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The logical separation of control signaling from data transmission in a mobile cellular network has been shown to have significant energy saving potential compared with the legacy systems. As a result, there has been a lot of focus in recent years on development and realization of separation architectures. Our study, however, shows that the energy savings of separation architecture remain under 16-17% when compared with legacy systems and this gain falls to a mere 7% when both architectures are realized under a CloudRAN (CRAN) setting. Moreover, when we strategically place some small base-stations (SBSs) to cover the area in a densely deployed scenario and allow all other base-stations (BSs) to be used only on-demand, the system consumes much less energy than the separation architecture. While we expected that most equipment would be shut down during nights, our study shows that around 70% of the small cells are required to be active to serve randomly distributed minimum data load, i.e., active mobile equipment. Contemporary mobile traffic is predominantly data which does not go to extremely low levels during nights. We discuss, in detail, the assumptions, their implications, and the effects of system parameter values on our conclusions.

Background and Objectives: Osteoporosis causes fragility fractures which increase the morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Our objective was to look at the hospital admissions due to fragility fractures and site of fractures. Methods: This is a retrospective study of a 2-year period (2017-2018), in which we evaluated all the admissions of fragility fractures at King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia. A Fragility Fracture is a fracture which occurs in patients with low bone mass due to a fall from a standing height. The data were gathered from the Quadru Med patient care system for patients over the age of 50 years: sex, site of fracture, previous fractures, and treatment meted out. The hospitalization rate for fragility fractures was calculated by taking into consideration of all the adult admissions to the orthopaedic department. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital and the Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam. Results: During the study period 187 patients with fragility fractures were admitted. The mean age was 68.55 ± 12.43 years; fracture femur was the most common with 136 (72.7%), tibia 15 (8%) and spine 14 (7.5%). At the time of discharge based on the T score of spine 50 were osteopenic and 45 were osteoporotic. Overall adult admission for the study period was 1410 patients and 13.26% were patients with fragility fractures. There were 3 (1.6%) deaths within the first 30 days in the hospital. Conclusions: Fracture femur was the most common fragility fracture seen in our study. Orthopaedic surgeons should be ready to treat all fragility fractures and treat osteoporosis appropriately so that a second fracture is prevented.

Aim of Study: study the level of CCL20 and CXCL 10 in serum of patients with vitiligo ,to compare theirlevel in patients with active vitiligo and stable vitiligo and compare level of each cytokine with others Toknow their association with disease activity.Materials/Methods: Sixty-five patients who include (35 active and 30 stable) with vitiligo. All participantsincluded were adult patients with nonsegmental vitiligo.Blood sample were collected by venipuncture from 65 patients (five millimeter of venous were drawing bydisposable syringe under sterilization technique and putting in gel tube then, allowed to clot; after that serumwas separated by centrifugation 1500 rpm for 5 minute. The serum has been collected in plain tube thenstored at -20c to be used for ELISA test to determine concentration of CCL20 and CXCL 10. The resultswere analyzed using the IBM SPSS analytic software.Result: The : current study revealed thatCCL20 are significant (P 0.05) according to the disease activity. The sensitivity and specificity of each of the measured biomarkerswas evaluated using the (ROC). It was found that CCL20 to be of a high significance to measuring thedisease activity. While the CXCL10 was of no significance when compared to the disease activityConclusions: CCL20 could be candidate as a biomarker to evaluate activity of vitiligo

Zainab R Al-Shaban,1 Sultan T Al-Otaibi,2 Hatem A Alqahtani3 1Primary Healthcare Centers, Department of Occupational Medicine, Ministry of Health, Qatif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; 3Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Sultan T Al-OtaibiImam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Po Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi ArabiaTel +966 13-8948964Fax +966 13-8645612Email salotaibi@iau.edu.saBackground: Physical and psychological workplace violence in health-care settings has serious implications for the health of workers, as well as a negative effect on productivity and health-care quality.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2018 among physicians and nurses using a convenience sample (n = 213) for the previous 12 months at a tertiary hospital in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire that assessed their personal and professional characteristics, whether they had experienced physical violence (assault) or psychological violence as health-care practitioners, and whether they had reported the incidents.Results: Among the respondents, 57% had experienced psychological violence, 6% had experienced physical violence, and 37% had experienced both psychological and physical violence in the previous 12 months. Shiftwork and working in the inpatient department were associated with a significant increase in the risk of physical violence. However, these factors showed no difference with regard to psychological violence. Both physical and psychological violence had diverse causes, without any single predominant cause. Similarly, both forms of violence occurred in multiple departments. Many of the incidents were unreported (75% of incidents involving psychological violence and 39% involving physical violence).Conclusion: Physical and psychological violence against health-care workers (HCWs) in the hospital under study was found to be very common. The results of this study suggest the need to develop and evaluate a violence prevention program to achieve quality health-care services.Keywords: occupational, health-care, violence, large hospital

This study is designed to diagnosis blood Toxoplasmosis in human (women and men) and sheep (male and female) by using Elisa test; as well histopathological examination of heart, liver and lung of sheep were also done, internal organs were also obtained heart, liver and lung. Women diagnosis was performed by collection 96 samples from aborted women ageing from 15-45 years and divided into three groups; first group 15-25 years involved 50 sample, second group 25-35 years include 37 samples; and the third group 35-45 years included 9 samples. The results of Elisa test showed six positive of IgG, (two for each group) and one positive IgM for the second group, a significant (P

Background: This study was conducted in pursuit of gaining an understand effects of the low level laser irradiation on whole blood is very essential way in revealing the mechanisms of the action of laser radiation on biological tissues.Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the in vitroeffect of laser radiation on some hematological parameters and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.Subject and Method: Blood samples were obtained from 30 healthy volunteers, each sample was divided into four new samples, one of them was considered as control while the other three were exposed to three different laser doses. Thewavelength of532nm was used for irradiation with 4mm diameter beam spot on blood samples, with power density of 796.17mW/cm2. The irradiation times were 1.8, 3.7and 6.2 secand so the different doses of irradiation 1.5,3 and 5 J/cm2, respectively.Results: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was measured after laser irradiation and compared with un-irradiated control sample. The results of this study showed thaterythrocyte sedimentation rate value increased significantly with a dose of 1.5J/cm² but not with the othertwo doses’ values in male persons but not in females. Moreover, the mean cell volume shows significant decrement post irradiation.Conclusion: Laser irradiation induces physical changes in red blood cell membrane permeability and blood viscosity and consequently alters erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

In this article, we identify and study the potential of an integrated deployment solution for energy-efficient cellular networks combining the strengths of two very active current research themes: 1) software-defined radio access networks (SD-RANs) and 2) decoupled signaling and data transmissions, or beyond cellular green generation (BCG2) architecture, for enhanced energy efficiency. While SD-RAN envisions a decoupled centralized control plane and data-forwarding plane for flexible control, the BCG2 architecture calls for decoupling coverage from the capacity and coverage provided through an always-on low-power signaling node for a larger geographical area; the capacity is catered by various on-demand data nodes for maximum energy efficiency. In this article, we show that a combined approach that brings both specifications together can not only achieve greater benefits but also facilitate faster realization of both technologies. We propose the idea and design of a signaling controller that acts as a signaling node to provide always-on coverage, consuming low power, and at the same time host the control plane functions for the SDRAN through a general-purpose processing platform. The phantom cell concept is also a similar idea where a normal macrocell provides interference control to densely deployed small cells, although our initial results show that the integrated architecture has a much greater potential for energy savings than phantom cells.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) is characterized by a classical triad of neuropathy, ischemia and infection. Patient with Diabetic foot ulcers frequently required lower extremity amputations. Eighty one swab samples were collected from patient with Diabetic foot ulcers, from different hospitals in Basra governorate (Al-Fayhaa General Hospital). All samples were subjected to classical biochemical tests. Gram positive-vitek 2 card system was used for the definitive diagnosis of Gram-positive bacterial samples, 78 samples Gram-positive from 81 samples were diagnosed, and these isolates were found to be of the following species: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus lentus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus thoraltensis, Kytococcus sedentarius. Many bacterial species showed multiple-drug resistance, such as Staphylococcus aureus which were more resistant to the following antibiotics: -Oxacillin, Trimethoprim, Tetracycline. The results showed that Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus caprae, Staphylococcus lugdunensis, Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus lentus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Kytococcus sedentarius had the ability to produce biofilm which revealed by various methods, such as Congo red agar qualitative method, and tissue culture plate quantitative method.

Software-defined radio access networks (SD-RAN), dense deployment of small cells with possible macro-overlay for users with high mobility, decoupled signaling and data transmissions, or beyond cellular green generation (BCG2) architecture for enhanced energy efficiency, etc. are some of the very active research themes and most promising technologies for future RAN architecture. In this chapter, we present the idea of an integrated deployment solution for energy efficient cellular networks combining the strengths of the above mentioned themes. While SD-RAN envisions a decoupled centralized control plane and data forwarding plane for flexible control, the BCG2 architecture calls for decoupling coverage from capacity and coverage is provided through always-on low-power signaling node for a larger geographical area; capacity is catered by various on-demand data nodes or small cells for maximum energy efficiency. We identify that a combined approach bringing in both decompositions together can, not only achieve greater benefits, but also facilitates the faster realization of both technologies. We propose the idea and design of a signaling controller which acts as a signaling node to provide always-on coverage, consuming low power, and at the same time also hosts the control plane functions for the SD-RAN through a general purpose processing platform. Phantom cell concept is also a similar idea where a normal macro cell provides interference control to densely deployed small cells, although, our preliminary results show that the proposed integrated architecture has much greater potential of energy savings in comparison to phantom cells as a signaling controller is supposed to consume minimal power in comparison with the normal macro cell BS.

Anomaly detection is becoming a powerful and necessary component as wireless networks gain popularity. In this paper, we evaluate the efficacy of PCA based anomaly detection for wireless mesh networks (WMN). PCA based method [1] was originally developed for wired networks. Our experiments show that it is possible to detect different types of anomalies, such as Denial-of-service (DoS) attack, port scan attack [1], etc., in an interference prone wireless environment. However, the PCA based method is found to be very sensitive to small changes in flows causing non-negligible number of false alarms. This problem prompted us to develop an anomaly identification scheme which automatically identifies the flow(s) causing the detected anomaly and their contributions in terms of number of packets. Our results show that the identification scheme is able to differentiate false alarms from real anomalies and pinpoint the culprit(s) in case of a real fault or threat. Moreover, we also found that the threshold value used in [1] for distinguishing normal and abnormal traffic conditions is based on assumption of normally distributed traffic which is not accurate for current network traffic which is mostly self-similar in nature. Adjusting the threshold also reduced the number of false alarms considerably. The experiments were performed over an 8 node mesh testbed deployed in a suburban area, under different realistic traffic scenarios. Our identification scheme facilitates the use of PCA based method for real-time anomaly detection in wireless networks as it can filter the false alarms locally at the monitoring nodes without excessive computational overhead.

Anomaly detection is emerging as a necessary component as wireless networks gain popularity. Anomaly detection has been addressed broadly in wired networks and powerful methods have been developed for correct detection of a variety of known attacks and other anomalies. In this paper, we propose a real-time anomaly detection and identification scheme for wireless mesh networks (WMN) using components from previous methods developed for wired networks. Experiments over a WMN testbed show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in isolating different types of anomalies, such as Denial-of-service attacks, port scan attacks, etc. Our scheme uses Chi-square statistics and it is based on similar ideas as the scheme presented by Lakhina et al. although it has lower computational complexity. The original method by Lakhina et al. was developed for wired networks and used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for reducing the dimensions of observed data and Hotelling's t 2 statistics to distinguish between normal and abnormal traffic conditions. However, in our studies we found that dimension reduction is the most computationally intensive process of the scheme. In this paper we propose an alternative way of reducing dimensions using flow variances in a Chi-square test. Experimental results show that the Chi-square test performs similarly well to the PCA-based method at merely a fraction of the computations. Moreover, we propose an automatic identification scheme to pin-point the cause of the detected anomaly and its contribution in terms of additional or lack of traffic. Our results and comparison with other statistical tools show that the Chi-square test and the PCA-based method with identification scheme make powerful tools for real-time detection of various anomalies in an interference prone wireless networking environment.

In this paper, we present a monitoring assisted routing scheme for wireless mesh networks which exploits the broadcast nature of wireless transmissions at special routers with added monitoring functionalities. These routers listen to the transmissions in neighborhood and compare the routing behavior against the routing state collectively maintained by them. If any inconsistency is found, as a result of software/hardware malfunction, these routers try to determine the node causing it and recover from it in a timely fashion. The scheme is developed for wireless mesh networks where the communication overhead is a critical issue. The performance evaluation of our scheme shows considerable improvement in reliability (i.e., delivery ratio) with minimal overhead under situations of malfunctions.

Wireless mesh networks (WMN) have attracted considerable interest in recent years as a convenient, flexible and low-cost alternative to wired communication infrastructures in many contexts. However, the great majority of research on metropolitan-scale WMN has been centered around maximization of available bandwidth, suitable for non-real-time applications such as Internet access for the general public. On the other hand, the suitability of WMN for mission-critical infrastructure applications remains by and large unknown, as protocols typically employed in WMN are, for the most part, not designed for real-time communications. In this paper, we describe the Smart Transport and Roads Communications (STaRComm) project at National ICT Australia (NICTA), which sets a goal of designing a wireless mesh network architecture to solve the communication needs of the traffic control system in Sydney, Australia. This system, known as SCATS (Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System)and used in over 100 cities around the world, connects a hierarchy of several thousand devices -- from individual traffic light controllers to regional computers and the central Traffic Management Centre (TMC)-- and places stringent requirements on the reliability and latency of the data exchanges. We discuss our experience in the deployment of an initial testbed consisting of 7 mesh nodes placed at intersections with traffic lights, and share the results and insights learned from our measurements and initial trials in the process.

Rural areas have very low revenue potential. The major issue in providing low-cost broadband to rural areas is to provide reliable backhaul connections that spread over tens or even hundreds of miles, connecting villages to the nearest service provider. Along with aerial networks of Google and Facebook, there has been a considerable amount of research toward long-distance terrestrial WiFi links. As a comparison, WiFi routers are easier to be deployed and maintained by non-technical people from the local communities, whereas the aerial networks require professional support to operate. Moreover, they are still in the experimentation phase. However, the long distance WiFi links require high-gain directional antennas and very expensive tall towers for high data rates. On the other hand, multihop paths with stronger links may provide better data rates without the need of tall towers. In this paper, we evaluated the concept of using such multihop WiFi links for long backhaul connections. Our simulation results show that these networks can possibly be a cost-effective and practical solution for rural connectivity. These initial results can serve as a first step to understand the comprehensive feasibility of using multihop WiFi networks for backhaul connections in rural area.

In this position paper, we identify the potential of an integrated deployment solution for energy efficient cellular networks combining the strengths of two very active research themes: software defined radio access networks (SD-RAN) [1] and decoupled signaling and data transmissions, or beyond cellular green generation (BCG2) architecture, for enhanced energy efficiency [2]. While SD-RAN envisions a decoupled centralized control plane and data forwarding plane for flexible control, the BCG2 architecture calls for decoupling coverage from capacity and coverage is provided through always-on low-power signaling node for a larger geographical area; capacity is catered by various on-demand data nodes for maximum energy efficiency. In this paper, we identify that a combined approach bringing in both specifications together can, not only achieve greater benefits, but also facilitates the faster realization of both technologies. We propose the idea and design of a signaling controller which acts as a signaling node to provide always-on coverage, consuming low power, and at the same time also hosts the control plane functions for the SD-RAN through a general purpose processing platform. Phantom cell concept is also a similar idea where a normal macro cell provides interference control to densely deployed small cells [3], although, our initial results show that the integrated architecture has much greater potential of energy savings in comparison to phantom cells.

In model driven or model based experimentation, the model of the experiment is a key component of the closed loop model of the process. The model is created through interaction with the team designing the experimental organizations as well as the team creating the experimental environment. Starting with preliminary descriptions, the model evolves as more specific details are available and influences the final experimental design. The methodology used to design the model reflects both the types of design information available and the underlying hypothesis of the experiment. Experiments validating fixed types of structures or processes lead to a model designed with a Structured Analysis Design Technique which leads to an explicit but rigid model design. Experiments investigating adaptation require a more flexible model which can be created using an Object Oriented design approach. This leads to a more flexible, object view of the experimental design. Either approach leads to an appropriate set of models from which an executable model can be derived. The executable model is used to carry out simulations In order to analyze the dynamic behavior of the model, an input scenario must be created based on the actual inputs that will be used in the experimental setting. When the model is stimulated with the scenario, its behavior can be observed and its performance measured on different criteria. Because it is a computer simulation, input parameters can be varied, constraints can be relaxed, and other variables (possibly) affecting the hypotheses can be explored to see their effect on the model and by inference the experiment. These results can then be made available to the design teams to influence further iterations of the design. Indeed, the model allows the consideration of many excursions, a situation that is not possible when the experiments include teams of humans.

In this paper, reliability of WiFi multihop backhaul connections, in terms of probability of successful packet delivery, is analyzed in detail. The major issue in providing a cost-effective rural broadband network is to connect the remote sites to the existing network and with each other over distances of tens or hundreds of miles. There has been a lot of research activity around long distance WiFi links. These links require high-gain directional antennas and very expensive tall towers to maintain LoS (Line-of-Sight). In this paper, we evaluated, using empirical models, the idea of using multiple hop connections in linear topology, also termed as multihop chains, for rural backhaul. Reliability of WiFi chains is evaluated in adverse conditions of radio propagation and in the presence of node failures. This analysis shows promising potential of cost-effective WiFi chain networks as backhauls with reasonable reliability. Considerable improvement in reliability and robustness can be achieved by providing some redundancy in network topology. Networks with redundant nodes can tolerate larger separation between adjacent nodes, thus reducing the overall deployment cost.

ETX (Expected Transmission Count) is shown to be the best link metric in terms of higher throughput for wireless multi-hop network with stationary-nodes having single radio. Some recent work, however, shows that ETX may exhibit high sensitivity to interference and a single TCP flow can increase the metric value by 10000% [1]. Such a change indicates that routing protocols, based on ETX, might be playing with random numbers without bringing any significant benefits of considering link quality. It is suggested that broadcast-based estimation of ETX could be the major cause of sensitivity as other metrics based on unicast probing method did not show similar performance degradation [1]. Several proposals came forward so far focusing on better estimation techniques of ETX metric mostly using unicast probing combined with cross-layer information; however, we have not seen any investigation study as to why does broadcast-based method result in inaccurate estimation of ETX. This paper presents preliminary results of an investigation study about the sensitivity of ETX estimation based on broadcast probing and compare it with the one based on unicast probing. It is work-in-progress.

HELLO messages are widely used for neighbor discovery in routing protocols for wireless multihop networks. In this paper, we provide mathematical and experimental proofs that the current strategy of declaring a link down based on observations that a specific number of HELLO messages are lost, is not a correct strategy. In our mathematical analysis, we characterized the error bursts over wireless links by extending the Gilbert bit error model, and validate our model using HELLO loss data from our wireless mesh testbed. Our analysis shows that error burst lengths follow a geometric distribution, i.e. the probability of additional losses in the burst does not depend on the observed losses. We propose an alternative link break detection strategy where a link break is declared when the observed mean error burst length for the link is longer than the mean route recovery time. Our testbed results show that running the AODV routing protocol with our proposed strategy yields better throughput and lower control message overhead, compared to the case where AODV relies on its default settings of declaring link breaks when two consecutive HELLO messages are lost.

We propose the use of commute distance, a random walk metric, to discover anomalies in network traffic data. The commute distance based anomaly detection approach has several advantages over Principal Component Analysis (PCA), which is the method of choice for this task: (i) It generalizes both distance and density based anomaly detection techniques while PCA is primarily distance-based (ii) It is agnostic about the underlying data distribution, while PCA is based on the assumption that data follows a Gaussian distribution and (iii) It is more robust compared to PCA, i.e., a perturbation of the underlying data or changes in parameters used will have a less significant effect on the output of it than PCA. Experiments and analysis on simulated and real datasets are used to validate our claims.

ETX (Expected Transmission Count) is the best routing metric for single radio wireless mesh network (WMN) in terms of throughput as it selects the links with highest packet delivery paths. In our experiments, however, we found that under some scenarios which commonly occur in normal practice, e.g., when data rates approach channel capacity, ETX could yield lower throughput than other metrics, such as, minimum hop-count or RTT (Round Trip Time). The paper presents the experimental evidence of performance anomaly in ETX, identifies the operating conditions when anomaly occurs, and discusses the results of our investigation regarding potential causes, such as, probing overhead, load-sensitivity, etc., using simulations and testbed experiments. Results show that probing, though incurs small overhead, plays a major role in performance degradation of ETX. When node buffers are full because of higher data rate, prioritized control packets, including probes, push data packets outside the queue. When alternative paths are not very much different to each other, ETX appears worse than hop-count because of this additional buffer overflow loss. Although, this loss becomes insignificant when penalty of selecting a lossy path is higher. We also observed that ETX exhibits route oscillations due to load-sensitivity but strong correlation of its load-sensitivity with degraded performance is not found.

In this paper, we present experimental results from testbed implementation of a simple monitoring assisted local route recovery scheme for wireless mesh networks (WMN). The scheme exploits the broadcast nature of wireless transmissions at special routers with added monitoring functionalities. These routers passively listen to the transmissions in the neighborhood and compare the forwarding behavior against pre-specified thresholds. If forwarded traffic exceeds the threshold, as a result of a malfunction, e.g., Denial-of-service (DoS) attack or node failure, these routers try to isolate the node causing the problem by routing the traffic around it. The performance evaluation of our scheme shows considerable improvement in data delivery rates over standard routing schemes.

We present a mobility-aware handoff trigger mechanism that can predict the occurrence of a handoff well in advance of the actual event. Such a scheme could be used to provide smoother handoffs by enabling handoff procedures and pre-allocation of resources to be initiated prior to the actual handoff event. The handoff trigger scheme uses mobility information to predict the occurrence of a handoff event, i.e. the event when the pilot signal strength received from the target base station exceeds that received from the current base station by a given hysteresis level. The handoff trigger scheme is derived from a mobility estimation and prediction scheme, which is based on an autoregressive model or mobility. Simulation results show that the handoff trigger scheme can provide a non-trivial trigger interval with low probabilities of false alarm and missed detection.

We propose a novel scheme for tracking the mobility of users in a wireless ad hoc network. Mobile nodes track their positions using pilot signal strengths from neighboring nodes within a local coordinate system based on relative distances between nodes. Node mobility is modeled as a linear system driven by a discrete command semi-Markov process. Mobility tracking is performed using an extended Kalman filter preceded by an averaging filter. Our numerical results show that the mobility tracking scheme performs effectively and can be used to enhance routing performance in ad hoc networks.