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Civil engineers have to obtain the consensus of social opinions in order to produce the structures. As the result, the design of structures is reflected by the age and the social conditions.The level of a functional design, which has a social consensus, is defined as a design standard. The design standard indicates the top levels of technology in every age. A lot of matters are hidden behind the background of the standard. The history of the standard also shows the global tide of technology for an each structure. From a point of view, the history should be put on the trunk of civil engineering history in this sense. However there is no paper that analyze the history of design standards as aproblem of the civil engineering history.In this paper, as the civil engineering history generalize the authors the history of gate-valve design standards, for example, “Flood-Gate and Iron Pipe Standard” and “Dam and Weir Technical Standard”.

The air pollution caused by CO2 from fossil fuel origin was quantitatively studied by radiocarbon (14C) measurement on the samples of new leaves taken from roadside trees. In the area where concentration of CO2 (12CO2+13CO2) of fossil fuel origin was high, the count of β-ray radiation from 14C tended to be low. The relation between the concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the air and the count of β-ray radiation from the leaf samples could be represented by a linear regression, Y= (17.568/X) -67.385; r = -0.995Where Y is the SO2 concentration in ppb and X is the β-ray radiation count (Bq/g-carbon) .

Two methods were employed to study the fast contrast reversal of magnetic domain images by a photoelastic modulator (PEM). A PEM combined with a quarter-wave plate acts as a polarization rotator, and enables domain observation with fast contrast reversal under exposure to pulsating light. Contrast reversal in as little as 10 ?s is possible. However, the PEM is driven sinusoidally, hence the domain contrast is modulated, resulting in a low average contrast. When a PEM was employed as a phase compensator with a garnet film polarization rotator, it could dynamically compensate for unwanted contributions from the ellipticity of the sample and the garnet rotator. This combination provided not only fast contrast reversal, but even higher contrast compared with that obtained in conventional methods involving the mechanical rotation of an analyzer. In the latter method, a domain image contrast of 0.82 was derived theoretically, and a contrast of 0.76 was obtained experimentally, for domains with ? k =0.19° and ? k =0.13°, whereas the contrast using the conventional mechanical method was 0.72.

The sensitivity of magnetooptical detection of small fields with multidomain materials under a coherent light is discussed. For fields below the saturation, a novel scheme is proposed to increase sensitivity. Separate detection of the undeflected zeroth-order beam and diffracted beams enables their opposing responses to be added. A garnet of theta /sub F/=60 degrees (where /sub F/ is the saturation Faraday rotation) yielded a high sensitivity of more than twice that in the conventional optical configuration while a material of theta /sub F/=90 degrees offers a theoretical improvement of a factor of four. >

Few reports of open heart surgery being performed in patients with von Willebrand disease (vWD) have been documented. We describe, herein the case of a 5-year-old girl with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and vWD who underwent patch closure under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The hematological parameters relating to vWD, namely, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, and factor VIII-related antigen were monitored perioperatively. These laboratory findings were elevated after the termination of CPB, and consistently maintained within the normal range for 4 months postoperatively. The operation was successfully completed without the administration of factor VIII concentrates or homologous blood products.

This paper describes a simple method for measuring the cubic anisotropy in garnet films. In (111)-oriented garnet films, the magnetization M is rotated from the film normal to the film plane by applying an in-plane field H//. The [111] component Mz of the magnetization M is measured magneto-optically. A plot of MzH// vs. Mz yields an approximately linear relation where the intercept of the line on the MzH// axis changes with the direction of H//, Thus, the cubic anisotropy K1 as well as the uniaxial anisotropy Ku can be estimated from the slope and the intercepts of the extrapolated straight lines for different directions of H//. This method is very simple and may be applied to films whose crystallographic axes in the film plane are unknown. With an adequate choice of the azimuth of the in-plane field, K1 has been estimated with an accuracy of 30%.

Measurement and imaging of medical information invisible directly to human eyes are indispensable to improved diagnoses and to the delivery of quality medical care. This paper discusses development of a multichannel Doppler flowmeter for noninvasive measurement of blood flow in the human heart and the use of a computing system for visual representation of the blood flow profile. Data acquisition from multiple sites of the human body has been greatly simplified by the use of multichannel data acquisition systems developed through research. Also, a new method for discriminating the direction of blood flow, which is far better suited to digital computer processing, is here proposed and methods for displaying the flow using a color/gray level displaying system and a graphic terminal as a data output device are discussed to represent the flow information in a three-dimensional and dynamic manner. Since it has been said in general that Doppler flowmetry is to some extent quantitatively inadequate the accuracy of the developed measuring method is determined by a simulated experiment. Although the data acquired from the measuring system are as yet processed off-line, real-time processing seems to be feasible if an arrow processor is employed.

A new type of laser beam deflector using LPE garnet films is presented. The operation is based on the fact that diffraction angle of laser beam is varied by controlling the spacing of parallel stripe domains under the application of a magnetic field. Two methods are proposed to control the domain spacing, namely application of the in-plane field and perpendicular magnetic fields accompanied with anhysteretic high frequency magnetic field. The ratio of maximum to minimum domain spacing is 1.1-1.8, the diffraction efficiency is 0.002-0.08%, and the deflection angle is controlled over a range 3.3-2.2 deg.

Successful resection of an ascending aortic aneurysm under cardiopulmonary bypass associated with auxiliary carotid and coronary perfusion is reported. The advantages of the cardiopulmonary bypass such as the present method in surgery of aneurysms of the ascending aorta and aortic arch are discussed.

A new type of reactor period meter utilizing multi-pulse magnetic counter as a neutron level comparator is described. The counter, which is initially counted for a unit interval at any time, is subtracted by one count for each input pulse after a fixed time-lag. The time required to empty the counter may be converted to reactor period by usage of a logic matrix. Ring ferrite cores are used as high speed shaping element and high speed pental counting element, and Deltamax core (50 Ni-Fe alloy) as decimal counting one. These pental and decimal counting circuits are originated from dividing the total magnetic flux amount (from negative to positive saturation) into 5 and 10 steps, respectively, and changing the flux level in the magnetic core stepwise corresponding to each input pulse. The period meter construction with magnetic cores results in increasing simplicity and reliability, and is much superior to the conventional circuit with a logarithmic amplifier and a differential circuit.

In order to make plans for corrosion control of underground metallic structures it is necessary to survey the sheath current and potential against the ground. A current and voltage recording instrument which was designed for making an electrolysis survey is described and field tests results are reported. The instrument consists of a push-pull self-saturation type magnetic amplifier and a conventional electrical recording voltmeter. It was found to perform as follows:For obtaining 0.6 volt (this corresponds to the full scale 50 mm in the recording meter used), input voltage of the amplifier with Mo-Permalloy cores was 0.48 millivolt for sheath current measurement and 740 millivolts for cable to ground potential measurement in case of the power source of 90 cps with rectangular wave form.Response time was 7 cycles for current measurement and 4.5 cycles for voltage measurement.When the source was supplied from the power line (60 cps), the amplification factors decreased about 10 to 35 percent. The device had good stability, negligible drift and rugged construction. Therefore it is clear that this device is suitable for field test. 4.5.3

For studies of two phase flow, it is very important to measure a void fraction; the fraction of air in water flow. Many methods for the void fraction measurement have been developed hitherto. They are, however, insufficient in respect of their accuracy, response, handling and so forth. This paper reports a void detecting method which is based on a change of the equivalent dielectric constant. By this method, the instantaneous void and the local void can be measured with a fast response.Preliminary experiments are carried out with both the simulated void in the form of glass tubes and the real void in air-water mixture. It is shown that the linearity of this device is good.The basic principle of this void measuring method is discussed, comparing the real void with equivalent circuits which consist of capacitances and resistances.Experimental results of this device applied to a thermodynamic-hydrodynamic loop which simulates the nuclear reactor are shown.

TbFe films were applied as media in magnetic printing. Magnetic domains which were produced thermomagnetically with laser beam scanning were developed with toner particles and these images were transferred to papers. 2 μm thick TbFe films with perpendicular anisotropy yields a resolution of 15 line/mm when a He-Ne laser beam (13mW) focussed to 2 μm in diameter was used to produce latent magnetic images. Printed images with gray tone could be obtained macroscopically by controlling the width and the line density of the reversed domains thermomagnetically written. TbFe films were proved to be useful for magnetic printing.

Some results of the magneto-optical effect spectra of rare-earth-transition-metal amorphous films are presented. These results suggest that the polarity reversal of the Kerr hysteresis loops on the surface of the films after annealing with limited oxidation is sometimes not due to the magnetic origin but may be mainly due to the change of the optical properties of the oxide surface layer.

Some results are shown in this paper about stripe domain control in magnetic garnet films which have been studied as a laser beam deflector. A wide control range of the stripe domain period is achieved using (BiNdYb) 3 Fe 5 O 12 garnet film. In this film, the magnetization inclines slightly from the film plane, and when the stripe domain is employed as a grating, the deflection angle of its first order diffraction beam changes about 20 degrees with an in-plane field of 400 Oe. On the other hand, in a YIG-coated (YSmLuCa) 3 (FeGe) 5 O 12 garnet film, regular parallel stripe domains nucleate in any orientation homogeneously.

A magnetic garnet film was studied as a leakage flux sensor for detecting defects in a steel surface. The modification of magnetization in the garnet film by the leakage was detected magnetooptically. The perpendicular anisotropy of the garnet film is sensitive only to the normal component of the stray field. The spatial resolution of the measurement was high as a result of the small effective lateral dimensions of the film, as determined by the size of the light beam (as small as 10 mu m in the present experiment). A leakage field profile from an artificial groove in a magnetized steel was therefore measurable with high accuracy. Although the sensitivity and the spatial resolution with which defects were detected decreased when the effective film area was enlarged by increasing the spacing between the film and the defect, the groove width was evaluated with an accuracy better than 15 mu m. >

The Kerr rotation angle has been measured at λ = 6328A, for the Co-Cr films (0-29.5at%Cr). The films were deposited by magnetron rf sputtering on glass substrates. Over the range of 18- 29.5at%Cr, the deposited films were found to have perpendicular anisotropy, the Kerr rotation angles in the saturated state were 6-0.3 minutes, and the reflectivities were 63-58%. The Kerr rotation angle of the Co-Cr films was attributed to the magnetic moment of Co. The external field dependence of the Kerr rotation angle had a hysteresis with a large coercive force and remanence, in comparison with those obtained by magnetic measurement, indicating that the coercivity near the film surface is larger than that of inside. The Kerr hysteresis loop can be measured and is useful to estimate the magnetic properties of Co-Cr films. It can be applied not only to the single Co-Cr films but to the double-layer films. The domain pattern of recorded signal on Co-Cr film can be observed by a microscope using the polar Kerr magnetooptic effect.

X-ray photoelectron studies on amorphous TbFeCo ternary alloy films prepared by rf-sputtering, with several bias voltages, have been made under UHV conditions. The XPS binding energies were identical to those of the pure elements and the alloy within the experimental accuracy. The Fe XPS spectra of amorphous TbFeCo films increased and approximated to the Fe XPS spectrum of FeCo binary alloy film with increasing a bias voltage. The Co XPS spectra of amorphous TbFeCo films, however, were independent of the increase of bias voltage. It was found that, in amorphous TbFeCo film with the same composition, the film prepared under a higher bias voltage had a larger Kerr rotation angle. It was concluded that the state change of Fe in amorphous TbFeCo film caused the difference of Kerr rotation angle.

In this paper, indications of pacemaking and its results are discussed form 24 cases of servere bradyarrhythmias with Stokes-Adams syndorme experienced from October 1966 to March 1972. There are no mortality and 87.5% Of all returned to social activity. Postimplantation complications, including pacemaker malfunctions, electrode feilure and abnormally electrical findings during pacing are investigated.

Pulsed Doppler flowmetry has proved to be very sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of intracardiac regurgitation. However, conventional pulsed Doppler flowmeters are to some extent limited in the evaluation of regurgitant flow. In order to accurately and extensively examine regurgitant flow, it would be necessary to locate a sampling site where blood flow is being measured, on a two-dimensional cardiac image. Furthermore, it would be very benefitial to measure intracardiac flow simultaneously at multiple sites along the Doppler beam. For these reasons, we have newly developed a computer-based multigated pulsed Doppler flowmeter combined with an electronic beam sector scanning echocardiograph.

Three cases of the single atrium (cor triloculare biventricularis) were operated upon successfully, and diagnostic and surgical aspects of this rare malformation were discussed.

Two cases of the common atrium associated with persistent left superior vena cava directly connecting into the left side of the atrium are reported. In both patients, the mitral cleft was repaired and the atrial septum was newly constructed with a large teflon-patch. The left superior vena cava was ligated in Case 1, and in Case 2 a tunnel to transfer the emptying orifice of the left superior vena cava to the right side of the atrium was made from a pericardial pedicle. The former was reoperated upon due to the severe residual mitral insufficiency but died after mitral valve replacement. The latter was discharged with a good condition.

Rare earth transition metal amorphous magnetic thin films with a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy normal to the film plane may be used in memory devices in the future. The magnetic properties are required to be uniform for such an application. This paper describes experimental results on the uniformity of Gd-Fe thin films prepared by various deposition methods and proposes a new deposition method, electron beam deposition through a specially-shaped window onto a revolving substrate. Use of a revolving substrate produces uniformity of the magnetic properties in amorphous thin films, but has direct effects upon the internal structure of such films.

This paper describes a new type of optical processing based on the dynamic scattering effect in liquid crystals. It is possible to realize a binary spatial filter with nematic liquid crystals and to control the optical modes by voltage signals. A two-dimensional Walsh function is used for extracting properties of the input patterns. The realization of an 8 x 8 Walsh function filter with nematic liquid crystals is demonstrated. The contrast ratio is over 30 to 1. The variation in transparency is within +/-3%. Experimental results show that it is possible to extract the properties of handwritten characters by detecting the intensity of light transmitted through both the input pattern and the liquid crystal filter.