most important topics for the future are outlined. Major challenges and potential solutions that limit the implementation of biogenic dyes into the textile dyeing value chain are discussed. Biotechnology offers numerous methods to increase reliable production or engineer molecular properties elegantly. The biggest advantage from a Green Chemistry perspective is the possibility to switch to renewable starting materials and obtain more biodegradable dyes. A more sustainable alternative in textile dyeing is afoot. It needs to be embraced and developed to provide the world population with a sustainable way into the future.

The influence of the multi-component composition of cotton and polyester dyeing baths was investigated in a DCMD process using a PTFE membrane, aiming to water reclamation from textile wastewater. The process was evaluated with each auxiliary, solutions combining auxiliary and dye, and residual water from pilot-scale dyeing baths. The salts used in the cotton dyeing bath did not influence the DCMD process, resulting in a similar rejection rate and permeate flux to those in dye solutions. The formic acid employed in the polyester dyeing bath resulted in high permeate fluxes but decreased the permeate quality by almost 33%. The surfactants (detergent and dispersant) demonstrated the most harmful behavior in the process, evidenced by a complete membrane wetting. An absence of synergy of the dyes and auxiliaries influencing the DCMD process was verified for the textile dyeing wastewater. This work enabled identifying the influence of each dyeing bath component in the rejection rate and permeate flux, allowing to find alternatives in mitigating the remaining gaps involving DCMD operation and the MD membranes. This work contributes to consolidating this promising technique in water reclamation from textile wastewater, encouraging research on membrane development and modification or integrated operations involving MD.

Reducing pollution in various industries such as textile is very important. In this study, the important approach was selected to reduce the pollution of dyeing process’s pollution, namely the sele...

The use of natural dyes in textile fibers goes back an ancient times. These dyes have been used in traditional methods until now. The use of natural dyes has come to importance in the textile indus...

Mount components and textile borders represent important elements of Asian paintings. However, they are often side-lined or not considered an integral part of the original piece, as they may be later additions or may have been replaced during historic conservation or mounting interventions. Nevertheless, evidence is sometimes present that textile borders are contemporaneous to the production of the paintings they frame or, in the case of paintings found in archaeological contexts, to the time of deposition. Even when not contemporaneous with the paintings, the mount textiles are often of significant historic interest in themselves, showing a range of complex textile techniques and materials, and highlighting the re-use of fabrics. In all these cases, the study and reconstruction of the original colours of the borders enable further understanding of the holistic visual impact originally intended for the composition, as well as of the role of colour itself, which was used to emphasise, complement or contrast important pictorial themes or motifs in the paintings. Furthermore, the identification of dyes and dyeing techniques has the potential to support the production date and provenance of the paintings. In this study, the textile borders and some additional mounting elements of six paintings (late 9th–10th century CE) from the Library Cave, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, China, one rare Korean portrait painting dated 1789 CE, and two Tibetan thangkas (18th century) were investigated with the aim to identify the dyes present. Fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) was used to obtain information non-invasively and, when sampling was possible, high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to obtain molecular identification of the dyestuffs employed in their production. Typical Asian dyes, such as gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon), sappanwood (Biancaea sappan), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), turmeric (Curcuma longa) and pagoda tree flower buds (Sophora japonica), were identified. Some of the dyeing techniques were commensurate with the geographical and temporal provenance assigned to these pieces. Considerations about fading and discolouration of the dyes enabled valuable additional information to be obtained that complements the evidence gleaned from the study of the paintings and informs conservators and curators on best practices in the preservation and display of these precious and delicate artworks.

Natural dyes extracted from natural sources are likely to be less harmful and more eco-friendly than synthetic dyes. In this study, cotton fabric was dyed with natural dyes extracted from Java plum fruit ( Syzygium cumini). Dyeing was accomplished with or without mordanting agents using simultaneous and post-mordanting methods. The color of the treated substrates was investigated in terms K/S and CIELAB values. In addition, the attenuation co-efficient and solubility in organic solvents of the extracted dyes were determined. The wash and rubbing fastness of the dyed fabrics were good to excellent. Deep shades were obtained by post mordanting method with ferrous sulfate, whereas alum treated fabrics produced brighter shades with excellent fastness. Java plum fruit is available in many countries and offers a possible substitute for synthetic dyes.

Effluents stemming from the textile industry are concerning from the environmental viewpoint, given that large volumes are generated and they present a high concentration of organic matter and toxicity. Dyes stand out among the substances present in such effluents because part of them does not fix on the fiber during the dyeing process, leaving the effluent with a strongly colored aspect and difficult to be treated. Due to the limitations and low efficiency of conventional processes, alternative forms for the treatment of textile effluents have been evaluated. Among them, the Fenton oxidation processes stand out, which are based on the use of iron as a catalyst in the conversion of H2O2 into highly reactive free radicals. The catalyst may be solubilized or used in the insoluble form (heterogeneous catalysis). Fenton reaction can be enhanced by combining UV, visible (photo-Fenton, solar photo-Fenton), or ultrasound radiation (sono-Fenton), and electrical current (Electro-Fenton). In this review, a brief mention of textile effluent characteristics is presented, and the fundamentals, advantages, limitations, and recent progress of the Fenton processes are addressed as alternatives to the treatment of textile effluents. A survey on the efficiency of such processes regarding the reduction of important characterization parameters (organic matter concentration, color, turbidity) for real textile effluents also is presented. From the real effluent data, it was noted that these processes are efficient in the reduction of organic pollutants and color. Among the Fenton processes, photo-Fenton showed better efficiencies and less variability for the different effluents treated (reducing on average 82% of COD and 95% of color). It has also been observed that such processes can be also efficient when combined with other processes (e.g. coagulation-flocculation or biological processes). Treated effluents present less toxicity and have been reused in the dyeing stage, although such an approach is still poorly evaluated. The costs for the treatment of real effluents calculated by different authors ranged from 1.1 to 28.9 USD per Kg of COD removed, where the processes that presented the lowest costs were classical Fenton and technologies that use solar energy, such Photo-Fenton and Photo-electro-Fenton.

The utilization of natural colorants in textile dyeing and printing has come to the forefront of production of textile goods. Extractions of natural dyes from waste materials and their utilization ...

Among all textile sectors, textile dyeing has a major contribution to environmental load in the form of effluent due to the use of hazardous chemicals, high consumption of water, and use of synthet...

Dyeing poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fiber with natural dyestuffs has attracted a lot of attentions due to the production of the fully eco-friendly textile products. In this study, PLA nonwoven fabric wa...

Colorants and chemicals used in the textile coloration process are required to meet the fashion demands; however these introduced serious environmental hazards that are mainly resulted in effluent loading, containing the toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic substances, to natural environment. Textile dyeing process and the rinsing of dyed fabric utilize a variety of substances including dyes/ pigment, fixing agent, surfactants, leveling agent, mordant, salts etc. However, all these substances are not fully consumed in the process, and a residual content remains in the dyeing effluent. This review observes the challenges to environment posed by the dyes and chemicals present in spent dye bath, progress in possible remedies in dyeing wastewater treatment including the nanotechnology; and particularly discusses the studies based on the dyeing effluent samples collected from the local textile processing industries. There are obvious case studies made in different regions, using the process wastewater from the local textile dyeing and processing industries, confirming the need for research and innovation to replace or control the hazardous dyes and chemicals in conventional dyeing process and making the resulting effluent more environment- friendly. Moreover, the cleaner production practices and environmental standards are introduced in improving the textile dyeing process. Selection of dyes and chemicals, use of best available techniques, and wastewater treatment technologies can significantly improve the textile dyeing to become an environment- friendly process.

Yarn-dyed textiles are complementary to digital printing textiles. They promise high production and environmentally-friendly energy efficiencies. However, the complicated structures of color-blended composite yarns cause unpredictability of colors in textile products. This has become a roadblock in the development of environmentally-friendly textile products. In the present work, we propose a framework for the intelligent manufacture of color-blended composite yarn by combining color prediction with a self-developed computer numerically controlled (CNC) ring spinning system. The CNC ring spinning system consists of a ring spinning machine and an online management platform which can regulate yarn production by changing the speeds of the rollers and spindle, monitoring yarn quality and setting operational parameters through on-the-fly control; thus, one can manufacture the fiber assembly with tunable structures. Furthermore, an analytical model is set up to predict the color blending effect of the multicolored fabric made up of color-blended composite yarns. The optimized blending ratios of composite yarns are obtained based on the proposed linear model of parameter b, which are used to produce the multicolored fabrics. Overall, our work establishes a basis for manufacturing textile products with high energy efficiency within an intelligent weavable and environmentally-friendly dyeing framework.

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to study the dyeing process of three-dimensional-printed (3DP) fabrics, and then study the wearability of the fabrics before and after dyeing to provide a feasible dyeing method of 3DP clothes.Design/methodology/approachIn this regard, the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was applied during the process of 3DP. Then, the imitation twill weave (ITW) was printed with fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology using TPU and the suspension of Disperse Blue 2BLN (as a dye) was prepared. After that, the single factor analysis and orthogonal experiment of dyeing were combined to obtain the optimized dyeing process. And then, ITW fabrics were dyed through the weak acid-low temperature dyeing method. In the end, in order to discuss the wearability of ITW fabrics, the dyeing experiments, including permeability, wrinkle recovery angle, bending rigidity, crock fastness and washing colorfastness were carried out.FindingsThe surface morphology of TPU before and after spinning was established by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), which was confirmed the surface of TPU getting smoother after spinning. The wearability of the fabric after dyeing was not affected compared with before dyeing. Moreover, both colorfastness grades were above 4–5 with high colorfastness.Originality/valueThe article provides a method for 3DP dyeing, which can solve the problem of a single color. And the wearability demonstrates that 3DP fabrics after dyeing-based TPU have more value for clothing than before dyeing.

Introduction: Colour of hair is most conspicuous phenotype of human beings and plays an important role in one's overall physical beauty. Premature hair greying (PHG) has caused the increased use of various hair dyes in population though it has adverse effects. Aim- To assess knowledge, practice of hair dye users with purpose, frequency of use and adverse reactions if any on hair, scalp, skin. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on participants from PCMC region by interview method using a questionnaire (20 questions) specially prepared pertaining to use of hair dye and adverse reactions to it. Statistical Analysis-The demographic data is expressed as mean ± standard deviation, quantitative data expressed as percentages. Results: A total 98subjects including 75.5% and 24.5% females and males respectively. The participants started using hair dye at an age of 25 (±3.03) years. Herbal and Synthetic dyes were used by 36.74% and 63.27% respectively. Frequency of use in a year was 4-5 times in 58.16%. Adverse reactions of dye on body of hair like dryness46.94%, loss of hair 30.62%, change in texture and thinning were reported. 29.59% of subjects showed ill effects during dyeing of scalp while in 68.36% of subjects after the dyeing process was complete. Conclusion: Majority Population started hair dyeing at very early age using Chemical dyes even though they perceived herbal dyes were safe. They continued hair colouring despite adverse reactions, which indicates aesthetic importance of hair colour and need of research in the field of Ayurveda for developing safe, natural hair dye.

The leather industry converts the hide, a byproduct of slaughterhouses, into leather, a value-added product. This old industry generates wastes, causing environmental pollution. However, nanomaterials can help to decrease this problem. These tiny particles (1-100 nm) can replace chemicals in various steps of leather processing. This paper aims at giving an overview of the fundamentals of classical leather process and how nanomaterials can be applied in each step to obtain a more sustainable manufacturing. After a comprehensive literature review of journal articles, six steps were identified for potential for application of nanomaterials: unhairing, tanning, retanning, dyeing, fatliquoring, and finishing. With nano-oxides, polymers, and metals, it is feasible to reduce the amount of chemical products and also improve the properties of leather. Thus, it is possible to reach a more eco-friendly and effective process with the use of nanomaterials to turn hide/skins into finished leather.

The major role played by the textile industry in environmental pollution, sustainability of resources, and the proliferation of competitors have imposed many responsibilities on business. Important among these duties is producing environmentally friendly products, fit for purpose, and cheap; while using less water, chemicals, energy and time. In this study, an innovative dyeing method is developed as an alternative to conventional sulfur-dying applied in rope dying. Innovative feature of this study is that the developed dyeing process is an environmentally friendly process based on the decrease in the amount of use of water, chemicals, etc. By this new process, conventional denim fabric properties have been tried to be obtained with less processes, use of water and chemicals. The color and selected performance values of fabrics dyed using both of these methods were comparatively examined. According to the results; the properties of fabric treated with the newly developed dyeing method, which has lower consumption are very similar to those of the conventionally dyed fabrics. The warp tensile and tear strength values of the fabrics dyed using the innovative method decreased, while the values in the weft direction increased. Fabric dyed with the conventional method has the highest K/S value, but the lowest L* value. The rubbing fastness value of the fabric dyed with the innovative method was better.

Commonly exhibited in museum galleries, animal mummies have been the focus of interest of both visitors and researchers alike. The study of these animal remains not only provides new insights into embalming techniques, but also brings a unique perspective on religious, social and economic practices. Twenty animal mummies are discussed in this study, including cats, ibises, crocodiles, calves and birds of prey from the collections of the British Museum (London, UK) and the Museo Egizio (Turin, Italy). The external textile wrappings encasing the mummified body of the animals were investigated with the main aim of identifying the colourants used. In fact, these are mostly patterned using undyed and coloured (mostly red, brown and black) linen strips. Broadband multispectral imaging (MSI) was initially carried out to obtain preliminary information at the macro-scale on the distribution and chemical nature of the colouring agents. Fibre optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) was then used to survey several coloured areas of the textile wrappings. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and red ochre were identified non-invasively. Representative samples were then taken and observed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in order to obtain information at the micro-scale on the distribution of the colouring agents on the fibres, as well as the presence of other materials, including those from environmental contamination. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) revealed the elemental composition of particles and clear areas of the fibres, whereas high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) provided the identification of the organic dyes at a molecular level. The use of hydrolysable and condensed tannins, in combination with iron as a mordant, was found to be used in the very dark shades, which generally corresponded to the textiles with the worst state of preservation. Nevertheless, other aspects, such as fibre processing and bleaching, fungal attack and presence of coating materials appeared to play a role in the evaluation of the conservation state of these textiles. The characterisation of the dyes and the additional inorganic materials contributed to elucidating the production technology of the colours used for animal mummification, and provided insights into ancient dyeing methods.

The application of aloe vera in textile processing is gaining worldwide detection as one of the hopeful approaches to pollution issues and cost reduction. Aloe vera gel possesses some biological activities and unique properties such as colorless, transparent, and viscosity which meet the using as a printing thickener, mordant, antimicrobial for different fabrics and dyes. Aloe vera is used in pre-treatment such as scouring, desizing, softening, and printing due to its succulent enzymatic and gummy characteristics. Aloe vera gel also contains a salty substance that allows its use in natural, eco-friendly dyeing. Aloe vera gel also is an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial agents. This state of art highlights the novel approaches of application of aloe vera in the textile coloration and industry covering both current types of research and pilot application.

The enthusiasm for natural dyes applications increased thanks to biodegradable and eco-friendly properties. In this study, prodigiosin was extracted from Serratia rubidaea RAM_Alex. This red pigment was used in dyeing different textile fabrics. Synthetic fabrics had a higher affinity to the natural dye compared to cotton fabrics. Copper sulfate proved to be an effective mordant. Fabrics dyed with prodigiosin showed a considerable degree of fastness to light and washing. Dyed samples with prodigiosin have antimicrobial activity, which is varied in consonance with the nature of the fabric and microbial species. Both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited. Application of the natural pigment prodigiosin to certain textiles particularly those used in hospitals would lead to a significant decrease in hospital-acquired infections (HAI), patient outcomes improvement and economical saving.

To investigate the influence of cotton wettability on its dyeing properties in a silicone non-aqueous dyeing system, alkali pretreatment was performed before dyeing. The dyeing properties and dyeing kinetics of reactive dyes in the non-aqueous system and a conventional dyeing system were compared. Alkali pretreatment significantly improved the wettability of cotton fiber by removing wax and pectin. The adsorption rate of dye increased with increased cotton fiber wettability using the non-aqueous system, while it barely changed using the conventional system. Pseudo-second-order kinetics fit well with dye adsorption for both systems. Dye fixation improved by 30% at a concentration of 2% owf, along with better levelness and color depth of the dyed cotton fiber, using the silicone non-aqueous system without salts and dispersants.

The lowering intake of organic dyes and their auxiliaries by employing nanoparticles for some special textile coloration is novel and interesting topic. Nonetheless, application of reducing, stabilizing and other chemical agents in textile nano-coloration is still undesirable from both environmental and human/aquatic life viewpoints. This research renders a facile technique for wool coloration through locally forming selenium nanoparticles using sodium selenite without using other chemicals. Being industrially enforceable, free from use of additional chemicals, showing photo-active ability to discolor the dyeing effluent and low-toxic colorant are the main privileges of the used method. The wool fabrics were colored light to dark orange depending on coloration time and concentration of sodium selenite. Also, the color fastness properties against washing, rubbing and acid/alkaline spotting of prepared samples were excellent. Moreover, the colored fabrics indicated reasonable bactericidal and fungicidal performances toward Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans (95, 70 and 100 %, respectively) and still remained compatible with human skin. The in-situ synthesis of selenium nanoparticles on wool fabric not only colored the wool but also promoted the UV-protecting performance by 61.82 %, photocatalytic activity through methylene blue discoloration under sunlight by 97.22 % and tensile strength by 11.27 %.

Recently, the demand for fungal pigments has increased due to their several benefits over synthetic dyes. Many species of fungi are known to produce pigments and a large number of fungal strains for pigment production are yet to be extensively investigated. The natural pigment from sustainable natural sources has good economic and industrial value. Many synthetic colorants used in textile and various industries have many harmful effects on the human population and environment. Pigments and coloring agents may be extracted from a wide range of fungal species. These compounds are among the natural compounds having the most significant promise for medicinal, culinary, cosmetics, and textile applications. This study attempts to isolate and optimize the fermentation conditions of Penicillium sclerotiorum strain AK-1 for pigment production. A dark yellow-colored pigment was isolated from the strain with significant extractive value and antioxidant capacity. This study also identifies that the pigment does not have any cytotoxic effect and is multicomponent. The pigment production was optimized for the parameters such as pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen source. Fabric dyeing experiments showed significant dyeing capacity of the pigment on cotton fabrics. Accordingly, the natural dye isolated from P. sclerotiorum strain AK-1 has a high potential for industrial-scale dyeing of cotton materials.

There has been lately a phenomenal rise in the use of natural dyes in different areas, although the principal problem with these natural dyes is their high cost for the production. The main idea of this study is to convert the waste of saffron flower to an eco-friendly natural colorant for sustainable textile coloration of wool fabric. This work studies the stability of saffron flower extract (SFE) by UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, the use of mordants, and the color fastness of wool fabric dyed. SFE has good thermal and pH stability under acidic conditions; it would be suitable for textile dyeing processes. The optimized dyeing conditions such as: dye concentration of 6 % for direct dyeing and 2 % for mordant dyeing (dyeing in the presence of mordant), pH value of 3, dyeing temperature of 90 °C, and dyeing time of 60 min are obtained for better dyeing performance of wool with about 60 % bath exhaustion rate after pre-mordanting. A range of colors from brown to green are obtained with good fastness to washing, wet and dry rubbing, acid and alkaline perspiration, and an acceptable color fastness to light. In general, the abundantly available agricultural by-product SFE has considerable potential to be utilized as a natural textile dyestuff.

The main idea of extracting dyes from plant (natural) sources is to avoid the environmental pollution. Natural dye from plants has been given much interest in recent years due to the threat and harmful effects are used by synthetic dyes and environmental awareness created by researchers. The drawback of synthetic dyes is that they are not durable as they do not completely fix on all kind of fabric and remaining dyestuff drained into rivers, becoming the cause of water pollution as well as they cause diseases in human being like cancer and allergies. On the other hand, natural dyes are eco-friendly and find use in the colouring of textiles, drugs and cosmetics etc. Owing to their non-toxic effects, they are also even used for colouring various food products. Mordents are used in natural dyes which enhance the colour of dye and stick it on fabric. Due to lack of availability of precise technical knowledge on the extracting and dyeing technique, it has not commercially succeeded like the synthetic dyes. Hence, the present study was planned to isolate eco-friendly dyes from the bark of the plants (Ziziphus jujube Mill., Albizialebbeck L., Cordia dichotoma G Forst., Ficus benghalensis L. and Cassia fistula L.) and the roots of Ficus benghalensis L. Later on the dyes were applied on silk fabric by using metamordating technique. Then fastness properties like rubbing, heating, washing and sunlight were evaluated by using gray scale. F. benghalensis showed excellent fastness properties. Z. jujube showed series of colour variations on silk. Therefore, the bark and root of these plants can be successfully used for dyeing of silk. Natural dyes worldwide should be increased to prevent us from pollution and other harmful effects.

One of the most important problems of natural dyeing is lack of raw material. In the recent years, researchers are aimed to solve the deficiency of raw material. The pulp of plants which are obtained from the steam distillation, are used as a dyestuff. We assume that the dyestuff in pulp of oregano and sage after steam distillation remain stable. Wool yarns and silk fabrics have been dyed in previous works done as a master and a Proficiency in Art thesis. The results were showed that our assumption is correct. Based on these results further researches were done. The textile materials were dyed with %100 of pulp of oregano and sage. Mordant dyeing method was applied and three different mordant materials were applied with pre-mordant process. Alum [Kal(SO4)2.12H2O], ferrous (II) sulphate [FeSO4.7H2O] and potassium dichromate [K2Cr2O7] were used as a mordant and potassium bitartrate [KC4H5O6] as an auxiliary agent in alum mordanting. Rubbing (dry and wet) and washing fastness values were determined. Also the depths of shade were evaluated in terms of K/S and CIELAB colour difference values of the dyed fabric samples. According to the results obtained from the dyeing, the capability of pulp of plants is adequate and will supply the lack of the dyestuff. While the colors obtained from silk and wool fabrics are more vivid and dark, the colors of cotton fabrics are quite pale. This study will allow other pulp of plants to be evaluated in this way.

The level dyeing index (LDI) is a measure of dye performance influenced by the dye migration process, ensuring the maximum uniformity of dye redistribution onto the fabric surface. The current study evaluates the level dyeing performance on polyester according to the energy level (low and high) and chemical classes (azo and anthraquinone based) of the three disperse dyes studied. The best levelness was obtained using C.I. Disperse Red 73 (an azo-based, low-energy level disperse dye), which exhibited the highest migration index (MI%) value. LDI results were obtained from the ratio of the exhaustion at the critical dyeing temperature (ECDT% and the final exhaustion Ef%), and the migration index (MI%). Each dye's LDI can be used to determine the compatibility of disperse dyes for combination dyeing.

Sustainable textile production has become widespread among the world due to high consumption of energy and water in the conventional textile methods. Traditional handwoven Buldan fabrics may be one of the alternatives as sustainable textile products which may be also naturally colored with the environmentally friendly natural dye sources. This study has been performed to reveal that handwoven naturally colored Buldan fabrics with different plant extracts such as walnut, acorn shell and onion skin may provide satisfying tensile and fastness properties. According to the test results; The fabric tenacity results indicated that a prominent deterioration was not observed with the natural dyeing process among the fabric samples. Tear strength results varied regarding to the fabrics’ raw material but did not vary significantly according to applied natural dye extract. A slight decrement for washing, water and perspiration fastness results was observed when the undyed samples were compared with their dyed counterparts. Samples dyed with onion skins generally revealed lower washing, water and perspiration fastness results compared to those dyed with walnut and acorn shell for each fabric type. Dry rubbing fastness results were more satisfying than wet rubbing fastness results.

Digital printing has the potential of enabling cleaner printing or even dyeing of cotton fabrics. However, whilst effluent-free digital printing and dyeing of synthetic textile fabrics have seen some success, the same remain elusive for cotton fabrics. The study reported in this paper aimed to optimize the process parameters of cationic pre-treatment with a view to creating a cleaner cotton fabric digital printing process that could be sustainably implemented at bulk-scale production. Thus, process variables were screened using the one-factor-at-a-time approach to select optimum experimental regions. A Box–Behnken design was used to investigate the combined effect of selected factors namely amount of thickener (150–200 g/L), urea (75–125 g/L) and alkali (10–20 g/L) on the color strength, dye fixation and ink penetration of cationized and digital-printed cotton fabrics. The significant models showed excellent fitting of the data. The optimum levels of the factors, namely, amount of thickener, urea and alkali were found 200 g/L, 125 g/L and 10 g/L, respectively. The bulk-scale experiments carried out at optimum levels have shown that an average of ca. 52% of reactive ink, 37.5% of urea and 50% of alkali can be saved by digital printing of cationized cotton along with generation of nearly colorless effluent.

Nowadays, fluorescent reactive dyes have limited color shades and brilliance; thus, they are a group of colorants in the textile industry for dyeing of cotton fabric with high demand. This research...

Textile fabrics with functional properties have a huge interest in many applications, including protective clothing, packaging materials, and healthcare, etc. This study aims to modify textile fabric’s surface and investigate the potentiality of Ag nanoparticles for the preparation of value-added and improved functional textiles. It demonstrates the mussel-inspired in-situ deposition of Ag nanoparticles on cotton fabric pre-modified by dopamine molecules. Surface characterization of nano-Ag deposited fabric is done by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) by which the well deposition of Ag nanoparticles is confirmed. The crystalline size of the Ag nanoparticles has been determined by SEM and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. As functional properties, antimicrobial activity, UV protection, and crease resistance are investigated. The results reveal that the nano-Ag deposition introduces the excellent antibacterial property to cotton fabric against S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative). The fabric shows good UV protection power and significant crease resistance. The fabric has also been dyed with reactive dyestuff, and improved dyeing performance is found. Importantly, no significant changes in mechanical properties of the textile cotton fabric are found by surface modification and deposition of Ag nanoparticles.

The application of natural dye in the textile industry is gaining popularity because of the increasing awareness of environmental effects, the ecological effects, and the pollution caused by synthe...

In this review we describe the use of 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives as dyes for textile and polymeric materials. The influence of chemical structure of 1,8-naphthalimide as disperse dyes, acid dyes, and cationic dyes on the dyeability is described. 1,8-Naphthalimide based dyes as fluorophores for dyeing of synthetic polymers are also discussed. Some polymerizing 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives are also described in terms of their use for dyeing of synthetic polymer materials during their preparation.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to establish a suitable procedure for dyeing and multifunctional finishing on 100% cotton using extracts of eucalyptus leaves in an eco-friendly manner. Design/methodology/approach Box–Behnken design of experiments and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to optimise the conditions of extraction, dyeing and finishing. Phytochemical analysis was performed to determine the chemical constituents of the extracts. Colour strength, fastness properties were evaluated for dyed fabric samples. The effectiveness of eucalyptus leaves extract as an insect repellent, aroma, antibacterial finishing agent, was assessed. Pre-soaking and padding method was used for the application of active essential oil on the fabric. Findings Essential oil extracted from Eucalyptus globulus leaves have great repellent rate for insects to the extent of 90% and aroma intensity of 72% and antibacterial effect of 100% bacterial reduction up to five washings. The use of citric acid as cross-linking agent helps increase the durability of the finish. Natural dyeing to get light yellow shade is possible with extracts made with water, possessing good fastness properties. Research limitations/implications Scaling up the extraction process and soaking larger quantities of fabrics in extracted essential oil solution before the pad applications are considered limitations of this study. However, smaller pieces of fabrics can conveniently be handled in this process. It has tremendous potential for practising industrially, to get yellow-shaded multifunctional finished cotton textiles. Practical implications Protection against insects, including mosquitoes, bacteria with additional aroma on cotton will be of great use in day-to-day life for the wearer. Social implications Eco-friendly, renewable sources of ingredients from the plant were used to obtain protection against pathogenic or odour-causing microorganisms using this hygiene finish with multiple end uses. Originality/value This original work enables conducting dyeing and multifunctional finishing together in a single stage, which otherwise takes a number of steps, consuming large quantities of water, chemicals and energy to impart similar effects on cotton.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of ficin enzyme as a new antifelting agent acting on wool yarn and fabric. The treatment effect on the dyeing efficiency of luteoline colorant that was extracted from weld (Reseda luteola) was also evaluated. The structural properties of antifelted and non-antifelted fibers were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. An optimal enzymatic process for antifelting and shrink proofing was achieved at 40 °C for 3 h in alkaline medium at pH 10. The treatment increased the dye absorbance and fixation of luteoline colorant on the wool yarn and fabric. It also improved the fastness proprieties, particularly when a mixed mordant of natural alum and tannin from Acacia meransii were used.

Natural dyes have become an appealing ecological source for textile dyeing and present a potential alternative of the synthetic dye. The main objective of this current study was aimed towards possible valorization of aqueous effluent in natural phytodyeing process. The hydrodistillation process of the liquid waste of Centaurea Kroumeriensis was studied for its re-use in the dyeing of wool fabrics. The studied dye bath was analyzed by physicochemical methods pointing out the presence of flavonoids and condensed tannins. The phytodyeing process was optimized using mathematical modeling based on full factorial design. The obtained dyeing performances were assessed by the measurement of color strength (K/S) and colorimetric coordinates. In addition, color fastness to light, washing, and rubbing was evaluated. The dyed fabrics showed shades between beige and brown and exhibited, overall, good fastness properties. In other respects, the wastewater effluent residual from the dyeing process was characterized and compared to that of the initial dye bath. The polluting load was reduced for both chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand. On balance, the liquid waste of Centaurea Kroumeriensis exhibited remarkable coloring performances proving its use as a promising natural resource for textile fabrics natural dyeing. Hence, the suitable waste management concept in essential oil production extraction could lead to achieving a low-cost sustainable dyeing process.

The use of natural stuff in textile dyeing is gaining popularity all over the world. Therefore, there is a need for developing better solid-liquid extraction techniques for leaching natural dyes from plant materials for applications in food and cosmetic fields as well as textile industries. The influence of supercritical CO2 on natural stuff extraction from different potential dye yielding plant materials has been studied in comparison with aqueous and Soxhlet process. The color yielding plant materials used in the present study include Acacia cyanophylla flowers, Tamarix aphylla leaves, tomato processing residues and Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) by-products. UV-VIS spectrophotometry and gravimetric analysis were performed on each extract. The results indicated a significant improvement in the extraction efficiency of the dyeing stuffs obtained from different plant materials due to the use of supercritical CO2. Afterwards, preliminary tests were carried out to investigate the dyeing potential of the extracts obtained by different techniques using multifiber fabrics.

The main drawback with microorganism's development on fabrics is associated with the maintenance of hygiene and fabric deterioration. In this present investigation a trial has been made to produce an attractive and vibrant textile with eco-friendly antimicrobial dyeing by marigold, a natural resource. Tagetes erecta universally recognized as Marigold is a remarkable source of carotenoids and lutein, grown as a lawn plant. Now a day, lutein is exploding into an indubitably predominant active fitting, employed as an element of the Drugs, Nutrients and Textile Industry. The prospective application of marigold as a characteristic of antimicrobial activity has not been accustomed fully. It is due to the lack of knowledge about its ability and resemblance in material manner. In this work, we have concentrated on the analysis, which was led to deliberate the use of distillate isolate of marigold as an antimicrobial. The antimicrobial competence of the extract was evaluated by coloring on cotton textiles. Testing of the dye ability, its wash quickness and light fastness was done. Educations have validated that antimicrobial coatings have not affected by laundering and shown enhanced colouring effect comprising of fastness to washing, perspiration and rubbing than conservatively dyed textiles. It revealed that the essence of Marigold flower is habitually employed for cotton fabrics as an antimicrobial finish. The samples show very encouraging ends up in terms of antimicrobial resistivity.

Background The imperfect material effect is one of the most important themes to obtain photo-realistic results in rendering. Textile material rendering has always been a key area in the field of computer graphics. So far, a great deal of effort has been invested in its unique appearance and physicsbased simulation. The appearance of the dyeing effect commonly found in textiles has received little attention. This paper introduces techniques for simulation of staining effects on textiles. Pulling, wearing, squeezing, tearing, and breaking effects are more common imperfect effects of fabrics, these external forces will cause changes in the fabric structure, thus affecting the diffusion effect of stains. Based on the microstructure of yarn, we handle the effect of the stain on the imperfect textile surface. Our simulation results can achieve a photo-realistic effect.

Natural fiber-made apparel dyed with natural dyes is drawing consumer attention because of the possible toxic and health hazards associated with fabric dyed with synthetic dyes. However, many textile products dyed with natural dyes available in the market could pose a health risk because of the use of toxic heavy metals as a dye-complexing agent. In this work, jute fabrics were dyed and multi-functionalized with gallotannin (GT), using ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a non-toxic mordanting agent. The shades produced and other physicochemical properties of the GT-dyed jute fabrics were compared with the jute fabric treated with GT using copper sulfate (CuSO4), a common mordanting agent. It was found that the GT with various mordanting agents produced navy blue and brown shades with tonal changes along with quite good colorfastness to washing. The concentration of GT and mordanting agents, types of mordanting agents, and the treatment pH affected the shade produced and physicochemical properties of the treated fabrics. The surface resistivity was reduced from 235 × 1010 Ω/sq for the control to 6.7 × 1010 Ω/sq for the AlCl3 mordanting agent, slightly higher than the surface resistivity exhibited by the CuSO4 mordant. The fabric treated with GT using FeSO4 and CaCl2 mordanting agents showed excellent antioxidant activity, even at the lowest GT dosage applied. Similarly, FeSO4 and CaCl2 also showed excellent UV radiation absorption capability. The developed treatment can be used in the textile industry to make cellulosic textiles multifunctional without using any toxic dyes and chemicals.

The metals used in textile wet processing are of significant concern for the environment and human health. However, our understanding of metals released by the Chinese textile industry and their potential risks to ecology is limited. This work quantified the concentrations of seven metals in 199 wastewater samples from 77 textile enterprises in the southeastern coastal area of China. In the water discharged after end-of-pipe treatment, the mean concentrations of Sb, Hg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, and As were 0.289, 0.009, 0.579, 0.277, 0.035, 0.016, and 0.013 mg/L, respectively. Alkali deweighting effluents, dyeing effluents, and influents into regulation tanks were observed to be “hotspots” for metal distributions. Among the seven target metals, only Sb was found to be significantly correlated with COD, NH3-N, TN, and TP. The results of one-way ANOVA suggested that the Sb mainly came from the processing of polyester fibers. Overall, the majority of discharged wastewater samples were at safe levels, according to six health indicators. Sb posed elevated risks in comparison to other elements, which necessitated further concern. The findings can help decision-makers prevent hazardous metal contamination in the textile and dyeing industry, and provide a basis for the further study of the mechanisms of metal migration in the environment.

The conditions for obtaining substances and intermediates using the available purified raw materials of coke chemistry were experimentally selected and improved. The technological process and the scheme of synthesis of the thermocouple dye of yellow 6Z is developed, using as a raw material isolated from coke resin and purified anthraquinone. Improved technology for the synthesis of thermocouple dye yellow 6Z is a little expensive and allows you to increase the output without degrading the quality of the final form of the dye. Translated printing is of great interest for the proposed printing of dispersion dyes of chemical fibers. Translational coloring of textile materials and products as one of the simplest, most economical and environmentally friendly technological processes. Initially, the method was printing has a number of indisputable advantages that make one of the most promising areas in the coloring of textile fabrics. The method of thermal printing is simple in technical design: in the presence of a printed substrate for the printing process is enough to have a thermal press or calender, which can be serviced by one operator, which saves capital costs for equipment and leads to minimizing the workplace. Translation printing is of great interest for dyeing textile materials and products as one of the simplest, most economical and environmentally friendly technological processes. Initially, the method was proposed for. The image printed on the fabric has a mirror image.The improved technology of synthesis of thermal transfer dye yellow 6C in comparison with the current technology takes place at a much lower temperature of 45±5oC (according to the current technology - 120±5oC) without pressure at the duration of the methoxylation reaction 6 hours (instead of 46 hours according to the current technology). This technological technique allows to increase up to 8% the yield of the target product in high quality.The yield of dye by advanced technology per loaded 2-bromobenzantrone is significantly higher compared to the yield of the current technology.In the process of improving the technology, the selected conditions for obtaining substances and intermediates using available purified raw materials of coke chemistry in the synthesis of thermal transfer dye yellow 6C anthraquinone were substantiated, the technological scheme of synthesis was drawn up final form of dye, the technological scheme of synthesis is made, using as initial raw materials the anthraquinone isolated from coke resin and allowed to increase with improvement an exit of a final form of dye.

Fashion is one of the most polluting world industries, surpassed only by the petroleum industry. Environmental damages originate from the production, manufacture and dyeing of fabrics, calling for alternative feedstock such as bacterial cellulose. Bacterial cellulose is attracting industrial interest from the textile sector due to advanced properties of bacterial cellulose compared to plant cellulose. For instance, bacterial cellulose is produced by microorganisms in a sustainable way, is biodegradable and does not pollute the environment. Moreover, bacterial cellulose can be dyed, resulting in an attractive textile surface that meets the actual socio-environmental awareness of the industry. Here, we review properties and production methods of bacterial cellulose and applications, focusing on the textile industry. We also discuss the main features of the dyeing process using natural dyes, as well as the registration of patents related to the textile industry, in order to demonstrate the growing application potential in the fashion market. This is the first review that explores the applications of bacterial cellulose related to the textile industry.

Textile chemical processing involves the use of a vast quantity of water, which necessitates water management using reduce, reuse, and recycle (3R's) techniques. Reuse of water is an attractive opt...

This work reports on two debated points related to the metal content of cotton fiber and its influence on processing. The first issue is if the metal levels of raw fibers are naturally deposited during fiber development or if the levels are influenced by weathering and harvesting conditions present after boll opening. This was tested by harvesting bolls just as they were opening and after the opened bolls were allowed to field age. The second issue relates to the importance of metal levels on fiber dyeability. Results indicate that the metal levels of newly-opened cotton were not appreciably different from those of aged cotton bolls and that the fiber metal levels after scouring and bleaching had little correlation with dye uptake. Additionally, some metal levels exceeded those previously reported and the environment appeared to have a stronger influence on fiber Ca and Mg levels than did cultivar differences.

The extensive use and discharge of chemicals is one of the main factors leading to serious environmental pollution in the textiles and apparel industry. The chemical footprint (ChF) is a toxicity-based chemical management method that is used to quantitatively evaluate the potential toxic effects of chemical pollutants discharged during the production of textiles and apparel products on human health and environmental safety. Compared with the traditional quantity-based method, this method needs to simulate the entire process of chemicals from discharge to impact, involving a series of steps of fate, exposure and effect, which greatly increases the difficulty of modeling. A scientific question is whether it is worth spending so much effort to quantify the toxicity of chemicals. Taking the warp-dyeing phase of denim jeans as an example, this paper calculated the ChFs for both human and ecological toxicities of textile chemicals based on the USEtox model, and compared them with the values of discharge quantities. The results reveal that there is a certain inconsistency between the discharge quantity and toxicity of chemical substances. Relying solely on the amount of chemicals discharged can sometimes lead to misjudgments, emphasizing the importance of controlling the toxicity of chemicals.

Carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers are currently seen as very promising candidates for many applications within the area of smart textiles and e-textiles. However, up to now many of the practical aspects of their implementation in textiles have received little attention, these including the everyday treatments of textiles (i.e., washing) as well as the industrial processes of coloring or texturing. The following paper shows that these integration issues may be overcome by coating the nanotube fibers with a thin uniform sheath of textile polymer. Such a coating will enable repeated washing, dyeing and texturing of the fibers, whilst simultaneously providing very effective electrical insulation and separation from the human body. From the user’s perspective, the hybrid fibers will appear similar to traditional textile threads, while maintaining the original light weight, electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of the bare nanotube fibers. The work presents methods that can be utilized in the preparation of hybrid CNT fibers. These methods have been tested on both dry- and wet-spun nanotube fibers. The work includes extensive mechanical, electrical and laundry tests as well as the scanning electron microscopy characterization of bare, straight hybrid and textured fibers. Finally, examples of applications for coated fibers are presented.

The leather industry includes many technological machines; a squeezing roller machine is used in many operations, for example, in squeezing, degreasing, and after drum dyeing of a semi-finished leather product. The paper presents the results of experimental studies obtained by determining the influence of multilayer wet leather semi-finished products with monshons under squeezing on the amount of the moisture extracted. Mathematical dependences of the amount of the moisture extracted, for each layer of a five-layer wet leather semi-finished product on the feed rate between the squeeze rollers and the roller pressure were obtained. Experimental research is of scientific and practical importance for the development of a technological process for extracting moisture from wet leather semi-finished products used in the tannery, since the quality of the extraction affects the quality of subsequent technological operations, such as leather shaping and splitting. An experimental study was performed using the method of mathematical statistics, namely, the method of mathematical planning of the experiment. Mathematical models were obtained for the amount of extracted moisture from five wet leather semi-finished products depending on the rate of their simultaneous feed and the pressure of the squeezing rollers. The results of the experiment showed that in squeezing a five-layer product, the productivity of the technological process of extracting moisture from wet leather semi-finished products increases by five times in comparison with existing squeezing roller machines. The use of the results of the experimental study will contribute to a significant reduction in the energy consumption of the squeezing roller machine by simultaneous multi-layer processing of wet leather semi-finished products