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We fabricated an anode-type ion source driven by a charge repulsion mechanism and investigated its beam shape controlled by a Whenelt mask integrated at the front face of the source. The ion beam shape was observed to vary by changing the geometry of the Whenelt mask. As the angle of inclination of ...

We have studied detailed balancing of the directly coupled second-order YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 superconducting quantum interference device gradiometer by adjusting the line width of the center pickup loop with all other parameters fixed. We obtained a balancing factor of 1.7×10 3 for the best-balanced device. Measured gradient noise level was 2 pT/cm 2 /√Hz at 10 Hz and the corresponding field noise was 200 fT/√Hz.

We have designed a prototype single-layer second-order high-T/sub c/ SQUID gradiometer that detects the transverse field gradient, and balanced the device by adopting a step-down method. The device consists of symmetrically designed 3 parallel-connected square pickup loops that are directly coupled to the SQUID. The dimensions of side loops are 3 mm outside and 1.8 mm inside. The inner dimension of the center loop is 1 mm. Step-down balancing was achieved by varying the outer dimension of the center loop until a null response was detected under uniform fields. The uniform field was generated by a 250 mm/spl times/25 mm square coil wound on a grooved garolite tube. Deviation of the coil field along the abscissa was calculated to be less than 1/spl times/10/sup -5/ within the sample range. We have investigated response of the device to field gradients along the transverse direction. Details of the design, fabrication, and results will be discussed.

We developed a new design of the planar-type single-layer second-order SQUID gradiometer. The device consisted of 3 parallel-connected pickup loops, each of which is directly coupled to the step-edge junction dc SQUID. The device was made from a single layer of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ film patterned by photolithography with ion milling technique. Response of the device to various field distributions was tested, with 3 identical wire-wound coils coupled to each loop. Balancing was achieved by using a small piece of superconductor placed in the center loop. The gradiometer responded sensitively to the second-order field gradient, but did not respond to a uniform field or the first-order gradient. Measured off-balance was about 0.6% for the uniform field and 1.4% for the first order gradient.

We have studied the planar-type single-layer second-order high-Tc SQUID gradiometer that detects the transverse field gradient, d2Bz/dx2. The gradiometer consists of three parallel-connected rectangular pickup loops that are directly coupled to a SQUID. The pickup loops are designed in such a way that the SQUID measures the difference in the differential screening currents of neighbouring pickup loops. The SQUID has either step-edge or bicrystal Josephson junctions. The gradiometer was made from a single layer of YBa2Cu3O7 film on a 1 cm × 1 cm chip. The response of the gradiometer was tested in various flux distributions generated by three identical multiturn film coils patterned on the same chip in parallel with each pickup loop. The balanced gradiometer responded sensitively only to the second-order field gradient. Reduction of the inductive coupling between loops improved the intrinsic balance.

We developed a noble design of the planar-type single-layer second-order superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) gradiometer, and demonstrated that the gradiometer did not respond to a uniform field or the first-order gradient of the field but responded sensitively to the second-order gradient. The device consisted of three parallel-connected pickup loops, each of which is directly coupled to the step-edge junction SQUID. The entire structure was made from a single layer of YBa2Cu3O7 patterned by photolithography with ion milling technique. Response of the device to the field was tested with three identical wire-wound coils coupled to each loop and balancing was achieved by using a small piece of superconductor placed in the center loop. Measured off balance was about 0.6% for the uniform field and 1.4% for the first-order gradient, which were believed not due to intrinsic imbalance but mostly due to slight difference in alignment of the test coils.