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The current in situ stress regime is of great significance to the exploration and development of coalbed methane (CBM). In this study, the vertical stress (σV), maximum horizontal principal stress (σH), and minimum horizontal principal stress (σh) in the Liupanshui Coalfield were studied. Variations of the maximum and minimum envelopes and trend lines of the lateral pressure coefficient (λ) with depth were obtained, and the non‐monotonic decrease of permeability with burial depth was determined. On this basis, the effect of in situ stress on the coal reservoir permeability was evaluated. The results show that the average vertical stress gradient of the main coal seam in the Liupanshui Coalfield is 0.024 MPa/m. Generally, there are two stress regimes of σH > σV > σh (44.23%) and σV > σH > σh (46.15%); σH > σh > σV accounts for a smaller proportion (9.62%), and only occurs in relatively shallow coal seams ( σV > σh is dominant; σV > σH > σh is dominant between 600 and 800 m; and between 800 and 980 m, the coal reservoir is affected by both σH > σV > σh and σV > σH > σh, representing a transition zone between the two stress states. With the increase of burial depth, the permeability of the coal reservoir shows a complex non‐monotonic decline, and the variation of the permeability of the coal reservoir differs under the influence of different stress regimes. Further analysis shows that under the background of stress regime transformation, permeability is mainly affected by the stress value, horizontal principal stress difference, stress regime, and coal cleat, indicating that in situ stress is the main controlling factor of coal reservoir permeability in the Liupanshui Coalfield.

Chu Ci is the first collection of romantic poetry in China. Based on the four English versions of Chu Ci (Yang Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang, Zhuo Zhenying, Xu Yuanchong, and Hawkes) as corpus, this study aims to make an in-depth analysis of the costume terms in Chu Ci, and to solve three major problems: First, sort out the characteristics of clothing or accessory in Chu Ci. Second, compared different translations of costume terms in Chu Ci as well as translation strategies or methods. Third, summarized its importance and great value of the translation on costume terms in classic works.

Актуальность исследования определяется необходимостью учета взаимодействий речных вод с донными отложениями при нормировании антропогенных воздействий на водные объекты. Цель: разработка модели трансформации загрязняющих веществ в водных объектах с учетом разбавления стоков, взаимодействий речных вод с донными отложениями и методики нормирования сбросов загрязняющих веществ. Методы: математическое моделирование гидрохимических процессов. Результаты и выводы. Разработана математическая модель трансформации загрязняющих веществ в водных объектах с учетом разбавления стоков и взаимодействия речных вод и донных отложений. Ее апробация на примере малых рек в северной части Вьетнама (реки Бан Тхи и Дай в бассейне р. Хонг) показала, что химический состав вод изученных рек определяется более чем на 60 % взаимодействиями речных вод с донными отложениями в результате осаждения малорастворимых соединений ряда металлов и соосаждения микроэлементов на твердых частицах. Это приводит к заметному снижению концентраций многих веществ на участках до 4,5-5,0 км. Влияние водного стока проявляется, прежде всего, в изменениях твердого стока, в меньшей степени - в регулировании внутриводных процессов, для которых требуется более продолжительное время установления равновесия в растворе. На основе предложенной модели разработана ее упрощенная версия и методика нормирования сбросов загрязняющих веществ для вариантов наличия и отсутствия данных наблюдений за химическим составом речных вод. При этом влияние взаимодействий с донными отложениями учитывается косвенно через структуру модели и значения ее параметров. Апробация упрощенной модели выполнена на примере р. Цзиньцзян в водосборе озера Поянху (Китай). The relevance of the research is determined by the need to take into account the interactions of river waters with bottom sediments when normalizing anthropogenic impacts on water bodies The aim of the research is to develop the model of transformation of polluting substances in water objects with the account of waste dilution and interaction of river waters and sediments and development of sewage normalization technique. Methods: mathematical modelling of hydrochemical processes. Results and conclusions. The mathematical model of transformation of polluting substances in water objects with the account of sewage dilution interaction of river waters and river sediments is developed. Its approbation by the example of the small rivers in northern part of Vietnam (the Ban Thi and Dai rivers in the Hong river basin) has shown that the chemical composition of waters of researched rivers is determined more than on 60 % by interactions of river waters with sediments as a result of sedimentation of poorly soluble substances and sorbtion of some trace elements. It results in appreciable decrease of concentration of many substances on sites up to 4,5-5,0 kms. Influence of water flow is shown first of all, in changes of a bed-material discharge, to a lesser degree it is a regulation of intrawater processes for which more long time of balance establishment in a solution is required. On the basis of the offered model its simplified version and a technique of normalization of sewage for variants of presence and absence of observation data is developed. Thus, the influence of interactions with river sediments is taken into account indirectly through structure of model and value of its parameters. Approbation of the simplified model is executed on the example of the Jinjiang river in the Poyang lake basin (China).

With the rapid development of environmental technologies such as renewable energy, smart grid, and electric power transportation, future power generation and power supply will show new features. The design of energy consumption characteristics of modern power system is more flexible and easy to control, which will also affect the scale of power generation system. This paper presents a combined capacity optimization method for a typical independent microgrid including solar photovoltaic, wind turbines, diesel generators and battery energy storage system. The mathematical models of photovoltaic, wind turbines, diesel generation system, battery energy storage system and electric vehicle charging loads are developed to improve the capacity optimization method. Research objectives include: 1) minimizing costs; 2) reducing greenhouse gas emissions; 3) reducing waste energy. This research can provide strong support for decision-making, analysis and strategy-making of multi-agent joint microgrid capacity.

The energy hub of multi-energy system integration is helpful to promote clean energy absorption, improve energy efficiency and alleviate energy crisis. In this context, firstly, based on the structure and operation mechanism of energy hubs, the operation characteristics and output constraints of energy storage and other types of energy equipment in energy hubs are comprehensively considered. Based on the characteristics of high power generation efficiency, high energy density and high waste heat utilization of solid oxide fuel cells, an energy hub model including solid oxide fuel cells, electro-gas transfer technology, energy storage equipment, energy conversion equipment and clean energy was established. The model is solved by using YALMIP/CPLEX optimization solver based on MATLAB platform. The results show that the energy hub considering solid oxide fuel cell and electro-pneumatic technology can promote clean energy absorption through rational energy dispatching and conversion, reduce system operating costs and improve energy efficiency. Compared with the traditional dispatching model, this model has a significant economic improvement.

To explore the association between pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and success to wean from mechanical ventilation in COVID-19 patients.Thirty-four critically ill COVID-19 patients who had been placed on ventilator support were enrolled in this retrospective study and were divided into two groups: the weaning success group (group I) and the weaning failure group (group II). Physical examination, echocardiography, and routine laboratory test data were collected. The levels of troponin I, myoglobin, interleukin 6, and D-dimer were significantly lower in group I than in group II. The interventricular septum end-diastolic thickness (IVSd) was thicker (14.00 [13.50‒15.00] mm) and the PASP was higher (61.63 ± 13.53 mmHg) in group II. Logistic regression analysis showed that D-dimer and IVSd were factors associated with ventilator weaning. The odds ratio (OR) of D-dimer was 0.81 (95% CI 0.69‒0.95) and the OR of IVSd was 0.16 (95% CI 0.045‒0.59). Cox analysis revealed that the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for a 1-mmHg increase in PASP was 0.94 (95% CI 0.90‒0.97) for weaning events (P < 0.001). PASP was negatively correlated with the PaO2:FiO2 (r = -0.48, P < 0.01). A receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the best cutoff value of PASP for ventilator weaning was 39.50 mmHg, with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 96.15% PASP was an independent risk factor for the difficulty of weaning severely ill COVID-19 patients off mechanical ventilation. PASP can be used as one of the indicators for evaluating the condition of COVID-19 patients.

Purpose To evaluate whether diagnostic blood loss can lead to anemia and consequent blood transfusion among postoperative patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Design and Methods This prospective observational study was conducted in a university-affiliated tertiary hospital between January and August 2016. CHD patients aged 48 h were included (n = 205). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the effect of diagnostic blood loss on anemia and transfusion. Results The mean daily phlebotomy volume was 5.40 ± 1.94 mL/d during the PICU stay (adjusted for body weight, 0.63 ± 0.36 mL/kg/d). Daily volume/kg was associated with cyanotic CHD, Pediatric Risk of Mortality III score, and Pediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PELOD)-2 score. In total, 101 (49.3%) patients presented with new or more severe anemia after admission to PICU, which was not associated with phlebotomy volume. Forty-one (20.0%) children received one or more RBC transfusions during their PICU stay. Multivariate analysis indicated that PELOD-2 score > 5, new or more severe anemia, and daily volume/kg of phlebotomy > 0.63 mL/kg/d were significantly associated with transfusion after 48 h of admission to PICU. Conclusions Our findings indicate that diagnostic blood loss is not related to postoperative anemia in children with CHD; however, this factor does correlate with blood transfusion, since it somewhat reflects the severity of illness. Practice Implications Strategies should be applied to reduce diagnostic blood loss, as appropriate.

In order to eliminate the influence of volume effect and evaluate dispersibility, a full scale winding insulation test platform with the same structure as 500kV power transformer windings is constructed. Winding insulation in normal condition, high gas content in oil condition, high moisture level in oil condition and aged winding insulation condition are modeled. AC breakdown tests are conducted with winding models in two types of inter-turn insulation thickness, 1.35mm and 1.95mm, in these insulation conditions. Testing results are hence summarized and analyzed. Another oil-gap insulation test platform with a 500kV transformer bushing installed is constructed. AC breakdown tests with the oil gap between the bushing end shield and the tank wall earthing electrode in 15mm are conducted. Testing results with oil in normal condition, high resovled water content condition and high suspended water content condition are compared and analyzed. Finally, comparative tests are conducted with bushing end shield insulated with paper coating.

The misoperation of gas protection in transformer out-of-zone faults will seriously affect the security and stability level of power system. In this paper, the oil flow characteristics in transformer under different operating conditions are analyzed by multi-physical field coupling simulation. The principle of common gas protection relays and their causes of misoperation are analyzed. A numerical simulation model of multi-physical field inside transformer is established. The inner core and winding of transformer are modeled and simulated by ANSYS Maxwell 3D and ANSYS Fluent software. The variation of multiphysical field in normal operation, out-of-zone fault and in-zone fault of transformer is obtained. The changes of magnetic field and electromagnetic stress, oil flow and outlet pressure of inner winding and core of transformer are analyzed. This study provides a new basis for formulating measures to improve the reliability of gas protection operation.

Single-well economic benefit evaluation provides decision-making basis for oilfield operation, daily management of oil wells and cost control, especially for investment overseas oil and gas development projects under different oil price scenarios. This paper studies the research progress, principle, characteristics and classification of single-well benefit evaluation, compares the commonly used methods of unit price economic benefit evaluation, including net present value method and data envelope analysis method, and constructs the single-well evaluation indicator system under different contract modes. In this paper, the DEA method is used to evaluate and analyze the individual wells of the overseas actual case project M. The evaluation results are analyzed in the light of the approved economic limit production, the cumulative production during the evaluation period and the actual output more than expected.

This work introduces a grid-connected island microgrid in China, Luxi Microgrid, with a flexible system structure and a hierarchical control framework. To solve the low reliability issue of original electricity supply on island caused by insufficient generation and transmission capacity, a novel renewable energy system with battery energy storage was proposed in this paper. Dual-microgrid structure is adopted for the new island microgrid to provide flexible and reliable electricity services, based on 24 switching processes among 8 system configurations. The test results demonstrate that the proposed system provides seamless switching and uninterrupted power supply through the use of high voltage fast transfer switch and matched mode switching strategy. Moreover, hierarchical control framework is developed for the implement of flexible and reliable control concept, which consists of three layers: the monitoring and dispatch layer, the coordination control layer and the local control layer. The operational data are also brought forth and analyzed to provide significant and useful experiences for designing and developing similar microgrids in future.

The high cost and randomness of intermittent renewable energy make the planning, integration and operation of power system more and more complicated. Therefore, determining the appropriate resource scale and related energy storage is the key to the efficient, economic and reliable operation of power system. In this study, two constraint based iterative search algorithms are proposed to optimize the scale of wind turbine (WT), solar photovoltaic (PV) and battery energy storage system (BESS) in microgrid grid connected configuration. The first algorithm is called resource size algorithm to determine the optimal size of resources; the second algorithm is called battery scale algorithm to determine the optimal capacity of BESS. These algorithms are mainly based on two key elements: maximum reliability and minimum cost. In this method, all possible solutions are searched in a given search space to avoid over and too small. At the same time, the forced outage rate of PV and the utilization rate of WT and Bess are considered to make it more practical. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the method.

Divestiture is a common way of oil companies' strategic choice. Because of the complexity of divestiture motive, it is very difficult to screen out the divestible assets from a large number of assets in a short time. Establishing a divestible assets pool can leave time and space allowance for decision making. In this study, Principal Components Analysis was used to screen out a number of valuable indicators from many evaluation indicators, to establish a scientific and effective evaluation indicator system for oil and gas assets divestiture. Based on different divestiture motivations and experts' experiences, Analytic Hierarchy Process was used to build a quantitative multi-dimensional screening model for motivation-oriented oil and gas assets divestiture. By combining the evaluation system with the screening model, the results were calculated and queued up to select the assets to be divested. A case of Company V's divestiture of Kampuchea assets was studied, providing scientific and applicable ideas and methods for petroleum companies to divest overseas assets.

Background Renal fibrosis is the most common pathway leading to end-stage renal disease. It is characterized by excess extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation and renal tissue damage, subsequently leading to kidney failure. Asperulosidic acid (ASPA), a bioactive iridoid glycoside, exerts anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, but its effects on renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) have not yet been investigated. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of ASPA on renal fibrosis induced by UUO, and to explore its pharmacological mechanism. Methods Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham group, UUO model group, three ASPA treatment groups (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg), and captopril group (20 mg/kg). Rats were administered vehicle, ASPA or captopril intraperitoneally once a day for 14 consecutive days. Urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA) and inflammatory factors in serum samples were evaluated on the 7th, 10th, and 14th day after renal fibrosis induction. In addition, the 12 h urine was collected to test the content of urinary protein (upro) on the 14th day. The obstructive renal tissues were collected for pathological analysis (hematoxylin and eosion (H&E) staining and Masson's Trichrome staining) and immunohistochemical analysis on the 14th day after renal fibrosis induction. The mRNA expression of related factors and the protein levels of smad2, smad3, and smad4 were measured in UUO-induced rats by real time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results The levels of BUN, UA, and upro were elevated in UUO-induced rats, but ASPA treatment improved renal function by reducing the levels of BUN, UA, and upro. The protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6, as well as the mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), were decreased after ASPA administration (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) in a dose-dependent manner. The ASPA exerted an alleviation effect on the inflammatory response through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. In addition, reductions in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen III, and fibronectin expression were observed after ASPA administration at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg. Furthermore, the renal expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), smad2, smad3, and smad4 was down-regulated by ASPA treatment at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg. Conclusion ASPA possessed protective effects on renal interstitial fibrosis in UUO-induced rats. These effects may be through inhibition of the activation of NF-κB and TGF-β1/smad2/smad3 signaling pathways.

Permeability and pressure are two important parameters for characterizing coal reservoirs and for evaluating coalbed methane (CBM) production potential. In this study, the reservoir pressure and permeability of six steel-cased CBM wells at Yuwu Coal Mine (Luan coal mining area, Qinshui Basin, China) were studied using new injection falloff testing (IFOT) methodology. The tested reservoir represents coal #3 of the lower Permian Shanxi Formation, the main target coal seam for coalbed methane exploration and production in Qinshui Basin. The results show that on average coal #3 has an ultra-low permeability (0.001–0.043 mD) and a low pressure gradient (4.0 kPa/m). These values are significantly lower than those of previously collected data from open holes in adjacent wells. However, the validity of the new results was confirmed using two additional lines of evidence: (1) analysis of 10 CBM production wells adjacent the current test area and; (2) data from a long-term monitoring well in an Ordovician limestone aquifer, located below coal #3. On the basis of the results, it can be concluded that (1) using the IFOT method in cased wells, in which shut-in times were extended by 7–11 times that of the injection time, provides reliable data on reservoir parameters (including pressure and permeability); (2) coal #3 is characterized by very low permeability and very low pressure; (3) the low reservoir pressure is related to the Xinan Spring Group, located on the eastern edge of the Qinshui Basin, which discharges reservoir groundwater to the surface hydrological system; and (4) low permeability may be caused by low reservoir pressure and by a cleat system filled with post-structural mineralization. These conclusions were used to further optimize stimulation design and production management for this CBM play. As a result, there has been a good production rate for these wells since 2011.

Control strategy and corresponding parameters have significant impacts on the overall technical and economic characteristics of composite energy storage systems (CESS). A better control strategy and optimized control parameters can be used to improve the economic and technical characteristics of CESS, and determine the maximum power and stored energy capacity of CESS. A novel coordinated control strategy is proposed considering the coordination of various energy storage systems in CESS. To describe the degree of coordination, a new index, i.e. state of charge coordinated response margin of supercapacitor energy storage system, is presented. Based on the proposed control strategy and index, an optimization model was formulated to minimize the total equivalent cost in a given period for two purposes. The one is to obtain optimal control parameters of an existing CESS, and the other is to obtain the integrated optimal results of control parameters, maximum power and stored energy capacity for CESS in a given period. Case studies indicate that the developed index, control strategy and optimization model can be extensively applied to optimize the economic and technical characteristics of CESS. In addition, impacts of control parameters are discussed in detail.

When testing transformer is under an external short circuit fault, its wall will get rapid oil pressure fluctuation. This signal changes in a certain law, and it reflects some non-electrical parameter feature of the situation of transformer external short circuit fault. Using the method of experiment testing, this article analyze a 110kV transformer's oil pressure signal feature, and get some conclusion about its harmonic distribution.

Transformer is a key component of power system and its steady and safe running is of much importance to the whole power system. So electrical engineers develop many protection device to detect transformer abnormal state and fault state.

Based on rod-plane electrodes in oil-paper insulation, the experiments for developing characteristics of partial discharge (PD) were performed using constant voltage method. Four statistical spectra and 29 characteristic values were extracted on the basis of the phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) pattern. Then 8 new parameters were extracted from the 29 characteristic values by using kernel principal component analysis and the different developing stages of PD were divided with system clustering. According to the clustering results, the PD stages hierarchical identification method was established based on clustering-multistage Support Vector Machine. Identification results show that the proposed method can identify discharging stages well and the obtained results are basically consistent with the results of system clustering analysis for the same data.

BACKGROUND Double aortic arch (DAA) associated with other cardiac anomalies is uncommon. We review the outcomes of primary complete repair of DAA with concomitant cardiac anomalies in a single center. METHODS From September 2005 through March 2014, 15 patients underwent primary complete repair of DAA with concomitant cardiac anomalies. The mean age was 53 months (range, two months to 19 years). RESULTS All patients underwent primary complete correction through a median sternotomy. One patient died in hospital from severe pneumonia. The intubation time ranged from 20 to 68 h and the intensive care unit stay ranged from one day to five days. Postoperative complications were infrequent and included left vocal cord paralysis in one patient. A residual ventricular septal defect was found in one patient. During follow-up, all patients were in New York Heart Association Class I. CONCLUSIONS Primary complete repair of DAA with concomitant cardiac anomalies is feasible and results in excellent long-term outcomes.

Once a running metro train catches fire, it should try to get to the front platform for evacuation. But it does not exclude one extreme situation that the train stops in the tunnel when it is damaged too badly to keep running. Thus, this paper established a precise model of subway train, tunnel and platform using the dynamic mesh method for the simulation of the train movement with the train blocking effect being considered, to study the impact of heat release rate (HRR) of fire load to smoke flow characteristics in tunnel when the fire source located in the bottom of the first carriage. Train runs at 19.5m/s (nearly 70km/h) then slows down to stop in the center of tunnel when a fire occurs, the HRR is chosen to be 2.5MW, 5MW, 7.5MW, 10.5MW, respectively. By comparing the influence of piston wind after deceleration, this paper investigates the velocity field and temperature field in tunnel. The research results show that with the same running speed, as the HRR increased by 2.5MW: 1. the piston wind downstream of the tunnel would increase less than 1m/s; 2. the smoke front would reach 60m further if HRR is greater than 5MW; 3. temperature in car1-roof increases nearly 89%, 257%, 441% relative to 2.5MW; 4. the moment backflow to upstream side of fire source advance from 212s to 180s, 163s, 150s respectively; 5. the temperature at the same position of the tunnel increases nearly 190°C.

This chapter provides knowledge on the evolution of the clinical engineering and healthcare technology management field and the role that clinical engineering professionals have in its expansion in China. In particular, the focus is on building professional competencies and clinical engineering skills development. The creation of Chinese association, certification program and recognition are covered, as well as the impact from cultural variation. Information is presented by experts from the clinical engineering, systems, and management communities and offers vision that can duplicate and improve the safety and quality of hospitals elsewhere in the world.

Aim: The findings on ABO blood groups and risk of brain tumors are inconsistent and contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate this association through a case–control study in the northeast of China. Methods: Between 2001 and 2016, a total of 2077 cases with glioma (n = 612), meningioma (n = 816), and pituitary adenoma (n = 649), and 2716 healthy controls were retrospectively included in this study. Data were statistically analyzed by comparing to the participants with blood type O; after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, and alcohol status. Results: A comparatively higher incidence of glioma was observed with blood type B and AB cases (adjusting odds ratio [OR] = 1.389 [1.087–1.777] and 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.260 [1.572–3.250]). A comparatively lesser incidence of pituitary adenoma was observed with blood type B and AB cases (adjusting OR = 0.561 [0.445–0.706] and 95% CI = 0.358 [0.307–0.619]). Moreover, a comparatively lesser incidence of meningioma was observed with blood type B cases (adjusting OR and 95% CI of 0.577 [0.463–0.717]). Conclusion: Blood type B and AB could be associated with a higher incidence of glioma and lesser incidence of pituitary adenoma, with a decreased risk of meningioma in blood type B individuals. Future studies are needed to reconfirm our finding and explore the underlying mechanisms linking brain tumors to ABO blood types.

In view of the transformer internal fault would lead to the tank cracking, fire, explosion and other serious accidents, power transformers are usually equipped with pressure relief valve and gas relay. However, due to the lack of theoretical innovation and reliability remain in the existing protections. This paper proposes a numerical method to research the pressure behaviors of transformer tank under internal overpressure caused by the high-energy arcing faults and develops protection principles based on pressure characteristics. According to the real full-scale 100MVA/110kV oil-immersed transformer parameters, a transformer model has been set up. Then, the 4.4MJ and 3.1MJ arcing faults have been provoked as the simulation examples by employing 3D FEM. The transient pressure characteristics such as pressure rise curves and effective pressure indexes at different positions have been studied. Moreover, this paper develops new protection principles for heavy gas protection and light gas protection based on pressure characteristics. In addition, both the theoretical model and the simulation method proposed in this paper can be extended to study tank structure and overpressure in other types of transformers instead of dangerous and costly tests.

Laser driven fusion requires a high-degree uniformity in laser energy deposition in order to achieve the high-density compression required for sustaining a thermonuclear burn. Nowadays, uniform irradiation of capsule is still a key issue in direct drive inertial confinement fusion. The direct drive approach is to drive the target with laser light, by irradiating it with a large number of overlapping laser beams. In the direct drive scheme, the laser deposition pattern on the target can be decomposed into a series of Legendre spherical harmonic modes. The high mode (shorter wavelength) nonuniformity can lead to Rayleigh-Taylor instability, which may result in the failure of target compression. This nonuniformity can be suppressed by thermal conduction and beam conditioning technologies, such as continuous phase plate, smoothing by spectral dispersion and polarization smoothing. The low mode (longer wavelength) nonuniformity is related to the number, orientation and power balance of laser beams, which is hard to suppress by thermal conduction and beam conditioning technologies. Generally, the nonuniformity of laser irradiation on a directly driven target should be less than 1% (root mean square, RMS), to meet the requirement for symmetric compression. Several methods have been proposed to optimize the irradiation configuration in direct drive laser fusion, such as truncated icosahedron with beams at the 20 faces and 12 vertices of an icosaherdron, dodecahedron-based irradiation configurations, self-organizing electrodynamic method, etc. However, limited by the different parameters of incident beams, the irradiation uniformity is often not satisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to find new way to improve the irradiation uniformity and make it more robust. According to the analytical result, the irradiation nonuniformity can be decomposed into the single beam factor and the geometric factor. Simulation results show that the single beam factor is mainly determined by the parameters of the incident beams, including beam pattern, beam width and beam wavelength. By analyzing and simulating the single beam factor with different incident beam parameters, and comparing the single beam factor with the geometric factor, a matching relationship between them is found by using the optimized parameters. Based on the simulation results, a method to optimize the incident beam parameters is proposed, which is applied to the 32-beam and 48-beam irradiation configurations. The results show that there is a set of optimal incident beam parameters which can attain the highest irradiation uniformity for a given configuration. The feasibility to achieve more uniform irradiation by optimizing the incident beam parameters is proved. When the single beam factor is optimized in a directly driven inertial confinement fusion system, the restrictions on the beam pointing error and power imbalance between incident beams can be relaxed. The results provide an effective method of designing and optimizing the uniform irradiation system of direct drive laser facility.

In this paper, we propose a robust object tracking algorithm based on SURF. First, we adopt a two-stage matching method to improve the accuracy of SURF matching points. Then a template update method is used to deal with the problem of object appearance change. Next we use matching points between new template and candidate region to locate the initial position of object. As template update and object occlusion will cause the accumulation of tracking errors, therefore, at last fixed template is used to correct object's position. For those frames which have little matching points, we use Meanshift instead of SURF to track object. The experiments demonstrate that our work is robust and can track object accurately in complex environments.

This study was designed to identify the cells involved in the healing of autogenous intramembranous (IM) and of endochondral (EC) bone grafts. Thirty-six defects were created in the skulls of 18 adult New Zealand White rabbits. Defects were filled with IM graft alone, EC graft alone, demineralized bone matrix (DBM) alone, or combined DBM-IM and DBM-EC bone. Cellular identification was carried out at 7 and 14 days by light and electron microscopy. In IM bone, preosteoblasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes were observed with no cartilage intermediate stage, while in EC bone, chondroblasts and chondrocytes were observed. DBM implant and DBM-IM were characterized by the presence of a cartilage stage. In conclusion, IM bone healed through an osteogenic ossification route, while EC bone healed through an EC ossification route. In the presence of demineralized EC bone matrix, IM bone adopts an EC ossification route.

Time fiducial laser is an important timing marker for different diagnostic instruments in high energy density physics experiments. The probe laser in velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR) is also vital for precise shock wave diagnosis in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research. Here, time fiducial laser and VISAR probe laser are generated from one source in SG-III laser facility. After generated from a 1064 nm DFB laser, the laser is modulated by an amplitude modulator driven by a 10 GS/s arbitrary waveform generator. Using time division multiplexing technology, the ten-pulse time fiducial laser and the 20 ns pulse width VISAR probe laser are split by a 12 multiplexer and then the time fiducial and VISAR pulses will be selected individually by acoustic-optic modulators. Using this technology, the cost for the system can be reduced. The technologies adopted in the system also include pulse polarization stabilization, high stable Nd: YAG amplification, high precision thermally controlled frequency conversion, fiber coupling, and energy transmission. The fiber laser system is connected to the Nd: YAG rod amplifier stage with polarizing (PZ) fibers to maintain the polarization state. The output laser of Nd: YAG amplification stage is coupled with different kinds of energy transfer fibers to propagate enough energy and maintain the pulse shape for the time fiducial and VISAR probe laser. The input and output fibers are all coupled to the rod amplifiers with high precision and being easy to plug and play for users. Since the time fiducial and imaging VISAR laser system is far from the front end room and located in the target area, the system also uses an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) to generate the shaped ten-pulse time fiducial laser and 20 ns VISAR laser. This AWG and the other three AWGs used for the main laser pulse of SG-III laser facility will be all synchronized by 10 GHz clock inputs, realizing the smaller than 7 ps (RMS) jitter between the main laser pulse, time fiducial laser and VISAR pulse. After amplification and frequency conversion, the time fiducial laser finally generates 12 beam 2 and 4-beam 3 laserbeams, providing important reference marks for different detectors in the ICF experiments and making it convenient for the analysis of multiple diagnostic data. The VISAR laser pulse is also amplified by the Nd: YAG amplifiers and frequency-converted to 532 nm green light by a thermally controlled LBO crystal, with output energy larger than 20 mJ. Finally, the 532 nm VISAR probe laser beam is coupled with a 1-mm core diameter fused silica optical fiber, and then propagates 30 meters to the imaging VISAR system. The VISAR probe laser has been used in many high energy density physics experiments. The shock wave loading and slowdown processes are measured. Function for measuring velocity history of shock wave front movement in different kinds of materials can be also added to the SG-III laser facility.

CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) numerical simulation method was adopted to study on the solid expansion character in flow process of two phases fluidized bed including liquid and solid phases and testify the reliability. Commercial CFD software-Fluent was used in the study under some proper boundary conditions, such as velocity inlet, pressure outlet, symmetry condition for free liquid surface, standard k-∊ model for turbulence and Gidapow model for inter-phase drag forces. Beside these, time dependent method was used in numerical simulation. Results of simulation were verified with calculation results of Richardson-Zaki experiential relations which were approved widely and they agreed well. The results of simulation could predict bed height and volume fraction of solids for expanded fluidized bed accurately; dynamical simulation could illustrate the start-up process of fluidized bed visually; numerical simulation in CFD could give some theoretical instructions for scale-up design of fluidized bed.

The use of aerobic granules in wastewater treatment can reduce the land area that is needed for the treatment of sewage. Until now granulation has been mainly studied using artificial wastewater. The possibility of forming aerobic granules on domestic sewage in a sequencing batch reactor was studied on three experimental stages. By controlling organic loading of influent and surface air upflow velocity, settling time as well. After 5 week of operation, aerobic granular have been seen. Until 14 week sludge has been granulation in SBR. The matured aerobic granular sludge has an average diameter of 0.63–1.6 mm, wet density 1.0173g/cm3, SVI 50, and MLSS 3. 5 g/L in reactor.

Distribution of electric field and electrical potential in vacuum interrupter of 110 kV is simulated solving Laplace equation limited by certain boundary condition by the means of finite element method. Calculating results show that reasonable construction and arrangement of main shield, main share voltage shields, auxiliary share voltage shields, terminal shields and bellows shield could uniform electric field and enhance insulating strength in the vacuum interrupter. Those calculating results are available for construction design and optimization as well as electric field calculation for high voltage circuit breaker.

This paper starts with analyzing the development and history of clinical engineering in China, analyzing the macro-environment of clinical engineering and summarizing the practice experiences of Chinese and foreign CE department. It puts forward a new idea that clinical engineering working mode should be changed from "working around repairing" to "working around equipment quality control and safety management".

For the Fizeau optical interferometric telescope system, the co-phasing detection of piston errors between sub-apertures plays an important role in realizing the high resolution of system. In this paper, the relationship between piston error and the main peak displacement of monochromatic interferogram of two sub-aperture system is analyzed based on physical principles, then the piston error detecting method is developed and clarified based on their linear relationship in the range of one wavelength. Furthermore, an innovative co-phasing detecting method based on grating dispersed interferogram with bandwidth light source is proposed, and its feasibility, detecting precision and dynamic range are analyzed in theory and studied in simulation. The results prove that with this method, the piston error between the two sub-apertures of the system can be soundly detected and its measuring error is less than 20 nm while the piston error is not more than 50 μm. In addition, the novel method solves the problems of 2π ambiguity and direction determination that might exist within some other detecting methods. Besides its millimeter level dynamic range, this new co-phasing detecting method provides a new way and an effective reference for in-depth research of co-phasing detecting techniques.

cancer (EGC) and investigated the incidence and patterns of recurrence in patients who underwent non-curative endoscopic resection without additional treatment for differentiated EGC. Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of prospectively and consecutively collected database of differentiated EGCs undergone noncurative endoscopic resection without additional treatment for EGCs from April 2000 to June 2011. Results: A total of 345 patients underwent noncurative endoscopic resection for 347 differentiated EGCs. Patients without additional treatment tended to be older (median age 70 years vs. 63 years, p!0.01). They underwent additional surgery in 232 EGCs, additional ER in 12 EGCs, and additional APC in 7 EGCS. Ninety six patients (97 EGCS) didn’t undergo additional treatment. Among 29 EGCs with positive resection margin, seven EGCs revealed remained lesion in the follow up endoscopic biopsy. Among 97 EGCs without additional treatment, extragastric recurrence occurred in five EGC cases at mean 32 months (range 25-40 months), and all of them initially had lymphovascular invasion (LVI) or deep submucosal (SM) invasion (Figure 1). Among 250 EGCs with additional treatment, extragastric recurrence occurred only in one case at 20 months after additional surgery. The median follow up period was 32 months (range 0-99.7 months). The overall 5-year survival rate was 94.7 % in the no additional treatment group and 97.8% in the additional treatment group. Of 347 patients, nine patients died during follow up period. Among them, two patients died of stomach cancer. Conclusions: Recurrence rates was higher in patients without additional treatment than in patients with additional surgery (6.2% vs. 0.4%). Recurrence mainly occurred in patients with lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and submucosal (SM) invasion. Therefore additional treatment should be considered in patients with LVI and SM invasion among patients undergone noncurative endoscopic resection for EGC. The overall survival rates between patients with and without additional surgery after non-curative endoscopic resection for EGC were not significantly different. Therefore, in elderly patients at high risk for surgery, conservative strategy with intensive surveillance could be considered.

On Dec 15 2004 a meeting was convened in Shanghai China to discuss options for laws dealing with HIV/AIDS at the provincial and municipal levels. The primary agencies responsible were the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences the Shanghai Law Society and the Institute of Legislation and Temple University in the USA. With a population of some 13 million Shanghai is China’s largest city and enjoys a legal status equivalent to a province enabling it to create its own law. Participants in the meeting were mainly leaders of the municipal government (including members of the Municipal People’s Congress and the health department) and researchers from the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences and other research institutions. The meeting showed Shanghai’s commitment to effective HIV/AIDS legislation and the challenge of steering HIV/AIDS policy through the shoals of fear and moral disapproval of drug use and prostitution. Both the content and process of law reform were addressed. A law-reform exercise in Australia in the early 1980s was offered as an example of a consultative process in which affected populations were encouraged to share their experiences. Over 2 years non-governmental organisations were encouraged to come forward to help shape the law law that in turn supported an environment of partnership between government and community. (excerpt)

Conventional method of calibrating optical trap stiffness is applicable for microspheres whose diameters range from hundreds of nanometer to several micrometers, but only have a slight advantage for those microspheres with diameters lager than five micrometers. To compensate this, we experimentally develop a time of flight method for measuring optical trap stiffness with larger microspheres. By comparing the optical trap stiffness of microspheres with different sizes and different materials at different laser powers, the time of flight method is confirmed to be more accurate and practical for microspheres larger than 5 μm; the result is of the same order of magnitude as the results of Brownian noise based analysis of 5 μm polystyrene bead. The results are higher than theoretical values due to the limited bandwidth of the camera. In comparison, the time of flight method is superior to other methods and does make sense in the fast calibration of optical trap stiffness on cell level. This method can be applied to optical traps with special field distributions. In the measurement of mechanical properties of cells, it can avoid using microspheres as force probe, thus providing a novel approach to the study of sophisticated single molecule process on the membrane of cells.