30,429,400 results on '"business"'
Search Results
2. Population Group Abortion Rates and Lifetime Incidence of Abortion: United States, 2008-2014
- Author
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Rachel K. Jones and Jenna Jerman
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,genetic structures ,Population ,Ethnic group ,Abortion ,AJPH Research ,Health Services Accessibility ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Age Distribution ,Population Groups ,Pregnancy ,medicine ,Ethnicity ,Prevalence ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,education.field_of_study ,030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine ,Marital Status ,business.industry ,Public health ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Incidence ,Racial Groups ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Abortion, Induced ,medicine.disease ,United States ,National Survey of Family Growth ,embryonic structures ,Abortion, Legal ,Income ,Marital status ,Educational Status ,Female ,sense organs ,business ,Demography - Abstract
To assess the prevalence of abortion among population groups and changes in rates between 2008 and 2014.We used secondary data from the Abortion Patient Survey, the American Community Survey, and the National Survey of Family Growth to estimate abortion rates. We used information from the Abortion Patient Survey to estimate the lifetime incidence of abortion.Between 2008 and 2014, the abortion rate declined 25%, from 19.4 to 14.6 per 1000 women aged 15 to 44 years. The abortion rate for adolescents aged 15 to 19 years declined 46%, the largest of any group. Abortion rates declined for all racial and ethnic groups but were larger for non-White women than for non-Hispanic White women. Although the abortion rate decreased 26% for women with incomes less than 100% of the federal poverty level, this population had the highest abortion rate of all the groups examined: 36.6. If the 2014 age-specific abortion rates prevail, 24% of women aged 15 to 44 years in that year will have an abortion by age 45 years.The decline in abortion was not uniform across all population groups.
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- 2024
3. When is a screening test not a screening test?
- Author
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John Ashton
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,COVID-19 Testing ,Screening test ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Medicine ,COVID-19 ,Humans ,General Medicine ,business ,Virology ,United Kingdom - Published
- 2024
4. If I was minister of health I would prioritise addressing all health inequalities
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Hayley Pillai Johnson
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,National Health Programs ,business.industry ,Health Priorities ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,MEDLINE ,COVID-19 ,General Medicine ,Virology ,United Kingdom ,Government ,Medicine ,Humans ,business - Published
- 2024
5. The US Food and Drug Administration's authorisation of Purdue's controlled-release methylphenidate for adult ADHD: comments on the regulatory practice
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Karsten Juhl Jørgensen, Peter C Gøtzsche, and Kim Boesen
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Methylphenidate ,United States Food and Drug Administration ,Authorization ,MEDLINE ,General Medicine ,Controlled release ,United States ,Food and drug administration ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,medicine ,Drug and Narcotic Control ,Humans ,Psychiatry ,business ,medicine.drug - Published
- 2024
6. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors: game changers when handled with care?
- Author
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Zay Htet and Mahzuz Karim
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medicine.medical_specialty ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Disease ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Diabetes Complications ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,medicine ,Empagliflozin ,Humans ,In patient ,Dapagliflozin ,Intensive care medicine ,Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors ,Canagliflozin ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,chemistry ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Novel agents ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Relative risk ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Recent years have seen a paradigm shift in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Rather than good glycaemic control being the sole primary aim, the therapeutic focus has broadened to consider potential additional cardiovascular and renal benefits. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, such as empagliflozin, canagliflozin and dapagliflozin, have gained increasing prominence, with evidence suggesting significant improvement in outcomes in patients with established cardiovascular and renal disease. Here, we discuss the benefits and relative risks of these novel agents and highlight important clinical issues of relevance to general physicians.
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- 2024
7. Prospective study on milk products, calcium and cancers of the colon and rectum
- Author
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Ritva Järvinen, Paul Knekt, Timo Hakulinen, and Arpo Aromaa
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Adult ,Male ,Risk ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Colorectal cancer ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Gastroenterology ,Cohort Studies ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Risk Factors ,Internal medicine ,Fermented milk products ,Vitamin D and neurology ,Humans ,Medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Vitamin D ,Lactose ,Risk factor ,Prospective cohort study ,Sweden ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Rectal Neoplasms ,business.industry ,Incidence ,food and beverages ,Cancer ,Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic ,medicine.disease ,Calcium, Dietary ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Relative risk ,Colonic Neoplasms ,Female ,Dairy Products ,Colorectal Neoplasms ,business ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Objective: To study the relationship between consumption of milk and milk products, calcium, lactose and vitamin D and occurrence of colorectal cancers. Design: Prospective cohort study. Subjects: A total of 9959 men and women aged 15 y or older without history of cancer at baseline. During a 24 y follow-up, 72 new cancers of the large bowel (38 in the colon and 34 in the rectum) were detected. Results: Consumption of milk and total milk products was suggested to be inversely related to colon cancer incidence, whereas no similar association was seen for rectal cancer. The relative risk between the highest and lowest quartiles of intake adjusted for potential confounding factors was 0.46 (95% confidence interval 0.14–1.46, P for trend 0.09) for milk and 0.37 (95% CI=0.12–1.39, P for trend 0.06) for total milk products. Lactose intake showed a similar inverse relationship with colon cancer: the relative risk was 0.31 (95% CI=0.08–1.15, P for trend 0.03). Intake of vitamin D or total dietary calcium was not significantly related to colorectal cancer risk, whereas calcium provided by fermented milk products was associated with increased colorectal cancer incidence; in the highest quartile the multivariate adjusted relative risk for colorectal cancer was 2.07 (95% CI=1.00–4.28). Conclusions: Our results indicate that individuals showing high consumption of milk have a potentially reduced risk of colon cancer; however, the association does not appear to be due to intake of calcium, vitamin D, or to specific effects of fermented milk. Sponsorship: This study was supported by a grant from the Swedish Cancer Foundation. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2001) 55, 1000–1007
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- 2024
8. Sexual dimorphism in relationship of serum leptin and relative weight for the standard in normal-weight, but not in overweight, children as well as adolescents
- Author
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T Nakanishi, T Ohzeki, Z Liu, Ren-Shan Li, Yuichi Nakagawa, and M Yi
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Leptin ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Relative weight ,Clinical nutrition ,Overweight ,Statistical significance ,Internal medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,Obesity ,Child ,Sex Characteristics ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Body Weight ,Puberty ,Sexual dimorphism ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Endocrinology ,Normal weight ,Serum leptin ,Body Composition ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Objective: To demonstrate sexual dimorphism in serum leptin levels not only during puberty, but also in childhood in Japan. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Hamamatsu-Hokuen study in Japan. Subjects: Body weight and height were measured in normal-weight Japanese children and adolescents (143 boys, 178 girls), and 161 boys and 129 girls whose percentage of overweight for the standard (%Wt) was more than+25%. Serum leptin levels were compared with %Wt. Subjects were divided into group 1 (6–10 y of age) and group 2 (11–15 y of age) according to their age. Results: In overweight subjects, leptin was more highly correlated with %Wt in boys of group 2 (r=0.67, P
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- 2024
9. Giving and taking: ethical treatment assignment in controlled trials
- Author
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Iain Chalmers and Stephen Senn
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Blinding ,Informed Consent ,business.industry ,Standard of Care ,General Medicine ,Placebo ,Therapeutic Human Experimentation ,Disadvantaged ,Placebos ,Double-Blind Method ,Withholding Treatment ,Informed consent ,Intervention (counseling) ,Family medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ,Clinical care ,business ,Declaration of Helsinki ,Helsinki Declaration - Abstract
The current version of the Declaration of Helsinki states that ‘the benefits, risks, burdens and effectiveness of a new intervention must be tested against those of the best current proven intervention(s) … ’. This wording implies that it is acceptable for patients to be assigned to receive an unproven new intervention and to be denied a best current proven intervention. We assert that patients being invited to participate in controlled trials cannot, ethically, be expected to forego proven beneficial forms of care. Patients being treated in controlled trials should not knowingly be disadvantaged compared with similar patients being treated in usual clinical care, where they have access to beneficial care. In this article, we have tried to separate for discussion ‘the withholding of effective care from trial participants’, ‘informed consent to treatment’, ‘blinding’ and ‘use of placebos’.
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- 2024
10. Response to 'When is a screening test not a screening test?'
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Angela E Raffle and Michael Gill
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Screening test ,business.industry ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,General Medicine ,business - Published
- 2024
11. Planning for the emergence of vaccine-resistant SARS-CoV-2: addressing revaccination delivery bottlenecks
- Author
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Lorenz Kemper, Claire Bayntun, Katie Jeffery, Andrew J. King, John Willan, and Robbie Scott
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2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,COVID-19 Vaccines ,Vaccination Coverage ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Drug Resistance ,Immunization, Secondary ,COVID-19 ,General Medicine ,Virology ,Health Planning ,Medicine ,Humans ,Health Workforce ,business ,Delivery of Health Care - Published
- 2024
12. Aortovascular medicine: what is it?
- Author
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Manoj Kuduvalli, Gregory Y.H. Lip, Mark Field, and Francesco Torella
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Text mining ,Information retrieval ,business.industry ,MEDLINE ,Aortic Diseases ,Medicine ,Humans ,General Medicine ,Clinical Medicine ,business ,Vascular Surgical Procedures ,Specialization - Published
- 2024
13. If I was minster of health
- Author
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Rusiru Kariyawasam
- Subjects
Leadership ,History ,Text mining ,business.industry ,MEDLINE ,Government Regulation ,Library science ,Humans ,General Medicine ,business ,Delivery of Health Care ,United Kingdom - Published
- 2024
14. Vaccinating children against Covid: the elusive goal of herd immunity
- Author
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John Ashton
- Subjects
Immunity, Herd ,2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,COVID-19 Vaccines ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,COVID-19 ,Child Welfare ,General Medicine ,Virology ,Herd immunity ,Disease Outbreaks ,Medicine ,Humans ,business ,Child - Published
- 2024
15. Medicine can help realise 2021 as 'The Year of the Nurse'
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Philip Darbyshire and David R. Thompson
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Leadership ,Nursing ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Humans ,Nurses ,Empowerment ,Physician-Nurse Relations ,General Medicine ,business - Published
- 2024
16. U-turns or no turns? Charting a safer course in health policy
- Author
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Martin McKee and Greg Hartwell
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2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Schools ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Health Personnel ,Health Policy ,Decision Making ,Politics ,COVID-19 ,General Medicine ,Public relations ,United Kingdom ,Course (navigation) ,SAFER ,Political science ,Humans ,business ,Health policy - Published
- 2024
17. Quantifying Sex Differences in Behavior in the Era of 'Big' Data
- Author
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Annegret L. Falkner and Brian C. Trainor
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Male ,Sex Characteristics ,business.industry ,Big data ,Behavioral diversity ,Brain ,Biology ,Locomotor activity ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Adaptive functioning ,Reward processing ,Humans ,Female ,business ,Cognitive psychology ,Generator (mathematics) - Abstract
Sex differences are commonly observed in behaviors that are closely linked to adaptive function, but sex differences can also be observed in behavioral "building blocks" such as locomotor activity and reward processing. Modern neuroscientific inquiry, in pursuit of generalizable principles of functioning across sexes, has often ignored these more subtle sex differences in behavioral building blocks that may result from differences in these behavioral building blocks. A frequent assumption is that there is a default (often male) way to perform a behavior. This approach misses fundamental drivers of individual variability within and between sexes. Incomplete behavioral descriptions of both sexes can lead to an overreliance on reduced "single-variable" readouts of complex behaviors, the design of which may be based on male-biased samples. Here, we advocate that the incorporation of new machine-learning tools for collecting and analyzing multimodal "big behavior" data allows for a more holistic and richer approach to the quantification of behavior in both sexes. These new tools make behavioral description more robust and replicable across laboratories and species, and may open up new lines of neuroscientific inquiry by facilitating the discovery of novel behavioral states. Having more accurate measures of behavioral diversity in males and females could serve as a hypothesis generator for where and when we should look in the brain for meaningful neural differences.
- Published
- 2024
18. Health inequalities worsen with the drop in hospital referrals
- Author
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Ian Basnett, Sally Hull, Neil Ashman, and Crystal Williams
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Inequality ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Research ,Accident and emergency ,MEDLINE ,COVID-19 ,General Medicine ,Health Status Disparities ,medicine.disease ,Hospitals ,Scotland ,Accidents ,Medicine ,Humans ,Medical emergency ,business ,Referral and Consultation ,media_common - Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Following the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and the subsequent global spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), health systems and the populations who use them have faced unprecedented challenges. We aimed to measure the impact of COVID-19 on the uptake of hospital-based care at a national level. DESIGN: The study period (weeks ending 5 January to 28 June 2020) encompassed the pandemic announcement by the World Health Organization and the initiation of the UK lockdown. We undertook an interrupted time-series analysis to evaluate the impact of these events on hospital services at a national level and across demographics, clinical specialties and National Health Service Health Boards. SETTING: Scotland, UK. PARTICIPANTS: Patients receiving hospital care from National Health Service Scotland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Accident and emergency (A&E) attendances, and emergency and planned hospital admissions measured using the relative change of weekly counts in 2020 to the averaged counts for equivalent weeks in 2018 and 2019. RESULTS: Before the pandemic announcement, the uptake of hospital care was largely consistent with historical levels. This was followed by sharp drops in all outcomes until UK lockdown, where activity began to steadily increase. This time-period saw an average reduction of −40.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: −47.7 to −33.7) in A&E attendances, −25.8% (95% CI: −31.1 to −20.4) in emergency hospital admissions and −60.9% (95% CI: −66.1 to −55.7) in planned hospital admissions, in comparison to the 2018–2019 averages. All subgroup trends were broadly consistent within outcomes, but with notable variations across age groups, specialties and geography. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 has had a profoundly disruptive impact on hospital-based care across National Health Service Scotland. This has likely led to an adverse effect on non-COVID-19-related illnesses, increasing the possibility of potentially avoidable morbidity and mortality. Further research is required to elucidate these impacts.
- Published
- 2024
19. Dietary fibre and diabetes revisited
- Author
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Jim Mann
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Dietary Fiber ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,business.industry ,Dietary fibre ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,medicine.disease ,Lipids ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,Diabetes mellitus ,Diabetes Mellitus ,medicine ,Humans ,Dietary fiber ,business - Published
- 2024
20. Selective Inhibition of Soluble TNF using XPro1595 Improves Hippocampal Pathology to Promote Improved Neurological Recovery Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice
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Nancy Nixon-Lee, Melissa Damon, Kirsty J. Dixon, Katelyn Larson, and Rajasa Randhi
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Pharmacology ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Traumatic brain injury ,business.industry ,General Neuroscience ,medicine ,Tumor necrosis factor alpha ,Selective inhibition ,Hippocampal formation ,medicine.disease ,business - Abstract
Aims: To determine the efficacy of XPro1595 to improve pathophysiological and functional outcomes in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Background: Symptoms associated with TBI can be debilitating, and treatment without off-target side effects remains a challenge. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of selectively inhibiting the soluble form of TNF (solTNF) using the biologic XPro1595 in a mouse model of TBI. Objectives: Use XPro1595 to determine whether injury-induced solTNF promotes hippocampal inflammation and dendritic plasticity and associated functional impairments. Methods: Mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury (CCI model) was induced in adult male C57Bl/6J WT and Thy1-YFPH mice, with XPro1595 (10 mg/kg, S.C.) or vehicle being administered in a clinically relevant window (60 minutes post-injury). The animals were assessed for differences in neurological function, and hippocampal tissue was analyzed for inflammation and glial reactivity, as well as neuronal degeneration and plasticity. Results: We report that unilateral CCI over the right parietal cortex in mice promoted deficits in learning and memory, depressive-like behavior, and neuropathic pain. Using immunohistochemical and Western blotting techniques, we observed the cortical injury promoted a set of expected pathophysiology’s within the hippocampus consistent with the observed neurological outcomes, including glial reactivity, enhanced neuronal dendritic degeneration (dendritic beading), and reduced synaptic plasticity (spine density and PSD-95 expression) within the DG and CA1 region of the hippocampus, that were prevented in mice treated with XPro1595. Conclusion: Overall, we observed that selectively inhibiting solTNF using XPro1595 improved the pathophysiological and neurological sequelae of brain-injured mice, which provides support for its use in patients with TBI.
- Published
- 2023
21. A COVID-19 lesson not to be missed
- Author
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Jeremy Holmes
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,Depression ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,MEDLINE ,COVID-19 ,From the Editor ,General Medicine ,Virology ,Medicine ,Humans ,business - Published
- 2024
22. Molecular Pathology of Lung Cancer
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James Saller and Theresa A. Boyle
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Lung Neoplasms ,business.industry ,Molecular pathology ,Liquid Biopsy ,High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ,Epigenome ,medicine.disease ,Bioinformatics ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Patient care ,Transcriptome ,Clinical trial ,Intratumor heterogeneity ,Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ,Mutation ,medicine ,Biomarkers, Tumor ,Humans ,Liquid biopsy ,Pathology, Molecular ,Lung cancer ,business - Abstract
This overview of the molecular pathology of lung cancer includes a review of the most salient molecular alterations of the genome, transcriptome, and the epigenome. The insights provided by the growing use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in lung cancer will be discussed, and interrelated concepts such as intertumor heterogeneity, intratumor heterogeneity, tumor mutational burden, and the advent of liquid biopsy will be explored. Moreover, this work describes how the evolving field of molecular pathology refines the understanding of different histologic phenotypes of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the underlying biology of small-cell lung cancer. This review will provide an appreciation for how ongoing scientific findings and technologic advances in molecular pathology are crucial for development of biomarkers, therapeutic agents, clinical trials, and ultimately improved patient care.
- Published
- 2024
23. Five thousand years of minimal access surgery: 1990-present: organisational issues and the rise of the robots
- Author
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Rachel Hargest
- Subjects
Opposition (planets) ,business.industry ,Minimal access surgery ,Specialty ,Face (sociological concept) ,General Medicine ,History of medicine ,Public relations ,History, 20th Century ,History, 21st Century ,03 medical and health sciences ,Health services ,0302 clinical medicine ,Robotic Surgical Procedures ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Political science ,Health care ,Humans ,Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business - Abstract
The last 30 years have seen a revolution in the provision of minimal access surgery for many conditions, and technological advances are increasing exponentially. Many instruments are superseded by improved versions before the NHS and publicly funded health services can offer widespread coverage. Although we tend to think of minimal access surgery as a modern concept, Parts I and II of this series have shown that there is a 5000-year history to this specialty and our predecessors laid down many principles which still apply today. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, minimal access surgery was driven forward by visionary individuals, often in the face of opposition from colleagues and the medical establishment. However, in the last 30 years, innovation has been driven more in partnerships between healthcare, scientific, financial, educational and charitable organisations. There are far too many individuals involved to detail every contribution here, but this third part of the series will concentrate on some of the important themes in the development of minimal access surgery to its current status.
- Published
- 2024
24. Data-driven, integrated primary and secondary care for children: moving from policy to practice
- Author
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Azeem Majeed, Dougal S Hargreaves, Robert Klaber, Mando Watson, Ben Holden, and Roya Hassanzadeh
- Subjects
Primary (chemistry) ,Knowledge management ,Primary Health Care ,business.industry ,Delivery of Health Care, Integrated ,Health Policy ,Child Health Services ,General Medicine ,Secondary Care ,United Kingdom ,Data-driven ,1117 Public Health and Health Services ,Secondary care ,General & Internal Medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,business ,Child ,Data Management - Abstract
Despite the best efforts of clinicians, traditional healthcare models often struggle to meet the increasingly complex needs of children and young people under the age of 18 years, as well as 21st century challenges such as obesity and mental health problems. Policy makers and clinical leaders have argued that greater integration of primary and secondary care has the potential to meet the ‘Quadruple aim’ of better population health outcomes, patient and family satisfaction, provider satisfaction and reduced costs.1 More integrated services and improved data sharing across organisations are key enablers of child health improvement. However, there is sparse literature on how more integrated care for children and young people might work in practice or contribute to achieving these goals. We present the experience of developing a new model for integrated care delivery for children and young people in North West London, based on a common system of clinical records or dashboards across all providers. It includes case studies that illustrate the development of strong relationships and shared learning experiences between primary and secondary care.
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- 2024
25. Active-Shooter Response
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James P. Phillips and David W. Callaway
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business.industry ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 2024
26. Nonneoplastic pathology of the large and small airways
- Author
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Alberto Cavazza, Kevin O. Leslie, and Mattia Barbareschi
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Lung ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Non neoplastic ,Small airways ,business.industry ,food and beverages ,Clinical settings ,Disease ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Biopsy ,Rare case ,medicine ,Radiology ,Medical diagnosis ,business - Abstract
The airways are frequently involved in nonneoplastic lung diseases, and sometimes their involvement dominates the clinical picture. In these situations, the combination of clinical and radiologic findings is sometimes sufficient to reach a firm diagnosis; however, in a significant proportion of cases a biopsy is obtained, frequently representing a challenge for the practicing pathologists. In the present chapter, beside the description of some well defined entities, we present the most relevant morphologic features that can be encountered on small endoscopic biopsies and on surgical samples, trying to identify the elementary lesions and to correlate them with the complexity of the different clinical settings where they can be found. It is a rare case in which the morphological features are diagnostic per se of a specific disease. Conversely, the identification of a few key elementary lesions can be of help to narrow the differential diagnoses that can be offered to clinicians to complete the difficult puzzle of interstitial lung diseases.
- Published
- 2024
27. Legal Aspects of Project Finance
- Author
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Massimo Novo
- Subjects
Legal research ,business.industry ,Political science ,Common law ,Project finance ,Accounting ,Empirical legal studies ,business ,Structuring ,Legal profession ,Law and economics ,Task (project management) - Abstract
Project finance is a complex network of contracts. This explains why legal aspects are of paramount importance in deal structuring. The intricacies that lawyers must solve when advising on project finance legal design are complicated by the fact that the legal framework of project finance originated in common law systems. Their task becomes a meticulous search of the available legal instruments in civil law countries that can fit for the purpose.
- Published
- 2024
28. Non-Hepatotropic Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections of the Liver
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Venancio A.F. Alves, Gillian Hale, and Sherif R. Zaki
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0301 basic medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Porphyria ,business.industry ,Medicine ,Immunohistochemistry ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Microbiology - Published
- 2024
29. Developmental Biology of the Heart
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H. Scott Baldwin and Ellen Dees
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0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Genetic syndromes ,Heart development ,business.industry ,Lateral plate mesoderm ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Heart tube ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Embryology ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Cardiology ,business ,Developmental biology - Abstract
This review will detail the embryology and morphology of the heart. We will begin with the heart's origin in the lateral plate mesoderm of the early embryo, review its fusion into a linear heart tube, followed by looping and remodeling to create a four-chambered organ with pulmonary and systemic venous inflow and pulmonary and systemic arterial outflow. We will discuss important concepts in heart development at genetic, cellular, and physiologic levels and review some key experimental models and methods important to the study of cardiac development. This review will also serve to introduce some of the congenital heart defects that can result from abnormalities in development and some of the genetic syndromes that are linked to congenital heart defects.
- Published
- 2024
30. Rickettsia prowazekii Attack (Typhus Fever)
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Robert Partridge, Devin M. Smith, and Lawrence Proano
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Rickettsia prowazekii ,biology ,business.industry ,Typhus fever ,Medicine ,business ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology - Published
- 2024
31. Rigid Lens Materials
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Nathan Efron
- Subjects
Lens materials ,Materials science ,Optics ,business.industry ,business - Published
- 2024
32. Urinary Tract Infections and Vesicoureteral Reflux
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Peter Zhan Tao Wang, Orchid Djahangirian, and Elias Wehbi
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Voiding cystourethrogram ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Urinary system ,Gold standard ,Urology ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,urologic and male genital diseases ,Individual risk ,medicine.disease ,Vesicoureteral reflux ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,Sepsis ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,030225 pediatrics ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Presentation (obstetrics) ,Urine sample ,business - Abstract
• The presentation of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in neonates differs from that seen in older children. • The type and route of infection also differ in neonates, when compared with older children. • An appropriate urine sample for diagnosis is needed, but treatment should not be delayed. • A neonate in whom a UTI is suspected should be evaluated for sepsis, including invasive cultures. • After a documented neonatal UTI, a radiologic work-up is warranted to detect anatomic anomalies. • Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is diagnosed in 30%–50% of neonates with proven UTI. • Voiding cystourethrogram is the gold standard for the diagnosis of VUR and should be performed on high-risk neonates. • Treatment of VUR should be tailored to each patient's individual risk of UTI recurrence, with the goals of preventing future UTIs and renal scar formation.
- Published
- 2024
33. The Materials Life Cycle
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Michael F. Ashby
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,business - Published
- 2024
34. Common Newborn Dermatoses
- Author
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Kate Khorsand and Robert Sidbury
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Atopic dermatitis ,Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis ,medicine.disease ,Pustulosis ,Dermatology ,Papulopustular ,Neonatal acne ,Infantile acropustulosis ,medicine ,Scabies ,Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
• Papulopustular lesions on the palms and/or soles in the first month of life likely represent a self-limited inflammatory process such as eosinophilic pustular folliculitis or infantile acropustulosis – but scabies should be ruled out. • Neonatal acne (aka cephalic pustulosis) is typically multifactorial and self-limited. Treatment is not necessary but topical agents aimed at reduction of the commensal yeast Malassezia can be beneficial. • Evidence suggests that early use of emollients in infants at risk of developing atopic dermatitis may prevent later disease. • Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn is generally benign and self-limited but when extensive can cause hypercalcemia.
- Published
- 2024
35. Neonatal Platelet Disorders
- Author
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Emoke Deschmann and Martha Sola-Visner
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,education.field_of_study ,Thrombocytosis ,Anemia ,business.industry ,Platelet disorder ,Population ,Gestational age ,medicine.disease ,Gastroenterology ,Sepsis ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Platelet ,business ,education ,Full Term - Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is, after anemia, the most frequent hematological problem among sick neonates. In this population, thrombocytopenia has traditionally been defined as a platelet count 9 /L, and has been classified as mild (100–150 × 10 9 /L), moderate (50–99 × 10 9 /L), and severe ( 9 /L). However, large population-based studies have shown that platelet counts increase with advancing gestational age, and platelet counts between 100 and 150 × 10 9 /L are more frequent among otherwise healthy extremely preterm infants than among full term neonates or older children. This suggests that different definitions of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis should be applied to preterm infants. The diagnostic approach to a thrombocytopenic neonate is facilitated if the thrombocytopenia is categorized as “early onset” (within the first 72 hours of life, usually secondary to congenital or intrauterine abnormalities) or “late onset” (after 72 hours, usually due to acquired conditions). Importantly, infection/sepsis should always be considered near the top of the differential diagnosis, as any delay in diagnosis and treatment can have life-threatening consequences. While in vitro studies have clearly shown that neonatal platelets are hyporesponsive to most agonists, this platelet hyporeactivity is well compensated by factors in neonatal blood that increase clotting (i.e. high hematocrit, high VWF concentrations), resulting in adequate primary hemostasis. The risk of bleeding in thrombocytopenic neonates is poorly predicted by the platelet count; gestational age
- Published
- 2024
36. Five thousand years of minimal access surgery: 1850 to 1990: Technological developments
- Author
-
Rachel Hargest
- Subjects
Engineering ,Minimal access surgery ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,Surgical care ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Electrosurgery ,Endoscopy ,History, 19th Century ,02 engineering and technology ,General Medicine ,History, 20th Century ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Robotic Surgical Procedures ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Humans ,Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ,Robotic surgery ,Operations management ,Laparoscopy ,business - Abstract
Summary This is the second of a three-part series that charts the history of minimal access surgery from antiquity to current times. Although rapid developments in laparoscopic and robotic surgery have transformed surgical care over the last 30 years, our predecessors made significant advances in their time which set the principles for modern practice. Part I of this series described how ancient medical practitioners developed simple instruments, from metal or wood, for viewing body cavities. Improvements in the use of metal, glass and lighting allowed for inspection of deeper parts of the body. This second part of the series will show how advances in electrical technology allowed the development of improved lighting for endoscopy and laparoscopy along with the use of electrocautery for a wide range of therapeutic procedures.
- Published
- 2024
37. Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) Attack
- Author
-
Selwyn E. Mahon
- Subjects
biology ,business.industry ,Medicine ,business ,biology.organism_classification ,Microbiology ,Bacillus anthracis - Published
- 2024
38. Soft Lens Materials
- Author
-
Carole Maldonado-Codina
- Subjects
Lens materials ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Materials science ,Optics ,0203 mechanical engineering ,business.industry ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Published
- 2024
39. Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
- Author
-
Grace Kim, Debika Nandi-Munshi, and Carolina Cecilia Diblasi
- Subjects
endocrine system ,Newborn screening ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,endocrine system diseases ,Exophthalmos ,business.industry ,Graves' disease ,Thyroid ,medicine.disease ,Irritability ,Congenital hypothyroidism ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,medicine ,Vomiting ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Hormone - Abstract
• An understanding of thyroid embryogenesis and the physiology of the thyroid gland in the perinatal period is important for proper interpretation of abnormal laboratory results and initiation of appropriate treatment. • Appropriate thyroid hormone function is essential for normal neurodevelopment in infancy and childhood. Hypothyroidism in the first year of life can result in significant deleterious effects on growth and neurologic injury. • Delay in treatment of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation. • Neonatal screening can provide early diagnosis and can prevent delays in treatment. Newborn screening methods differ and may possibly miss rare forms of congenital hypothyroidism. • Eighty-five percent of cases of permanent CH are associated with abnormal development of the thyroid gland. • In preterm newborns, thyroid hormone levels may fall because of immaturity of the thyroid gland, but these changes may be exacerbated by complications of prematurity. • Thyroid metabolism can be affected by exogenous sources of iodine, dopamine infusions, blood transfusion, and glucocorticoid treatment. • The clinical manifestations of Graves disease in the newborn include irritability, flushing, diarrhea, vomiting, tachycardia, hypertension, poor weight gain, thyroid enlargement, and exophthalmos. • There is concern for neurologic damage in infants with hemangiomas when hypothyroidism is occult and untreated.
- Published
- 2024
40. Introduction to Nuclear and Radiological Disasters
- Author
-
Dale M. Molé
- Subjects
business.industry ,Radiological weapon ,medicine ,Medical emergency ,medicine.disease ,business - Published
- 2024
41. Pulmonary function testing for pathologists
- Author
-
Imre Noth
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine ,Radiology ,business ,Pulmonary function testing - Published
- 2024
42. Tinted Lenses
- Author
-
Nathan Efron and Suzanne Efron
- Subjects
business.industry ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 2024
43. Visual Optics
- Author
-
W. Neil Charman
- Subjects
Optics ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Visual optics ,business - Published
- 2024
44. Soft Lens Design and Fitting
- Author
-
Graeme Young
- Subjects
03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Materials science ,Optics ,business.industry ,030221 ophthalmology & optometry ,Lens (geology) ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Published
- 2024
45. Risk Assessment and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
- Author
-
Sara B. DeMauro and Susan R. Hintz
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine ,Intensive care medicine ,Risk assessment ,business - Published
- 2024
46. Clostridium botulinum Toxin (Botulism) Attack
- Author
-
Janna H. Villano and Gary M. Vilke
- Subjects
Toxin ,business.industry ,medicine ,Clostridium botulinum ,Botulism ,medicine.disease_cause ,business ,medicine.disease ,Microbiology - Published
- 2024
47. Soft Toric Lens Design and Fitting
- Author
-
Richard G. Lindsay
- Subjects
Toric lens ,Physics ,Optics ,business.industry ,business - Published
- 2024
48. Chronic diffuse lung diseases
- Author
-
Mikiko Hashisako, Junya Fukuoka, and Maxwell L. Smith
- Subjects
Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Lung ,business.industry ,Disease ,respiratory system ,medicine.disease ,respiratory tract diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Lung disease ,Collagen vascular disease ,Parenchyma ,Medicine ,Granulomatous lung disease ,business ,Diffuse alveolar damage ,Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia - Abstract
Chronic diffuse lung diseases involve a spectrum of nonneoplastic inflammatory conditions that affect the lung parenchyma. This chapter reviews the spectrum of disease including idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, pulmonary manifestations of systemic collagen vascular disease, diffuse eosinophilc lung disease, drug-associated lung disease, diffuse granulomatous lung disease, and a variety of miscellaneous diseases that defy classification. Individual entities are reviewed, followed by a section highlighting a practical approach to the four most common patterns of injury encountered in practice.
- Published
- 2024
49. Extended Wear
- Author
-
Noel A. Brennan and M.-L. Chantal Coles
- Subjects
business.industry ,Medicine ,Extended wear ,Composite material ,business - Published
- 2024
50. Loading mechanisms of the anterior cruciate ligament
- Author
-
Mélanie L. Beaulieu, James A. Ashton-Miller, and Edward M. Wojtys
- Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases ,Knee Joint ,Rotation ,Anterior cruciate ligament ,0206 medical engineering ,Shear force ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,02 engineering and technology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine ,Cadaver ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Tibial rotation ,Anterior Cruciate Ligament ,Orthodontics ,Tibia ,business.industry ,Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries ,030229 sport sciences ,musculoskeletal system ,Compression (physics) ,medicine.disease ,020601 biomedical engineering ,ACL injury ,Biomechanical Phenomena ,surgical procedures, operative ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Reaction ,Ligament ,Large knee ,business ,human activities - Abstract
This review identifies the three-dimensional knee loads that have the highest risk of injuring the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the athlete. It is the combination of the muscular resistance to a large knee flexion moment, an external reaction force generating knee compression, an internal tibial torque, and a knee abduction moment during a single-leg athletic manoeuvre such as landing from a jump, abruptly changing direction, or rapidly decelerating that results in the greatest ACL loads. While there is consensus that an anterior tibial shear force is the primary ACL loading mechanism, controversy exists regarding the secondary order of importance of transverse-plane and frontal-plane loading in ACL injury scenarios. Large knee compression forces combined with a posteriorly and inferiorly sloped tibial plateau, especially the lateral plateau-an important ACL injury risk factor-causes anterior tibial translation and internal tibial rotation, which increases ACL loading. Furthermore, while the ACL can fail under a single supramaximal loading cycle, recent evidence shows that it can also fail following repeated submaximal loading cycles due to microdamage accumulating in the ligament with each cycle. This challenges the existing dogma that non-contact ACL injuries are predominantly due to a single manoeuvre that catastrophically overloads the ACL.
- Published
- 2024
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