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In line with growing interest in obesity management, there has been an increase in the amount of research focused on highly sensitive analysis systems for a small number of biomarers. In this paper, we introduce the highly ordered nanopillar electrode, featuring a high aspect ratio surface area that enables enhanced electron transfer. For fabrication of the flexible electrode, gold was evaporated by electronic beam lithography on polyurethane (PU), which has high flexibility. The fabricated nanopillar is 500 nm in diameter and 1500 nm in height. Based on the highly ordered nanostructure electrode, insulin was selected as a biomarker to monitor the insulin resistance associated with obesity. To effectively analyze the insulin, the self-assembled monolayer chemical was used to introduce the enzyme catalysis-based electrochemical immunoassay, leading to the analysis of the insulin concentration range from 0.1 to 1.0 ng/mL in the real sample. The square wave voltammetry principle was used to measure HRP-based electrochemical signal both electrochemically and quantitatively. Based on the nanostructural properties of significant electrochemical behavior, we successfully analyzed insulin in the plasma sample with high sensitivity (LOD of 0.1 ng/mL) and with high reproducibility (10%). The obtained sensitivity of nanopillar electrode is approximately 10 times (1020%) greater than that of commercial electrode. The results demonstrated that the nanopillar electrode is suitable for precise and sensitive analysis of low-level biomolecules in medical and commercial fields.

Livestock Institute, Jeollanamdo Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Kangjin 527-822, KoreaABSTRACT The present study was performed to assess the worth of using the by products for seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum) ethanol production process (SEPPB) as broiler feeds. For this purpose, 225 broiler chicks (white mini broilers) were used as experimental animals. The control (Control group) was fed with the broiler feeds. 5% mixture (5% SEPPB group) was fed with a 5% SEPPB mixture feeds, and the 10% mixture (10% SEPPB group) was fed with a 10% SEPPB group mixture feeds. The experiment was repeated for five times and 15 birds were assigned in each experiment and the experimental period was five weeks. There was no difference in the rate of weight gain until the second week of the 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group. However, the weight gain rate was increased to 6.2% for the 5% SEPPB group and 11.4% for the 10% SEPPB group as compared to the Control group at the third weeks of the experimental period. There was no statistical significant difference in terms of feed FCR and feed intake. Analyses of the quality of chicken breasts showed that pH was 2.5% higher in the 5% SEPPB group and 2.3% higher in the 10% SEPPB group. Shearing force was 31.3% lower in the 5% SEPPB group and 14.7% lower in the 10% SEPPB group, while heating loss was 14.4% lower for 5% SEPPB group and 10% SEPPB group when compared to the Control group. No significant differences were observed in terms of moisture, protein, and crude ash components in chicken breast analyses. However, crude fat was 36.8% higher in the 5% SEPPB group when compared to the Control group (P

This study was performed to investigate the differences in food choice, nutrition labeling perceptions, and prevalence of obesity due to meal skipping in Korean elementary school children. A national survey was performed in 2010 to collect data on food intake frequency, understanding of nutrition labeling, and body mass index from 2,335 fifth grade students in 118 elementary schools selected from 16 metropolitan local governments by stratified cluster sampling. The data were analyzed using the SAS 9.1 and SUDAAN 10.0 packages. Students who consumed three meals for 6-7 days during the past week were classified into the regular meal eating (RM) group (n = 1,476) and those who did not were placed into the meal skipping (MS) group (n = 859). The daily intake frequency of fruits, vegetables, kimchi, and milk was significantly lower in the MS group compared to that in the RM group (P < 0.001), whereas the daily intake frequency of soft drinks and instant noodles (ramyeon) was significantly higher in the MS group than that in the RM group (P < 0.05). The MS group demonstrated a significantly lower degree of understanding with regard to nutrition labeling and high calorie foods containing low nutritional value than that in the RM group. The distribution of obesity based on the percentile criteria using the Korean growth chart was different between the MS and RM groups. The MS group (8.97%) had a higher percentage of obese subjects than that in the RM group (5.38%). In conclusion, meal skipping was related to poor food choice, low perception of nutrition labeling, and a high prevalence of obesity in Korean fifth grade children.

Mansfield has often been noted for a visually perceptive or ‘painterly’ style of writing. If the form and content of her oeuvre are informed by the fine arts, the rhetoric involved in her text can be best termed as ‘impressionist’. Not only is her writing vibrant with light, colour and perceptual sensations, but it also established the short story, her hallmark genre, as the most appropriate mode for the impressionist record of transience, speed and mutability – the defining qualities of urban modernity. This article, accordingly, considers affinities between Mansfield and the Impressionists in terms of aesthetics, technical innovation and thematic concerns. Both based their art upon the same epistemological grounds that human knowledge and perception, conditioned by individual sensory experience at a specific time and space, are essentially subjective. They thus found conventional modes of representation inadequate to accommodate shifting awareness, seeking to forge a new aesthetic through a series of fo...

Purpose This study compared the catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) rates resulting from the use of four perineal care agents (soap-and-water, skin cleansing foam, 10% povidone-iodine, and normal saline) among patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Methods This four-group experimental study was done with 97 adult patients who had urinary catheters over 2 days in three ICUs between April and July 2008. The patients received one of the four types of perineal care. Data collected included the incidence of CAUTI at baseline (prior to perineal care) and 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after beginning perineal care. Patients were divided into UTI and non-UTI groups based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/National Healthcare Safety Network UTI definition to calculate incidence rates. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by Cox's proportional hazard analysis. Results The cumulative incidence of CAUTIs per 100 urinary catheter days were 3.18 episodes during 1 week with urinary catheter, 3.31 during 2 weeks, and 3.04 during 4 weeks. No statistically significant difference in hazard ratios of CAUTIs for each perineal care agent was evident with reference to soap-and-water at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after beginning perineal care after controlling for age, use of antibiotics, fecal incontinence, consciousness level, fever, and diabetes. Conclusions The type of perineal care does not influence the incidence of CAUTIs. Further confirmatory studies with a larger patient population should be conducted, as well as determining perineal agent preference.

Vascular networks in cancer are structurally and functionally abnormal. Abnormal blood vessel development in cancer plays an important role in cancer growth and metastasis, and blocks delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. Recent studies have revealed that the normalization of abnormal tumor vasculature is one of the promising approaches to treat cancer. Inflammatory microenvironment is one of the newly focused hallmarks of cancer, and tumor vasculature has similar features to that of inflammatory vessels. Thus, vascular inflammation is emerged as an attractive target for cancer treatment. We hypothesized that amelioration of vascular inflammation in tumor may induce vascular normalization leading to the inhibition of tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we investigated the function of ant-vascular nanoparticles in tumor growth and metastasis in LLC allograft tumor models and MMTV-PyMT, spontaneous breast tumor models using TFG and TFMG which are engineered a protein-cage nano-particle (ferritin) with both EPCR-targeting peptides (γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain of protein C) and PAR-1-activating peptides (TRAP) of thrombin on its surface. As a result, tumor growth was significantly inhibited in the nanoparticle-injected group, and the lymph node metastasis was also decreased in both animal models. It has been found that the survival rate of the nanoparticle-injected group was prolonged. TFG and TFMG normalized abnormal tumor vasculature, that is, pericytes coverage in vasculatures was significantly increased but the hypoxic regions was decreased in the nanoparticle injected group. Furthermore, when the experiment was conducted by administering cisplatin and nanoparticles together in the LLC allograft tumor model, the tumor size was synergistically increased in the case of the nanoparticle and cisplatin combination administration compared to the cisplatin alone group. Taken together, anti-vascular inflammation nanoparticles with anti-vascular inflammatory properties normalized the abnormal blood vessels and inhibited tumor formation and metastasis. It is suggested that inducing normalization of cancer blood vessels by improving the inflammatory state of blood vessels may be a promising therapeutic method for effective cancer treatment. Citation Format: Young Sun Choi, Soo Hyun Kang, Jong-Sup Bae, In-San Kim, You Mie Lee. Anti-vascular inflammatory nanoparticles inhibit tumor progression and metastasis through vascular normalization [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2132.

Spontaneous rupture of the left gastroepiploic vessel causing abdominal apoplexy or spontaneous hemoperitoneum is extremely rare. Such ambiguous condition can delay diagnosis, resulting in hypovolemic shock. Reporting such rare cases is valuable to clinicians. Here, we report a 19-year-old man who initially presented left upper quadrant pain and diaphoresis followed by vomiting after ingesting alcohol. He was diagnosed with diffuse hemoperitoneum and large amount of hematoma in left side of lesser sac due to spontaneous rupture of left gastroepiploic vessel. The patient underwent emergency exploratory laparoscopy. Bleeding was controlled by clipping the teared vessel.

본 연구는 유아의 점심 식사장소에 따라 영양소와 식품섭취량에 차이가 있는지를 조사하였다. 제5기 (2010 ~ 2012년) 국민건강영양조사 원시자료를 이용하여 개인별 24시간 회상에 의한 식품섭취조사 항목 중에서 점심 식사장소가 유아원/유치원일 경우 보육기관 점심식사군으로, 점심 식사장소가 가정과 이웃집/친척집일 경우 가정 점심 식사군으로 나누어 복합표본설계 요소를 반영한 통계분석을 실시하였다. 대상자수는 1 ~ 2세에서 보육기관 점심식사군 179명, 가정 점심식사군 367명이었고, 3 ~ 5세에서 보육기관 점심식사군 549명, 가정 점심식사군 225명이었다. 연령군별 하루 총에너지섭취량, 점심과 저녁 식사로부터 에너지 섭취량은 두 집단 간 차이가 없었으나, 아침 에너지섭취비율이 보육기관 점심식사군에서 낮은 반면에 간식 에너지섭취비율은 더 높았다. 3 ~ 5세 유아에서는 나트륨, 칼륨 및 비타민 C 섭취량이 보육기관 점심식사군에서 많았으며, 리보플라빈 섭취량은 가정 점심식사군에서 유의하게 많았다. 점심으로부터 섭취한 식품군을 비교한 결과 1 ~ 2세 보육기관 점심식사군에서 채소류 섭취량이 유의하게 많은 반면에 과일류, 난류, 우유류 섭취량은 가정 점심식사군에서 많았다. 3 ~ 5세 보육기관 점심식사군의 점심으로부터 채소류, 두류, 어패류 섭취량이 유의하게 많은 반면에 우유류 섭취량은 가정 점심식사군에서 많았다. 3 ~ 5세 유아들이 보육기관 점심으로부터 채소류, 두류, 어패류를 더 많이 섭취하고 칼륨과 비타민 C를 많이 섭취하여 보육기관 점심이 영양소 균형과 식품 다양성 측면에서 가정 점심보다 나은 것으로 판단된다. 결론적으로 유아의 성장 발육을 위한 적절한 영양 공급은 물론, 올바른 식습관 형성을 위해서 보육기관 급식은 물론, 가정 식사에서도 채소류, 생선류 등 다양한 식재료를 활용하는 노력이 요구된다.

The Korean Nutrition Society aimed at the revision of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) and its publication in 2010. KDRIs with several levels of recommendations were first established ...

We investigated the combinatorial effects of different doses of dietary soy isoflavones (SI) and fructooligosaccharide (FOS) in a rat model of colon cancer. We hypothesized that increased bioavailability of SI metabolites due to dietary FOS may increase production of bioactive equol and affect colon carcinogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. Sprague-Dawley male rats were injected with 12-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and were provided experimental diets that contained 0, 10, 50, 150, or 500 mg SI per kg of diet and 6% FOS for 12 weeks. The number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colonic tissues were significantly decreased in the 6% FOS-fed groups compared to the control group. Gut transit time and fecal pH were significantly lower, and fecal concentrations of bifidobacteria were increased with 6% FOS. However, dietary SI supplementation in combination with 6% dietary FOS did not affect ACF formation or COX-2 expression. Plasma equol concentrations were dose-dependently increased by supplementation of SI up to 500 mg/kg of diet. In conclusion, SI supplementation up to 500 mg/kg of diet appeared to have no additive beneficial effects in rats with chemically-induced colon cancer that were fed 6% FOS, although plasma equol was dose-dependently increased.

Purpose: This study was performed to examine associations of intakes of milk and dairy products, pulses, and soy foods with bone health in Koreans aged 50 yr and older. Methods: A total of 3,201 men and 3,581 women aged 50 yr and older who participated in the 2008~2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were grouped by sex and age groups of 50~64 yr and 65 yr and older. Subjects within each sex and age group were divided into three bone health groups: normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis groups based on bone mineral density. Intakes of nutrients and foods derived from 24-hour recall data were compared among three bone health groups. Associations between intake frequencies of foods, including milk, yogurt, tofu, or soy milk, and osteoporosis risk were evaluated based on confounding risk factor-adjusted logistic regression. Results: Calcium intake was in the order of normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis in men (p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05) aged 50~64 yr as well as in men aged 65 yr and older (p < 0.001). In women aged 50~64 yr, intake of milk and dairy products was lower in the osteoporosis group (p < 0.01) as compared with the osteopenia group. Intake of pulses or tofu was not significantly different among bone health groups. Odds ratio (OR) for milk intake frequency (≥ 2 times/week) compared to intake frequency less than 1 time/month was 0.45 (95% CI 0.24~0.85, p for trend = 0.022) in men aged 65 yr and older. The OR for yogurt intake frequency (1 time/month~1 time/week) was 0.47 (95% CI 0.30~0.73, p for trend = 0.019) in women aged 50~64 yr. Intake frequency of tofu or soy milk was not associated with reduced risk of osteoporosis in all groups. Conclusion: Dairy food intake was significantly associated with bone health, and its effect was sex- and age group-specific, whereas soy food intake was not. Dietary intervention to prevent osteoporosis would be effective for women aged 50~64 yr old and for men aged 65 yr and older.

The aim of this study was to determine whether Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children, which has been developed from data on urban children, can be applied to children in rural areas. A total of 200 children (108 boys and 92 girls) in fifth and sixth grade at three elementary schools in rural areas of Gyeongbuk participated in the survey conducted during June 2012. Questionnaires consisted of items on food intake frequency and dietary behavior. Food intake data were obtained using the 24-hour recall method, and nutrient intake was calculated using the CAN-Pro 4.0 Program. Percentages of children who took less than the estimated average requirement were 76.5%, 49.5%, 45.5%, 33.5%, and 26.0% for calcium, vitamin C, iron, vitamin A, and folate, respectively. Significant associations were observed between intake frequencies of vegetables, kimchi, and fruits, and intake of vitamin C, folate, and dietary fiber. White milk and legumes showed positive correlation with intake of calcium and vitamin A. Eating breakfast, meal regularity, and diverse side dishes showed positive correlation with intake of folate and calcium. The 19 food checklist items could be categorized according to five factors. The mean NQ score of the subjects was 62.0, which was similar to that of urban children, 64.4. NQ score and factor scores for balance, regularity, and practice were significantly lower in children with lower socioeconomic level as compared to those with higher socioeconomic level. Higher NQ score showed an association with increased intake of vitamin B2, folate, vitamin C, and calcium. In conclusion, NQ offers a valuable instrument for evaluation of food habit and dietary quality of rural children as well as urban children, and children with low socioeconomic status should be monitored by testing with NQ checklist before implementation of nutrition programs.

This study aimed at investigating the perception and action plans of the school breakfast program (SBP) proposed by nutrition teachers and dietitians at elementary, middle, and high schools in Gyeongbuk province. The survey was carried via questionnaires throughout April to May 2010. Two hundred ten questionnaires were returned (52.5%) and out of the total, 194 were used for analysis. Of the respondents, 73% disagreed and 27% agreed to the implementation of SBP, although most respondents agreed to the importance of eating breakfast in children. The percentage of disagreement was higher among subjects with working experience of 15 years and more, age of 40 years and more, and those who were employed at elementary schools. The primary reasons of disagreement were 'eating breakfast with family is better' and 'it increases the cost of school foodservice'. The respondents preferred students' optional participation (62.9%) over universal participation (37.1%) of SBP. Action plans of SBP, which were proposed by nutrition teachers and dietitians, included direct operating system by the school, food delivery schedule prior to the day of serving, 2-3 hours of preparation time, serving food 50 minutes before the start of classes, and convenient style menu served at the school cafeteria. Efforts to lessen foodservice employees' workload as well as support from school principals and the Office of Education were suggested as prerequisites for a successful SBP implementation.

This study investigated dietary behavior and nutrient intake in children with developmental disorders as compared with non-disabled children and assessed the relationship between dietary behavior and nutrient intake. The survey was conducted on 118 students (4 th and 5 th grade) of four special education schools and 244 students of an elementary school (control group). The survey was carried out using a questionnaire and an interview. Of the disabled children, children with a mental disorder comprised 72.9% and those with emotional disorders including autism comprised 26.3%. The average percentages of height and weight to standards for age were significantly lower in the disabled female children as compared with the non-disabled female children. Scores for table utensil handling skills, eating behavior, and an unbalanced diet were lower in the disabled children compared with those in the non-disabled children. Dietary behavior scores were not significantly different by either gender or age in the disabled children. Mean energy intake was less than the estimated energy requirement in both groups. Nutrients taken at less than the recommended intake level were calcium, iron, vitamin A, and folate in both groups. Food behavior score at mealtime, personal hygiene score at mealtime, and an unbalanced diet score were significantly correlated with iron and vitamin A intake in disabled male chil dren. Personal hygiene score at mealtime was significantly correlated with calcium, iron, and vitamin A intake, and un balanced diet score was significantly correlated with iron and vitamin A intake in disabled female children. Although the nutritional status of disabled children with developmental disorders was appropriate in general, improvement in their dietary behaviors through education and practice would allow them to eat balanced diets with essential nutrients. (Korean J Nutr 2012; 45(1): 44 ~ 56)

This pilot study was performed to produce data of the Children's Dietary Life Safety (CDLS) Index which is required by the Special Act on Safety Management of Children's Dietary Life and to evaluate the CDLS Index for 7 metropolitan cities and 9 provinces in Korea. To calculate the CDLS Index score, data regarding the evaluation indicators in the children's food safety domain and children's nutrition safety domain were collected from the local governments in 2009. For data regarding the indicators in the children's perception & practice domain, a survey was conducted on 2,400 5th grade children selected by stratified sampling in 16 local areas. Relative scores of indicators in each domain were calculated using the data provided by local governments and the survey, the weights are applied on relative scores, and then the CDLS Index scores of local governments were produced by adding scores of the 3 domains. The national average scores of the food safety domain, the nutrition safety domain and the perception and practice domain were 23.74 (14.67-26.50 on a 40-point scale), 16.65 (12.25-19.60 on a 40-point scale), and 14.88 (14.16-15.30 on a 20-point scale), respectively. The national average score of the CDLS Index which was produced by adding the scores of the three domains was 55.27 ranging 46.44-58.94 among local governments. The CDLS Index scores produced in this study may provide the motivation for comparing relative accomplishment and for actively achieving the goals through establishment of the target value by local governments. Also, it can be used as useful data for the establishment and improvement of children's dietary life safety policy at the national level.

The objective of this study is to select a simple and easy measurable food behavior checklist for the development of Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for children, which reflects children's diet quality, as well as to evaluate the validity of the items in the food behavior checklist. The first 36 items in the checklist were established by an expert review, modifying the preliminary 50 items in the checklist, which had been selected by a literature review and the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. 341 children in 5th and 6th grades at an elementary school participated in a one-day dietary record survey, and later responded to 36 food behavior questions of the checklist. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the responses to the food behavior checklist items along with the mean nutrient intakes of the children were calculated. From the result, in which responses of food frequency and food behavior items showed certain association with the dietary record data, a second checklist with 22 items was selected. A survey was conducted by using the second checklist. 1,393 children in the 5th and 6th grades at 12 elementary schools in metropolitan cities, such as Seoul, Busan, Gwangju, Daegu, Daejeon, and Incheon, participated in the survey. Further, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. After the analysis, 19 items (10 items from food frequency and 9 items from food behavior) were finalized as the food behavior checklist items for the NQ. The final 19 food behavior checklist items were composed of 5 factors: 'Balance', 'Diversity', 'Moderation', 'Regularity', and 'Practice'. This study is a significant first trial to establish a comprehensive system for evaluating children's food habit and diet quality. This checklist might need continuous modification and revision reflecting the change of children's dietary life and the social environment.

This study was performed to develop a children’s dietary life safety index required by the Special Act on Safety Management of Children’s Dietary Life enacted in 2009. An analytical hierarchy process was used to obtain initial weights of dietary life safety evaluation indicators. The Delphi method was applied to develop the weights along with 98 food and nutrition professionals. Three representative policy indicators, nine strategy indicators, 11 main evaluation indicators, and 20 detailed evaluation indicators were selected for the children’s dietary life safety assessment. Three policy indicators and nine strategy indicators were the following: children’s food safety indicator (support level of children’ safety, safety management level of children’s favorite foods, and safety management level of institutional food service), children’s nutrition safety indicator (management level of missing meals and obesity, nutrition management level of children’s favorite foods, and nutrition management level of institutional food service), and children’s perception and practice level indicator (“Dietary Life Law” perception level, perception, and practice level for dietary life safety management, perception, and practice level for nutrition management). Weights of 40%, 40%, and 20% were given for the three representative policy indicators. The relative importance of nine strategic indicators, which were determined by the Delphi method is as follows: For children’s food safety, support level of children’s safety, safety management level of children’s favorite foods, and safety management level of institutional food service were given weights of 12%, 9%, and 19%, respectively. For children’s nutrition safety, the missing meals and obesity management level, nutrition management level of children’s favorite foods, and the nutrition management level of institutional food service were given weights of 13%, 11%, and 16%, respectively. The “Dietary Life Law” perception level, perception and practice level of dietary life safety management, and perception and practice level of nutrition management were given weights of 4%, 7%, and 9%, respectively. (Ko

This study was conducted to improve the nutritional status of high school girls via lunch menu intervention. Surveys were carried out twice to evaluate basal status and status after lunch menu intervention. In the first survey nutrient intakes of 24-hour and school lunch were each estimated by 24-hour recall dietary survey and self-recording, respectively. Calcium intake was the lowest among nutrients, and stir-frying was the most preferred cooking method. Five dishes of school lunch menus which were included in the first survey were replaced with recipes containing foods with higher calcium level; anchovy stir-fried with red pepper paste, anchovy stir-fried with almond, pork stirfried with shredded kelp, crab meat soup, and tteokbokki with cheese. In the second survey calcium intake from school lunch was significantly (p < 0.001) increased from 45.5% to 50.2% of one thirds of recommended intake (RI) after calcium enriched lunch menu intervention. Intakes of vitamin A and E were also significantly increased, whereas those of energy, thiamin, and vitamin C were decreased. Index of nutritional quality values of nutrients of 24-hour intakes (except thiamin, vitamin B6, vitamin C) is increased by intervention; however, those of calcium, folic acid, iron are still very low. Even though this study shows a possibility of improving nutrient intakes of students through school lunch menu intervention, lunch intervention by itself is not enough action to improve nutritional status of micronutrient for adolescents. (Korean J Community Nutr 16(2) : 265~277, 2011) KEY WORD : calcium enriched menu·school lunch menu intervention·Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans·high school students ————————————————————————— 서 론 ————————————————————————— 청소년기는 일생에서 제2의 급성장기로서 신체적 성장과 성숙이 가속적으로 이루어져 성장이 완성되어 가는 시기이 며 정서적 발달과 더불어 가치관이 형성되어가는 중요한 시 기로 식습관 또한 고정되어 가는 시기이다. 청소년기의 올바 른 식사행동은 급격한 신체적 성장과 활동량의 증가로 인한 높은 영양섭취기준을 충족시켜 주며, 심리적 안정 및 성격 형 성에 많은 영향을 주며 이 시기의 좋은 식습관은 균형 잡힌 식사를 영위하게 함으로써 일생을 통한 건강의 기초가 된다 (Ku 등 2006). 특히 여성의 경우 모체로 준비되어지는 시 기이므로 청소년기의 잘못 형성된 식습관은 성인이 된 이후 뿐 아니라 다음 세대에도 바람직하지 못한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 우리나라의 많은 청소년들은 아침결식, 잦은 간식, 편식 및 폭식 등과 같은 바람직하지 못한 식습관 뿐 아니라 식품선택 에 있어서도 맛을 위주로 하여 가공식품 및 즉석식품에 대한 선호도가 높으며, 지방, 콜레스테롤 및 염분 섭취는 높고 칼 슘, 비타민 A, 철은 부족하게 섭취하는 등 영양적으로 불균 형적인 식사를 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다(Shim 등 2001; Yi 등 2006). Kim(2010)의 연구에 의하면 중학생에서 학 년이 높아질수록 영양지식 점수는 높아지나 학업에 대한 부 접수일: 2011년 1월 31일 접수 수정일: 2011년 2월 22일 수정 채택일: 2011년 3월 03일 채택 Corresponding author: Bok-Seon Bae, Department of Nutritional Education, Graduate School of Education, Daegu University, Jilyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-714, Korea Tel: (053) 850-6830, Fax: (053) 850-6839 E-mail: bbseon@hanmail.net 266·여고생 대상 학교급식 식단 조정과 영양평가 담감으로 식습관 및 식태도 점수는 낮아진다고 보고하여 학 년이 올라갈수록 식생활 태도가 더 부적절한 것으로 보고되 었다. 실제로 과중한 학업에 대한 스트레스와 조기 등교로 인 해 아침결식률이 20~30% 정도로 높다는 것은 많은 선행연 구들을 통해 지속적으로 보고되고 있다(Yi & Yang 2006; Cho & Yu 2007; Kim 등 2009). 상급학교로 올라갈수록 등교 시간이 빨라짐으로 인해 아침결식률도 증가하여 아침 을 전혀 먹지 않거나 일주일에 2~3번 먹는 학생의 비율이 초등학생 19.4%에서 중학생 24.4%, 고등학생 35.6%로 증 가하고 있다. 이러한 아침결식은 간식섭취빈도를 증가시키 는 요인이 되며, 심지어 아침을 거르거나 충분히 섭취하지 않 을 경우 간식으로부터 하루 에너지의 약 1/4을 섭취한다고 도 한다(Yeoh 등 2009). 특히 여고생의 경우는 체형이나 외모에 대한 관심이 높아 체중조절의 목적으로 점심이나 저 녁 결식률 또한 10~20%에 달하고 있어(Cho & Yu 2007) 식생활을 통해 필요한 영양소의 공급이 적절하게 이루어지 기에 많은 문제점이 있는 것으로 보여 진다. 실제로 2008년 국민건강영양조사 결과(Ministry of Health, Welfare and Families & Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 2009)를 보면, 12~18세 연령층에서 단백질, 인, 나트륨, 티아민을 제외한 대부분의 영양소(에너지, 칼슘, 칼륨, 철, 비타민 A, 리보플라빈, 비타민 C)는 권장섭취량 또 는 충분섭취량에 미치지 못하였다. 특히 12~18세 여자 청 소년의 철과 칼슘의 섭취는 평균섭취량 미만 섭취비율이 각 각 64.7%, 90.4%에 달하여, 청소년의 정상적인 성장 발달 을 위해 영양섭취를 향상시킬 수 있는 다양한 연구가 시도되 어야 하겠다. 성장기 학생들을 대상으로 한 학교급식은 장기적인 안목 에서 미래의 사회를 위한 건강한 인재를 육성한다는 교육적 인 투자목적을 가지고 국가경쟁력 강화를 위한 정책 사업으 로 시행되고 있다. 우리나라 학교 급식도 성장기 학생들에게 필요한 영양을 공급하고, 민주시민으로서의 자질을 함양하 며, 올바른 식습관을 확립하고, 우리 고유의 음식을 보급하 고, 식사 예절을 바르게 형성시키는 것을 목표로 실시되고 있 다(Mo 등 2006). 대부분의 시간을 가정 밖에서 보내는 청 소년들의 경우 학교급식은 이들의 식생활에서 큰 비중을 차 지하며 영양공급 측면에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 아침 결 식의 빈도가 높고 저녁 식사가 부실하게 이루어지는 우리나 라 청소년들의 식습관 특성상 고등학교시기에 학교급식으로 제공되는 점심으로부터 공급받는 영양소의 상대적인 비중은 높을 수밖에 없으므로 점심급식은 하루 전체의 영양섭취량 을 고려한 건강 지향적인 영양 균형식으로 제공되어야 하겠다. 그러나 학교급식을 통한 칼슘, 엽산 및 철분 등과 같은 미 량영양소의 섭취가 낮은 경향은 여러 연구에서 보고되고 있 는데, Yi & Kwak(2008)은 서울 지역 남녀 고등학생의 점 심급식을 통한 영양섭취량을 잔반조사와 자가 섭취상태 조 사법으로 실시했을 때 칼슘은 학교급식 영양관리기준의 36% 밖에 섭취하지 않아 매우 불량한 상태였으며 에너지, 단백 질, 인, 나트륨, 티아민, 니아신은 권장섭취기준의 100% 이 상을, 철분, 칼륨, 비타민 A, 리보플라빈, 비타민 C 등은 50~73%의 수준으로 섭취한 것으로 조사하였다. 디지털 사 진을 이용하여 중학생들의 급식 섭취량을 조사한 연구(Jung 등 2009)에서도 칼슘의 섭취량은 남학생 168.9 mg 여학 생 181.2 mg으로 섭취량이 낮으며 그 외에도 철분, 리보플 라빈, 나이아신등의 섭취상태가 낮은 것으로 보고하고 있다. 외국의 경우에도, Gould 등(2006)이 학교 내에서의 보다 나은 식습관을 장려하기 위해 Breakfast Club, School Nutrition Action Group등과 같은 정부 주도형의 기관들이 다양하게 존재하는 영국에서, 사회경제적 여건이 취약한 조 건의 11~12세 학생들이 학교급식을 통한 미량영양소의 섭 취가 국가에서 제시한 기준치에 미달한다고 하여 학교급식 을 통해 영양섭취량을 충족시키는 것이 쉽지 않음을 보여주 고 있다. 학교급식이 청소년들의 영양섭취에서 중요한 비중 을 차지하는 현실에서 급식을 통해 영양섭취기준을 만족시 키기 어렵다는 점은 학생들의 기호도와 영양공급의 양면을 고려하여야 하는 식단 작성의 어려움을 보여준다고 하겠다. 이에 본 연구는 경북지역 1,2학년 여고생을 대상으로 식 행동 및 영양섭취량을 파악하여 가장 섭취가 부족한 영양소 의 상태를 향상시키기 위하여, 기존의 학교 급식 식단을 영 양소의 함량을 높인 새로운 메뉴로 조정하여 여고생의 영양 섭취에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 하였다. ————————————————————————— 연구대상 및 방법 —————————————————————————

Middle-school students (158 boys and 199 girls) and their mothers were asked about nutritional attitudes, nutritional knowledge, dietary habits, and food intake using a questionnaire to examine whether nutritional knowledge and dietary behaviors of mothers affected their children's dietary habits. Nutritional attitude scores (total, 15 points) and nutritional knowledge scores (total, 20 points) of girls were 11.24 and 16.13 points, respectively, which were significantly higher than 10.47 and 15.43 points for boys. Generally, mothers received higher points than their children for all scores surveyed, but the results were not significantly different between boys' mothers and girls' mothers. The mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated from dietary nutrient intakes to assess overall quality of meals. The results showed that girls had a higher MAR than that of boys (0.89 vs. 0.86, p < 0.01). Relationships among variables were examined by Pearson's cor- relation coefficient within children and between children and their mothers. Significant positive correlations were ob - served between nutritional attitudes and knowledge in both boys and girls. In girls, positive correlations between nutri- tional attitudes and dietary habits, nutritional knowledge and dietary habits, and dietary habits and MAR were also sig- nificant. In boys, only dietary habits and MAR were correlated with those of their mothers. Nutritional attitudes, dietary habits, and the MAR of girls' mothers were significantly correlated with nutritional attitude, dietary habits and the MAR of girls. The results indicate that the influence of mothers on dietary behaviors of children was greater in girls than that in boys, suggesting that a gender-specific nutrition education program is needed for middle school students. (Korean J Nutr 2011; 44(2): 140 ~ 151)

We conducted this study to examine the effects of safflower seed granular tea containing physiologically active polyphenols on antioxidative activities and bone metabolism. Forty postmenopausal women ages 49 to 64-years were recruited from Daegu and Gyeongbuk and were randomly assigned to either a safflower tea supplement (Saf-tea) group (n = 27) or a placebo group (n = 13). The Saf-tea group received 20 g of safflower seed granule tea per day containing a 13% ethanol extract of defatted safflower seeds, whereas the placebo group received a similar type of tea that lacked the ethanol extract. No significant changes in nutrient intake for either the placebo or Saf-tea groups were observed before or after the study period, except vitamin A intake increased after 6 months in the Saf-tea group. Dietary phytoestrogen intakes were similar in the Saf-tea group (60.3 mg) and placebo group (52.5 mg). Significant increases in plasma genistein and enterolactone were observed in the Saf-tea group. After 6 months of supplementation, serum levels of antioxidant vitamins such as α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid increased significantly, and TBARS levels decreased in the Saf-tea group compared to the placebo group. Serum osteocalcin levels were reduced (P < 0.05) in the Saf-tea group after 6 months, whereas serum osteocalcin did not change in the placebo group. Urinary deoxypyridinoline/creatinine excretion was not different between the two groups at baseline, and did not change in either group after 6 months. Bone mineral density decreased significantly in the placebo group (P < 0.01) but not in the supplemented group. It was concluded that polyphenols (72 mg/day), including serotonin derivatives, in the Saf-tea had both antioxidant and potential bone protecting effects in postmenopausal women without liver toxicity.

The purposes of this study were to establish the scope of population groups to be set and nutrients to be included for Codex Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). Examination of a variety of documents and reports on the principles of scientific evidence was gone through to choose representative groups from a variety of population groups and kinds of nutrients for setting Codex NRVs. Also, hearings from the groups of NRVs expertise has been formed and was gone through by e-working process. The differences of food and foods being consumed in general and by specific population groups and limited actual space on packages for food labeling were considered. This paper suggest the options on the scope of population groups to be set and nutrients to be included for Codex NRVs on the basis of the above procedures. Also, the advantages and disadvantages of these options are commented when the options are applied for establishment and revision of the Codex NRVs. (Korean J Nutr 2009; 42(2): 189 ~ 196)

There has been a need to update the current Codex nutrient reference values (NRVs) which had been established following the Helsinki Consultation in 1988. The main purposes of NRVs are to help consumers compare the nutrient content of different food products and estimate the usefulness of a food product in terms of its percentage contribution to the overall healthful diets. The establishment of Codex NRVs for labelling purposes is intended to facilitate the goals of protecting consumers’ health and ensuring fair practices in food trade. When revising the Codex NRVs several issues are needed to discussed, which are: 1) Consideration of population groups whether to have one set of NRVs for general population or to have several sets of NRVs for each population groups, 2) Determination of scope of nutrients such as what nutrients to include and what reference values to choose and 3) Development of principles for establishing NRVs such as the selection of suitable reference values among many including recommended intake/recommended dietary allowances, estimated average requirement and upper levels to extract NRVs. This paper will discuss the above issues and the inputs and efforts that the Korean Nutrition Society had put into to carry out the project, “International Collaboration on the Revision and Addition of the Codex Nutrient Reference Values for Food Labelling Purposes,” and to ascertain relevant scientific principles and evidences that are utilized for establishment and revision of the Codex NRVs.

Background and Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether antioxidant supplementation with tocopherol, vitamin C, β-carotene, and selenium reduces lipid peroxide levels and increases antioxidative enzyme activities in patients with coronary heart disease. Subjects and Methods:Eighty nine patients participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The antioxidant group (45 patients) was given daily doses of tocopherol (400 IU), vitamin C (500 mg), β-carotene (15 mg), and selenium (50 μg) and the placebo group (44) received placebo. Thirty eight of the antioxidant group (84.4%) and thirty nine (88.6%) of the placebo group completed the 3-month supplementation. Results:Serum levels of α-tocopherol, vitamin C and β-carotene were significantly increased in the antioxidant group as compared to the placebo group (p