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Objectives To evaluate changes in the gingival thickness (GT) and keratinized gingival width (KGW) of the maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors and canines after fixed orthodontic treatment and their association with sagittal tooth movement (STM). Materials and Methods In this study of both arches, 60 periodontally healthy subjects who had completed fixed orthodontic treatment were included. Using pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms, STM of the maxillary (1-NA angle and distance, and 1-SN angle) and mandibular (1-NB angle and distance, and IMPA angle) incisors were evaluated to divide the subjects into protrusion and retrusion groups. Pretreatment and posttreatment GT was identified via transgingival probing, and KGW was calculated from the free gingival margin to the mucogingival junction. Results The intragroup pretreatment and posttreatment comparison results showed a significant decrease in the GT of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in the protrusion and retrusion groups and a decrease in the KGW of the maxillary lateral incisors in the protrusion group. Pearson correlation coefficient analyses for maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth revealed that the GT changes were not significantly associated with STM. However, a positive correlation existed between the KGW of tooth numbers 13 and 41 and STM. Conclusions STM was not significantly associated with decreased GT of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, but it was positively correlated with the KGW of tooth numbers 13 and 41.

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of Essix and Hawley retainers during the retention period. Methods A total of 30 subjects whose fixed orthodontic treatment results were evaluated according to the American Board of Orthodontics Phase III Objective Grading system were included in this study. After the removal of orthodontic attachments, the study participants were equally divided into two retention protocols: upper-lower Essix and upper-lower Hawley. The subjects were instructed to wear their retainers full time for 6 months, except during meals, and during nights only for 6 months. The clinical effectiveness of the retainers was evaluated according to the overjet, overbite, maxillary, and mandibular intercanine widths, intermolar widths, arch lengths, irregularity indexes, and lateral cephalometric measurements. All dental model and lateral cephalometric measurements were performed by the same investigator during three periods: pre-treatment, post-treatment, and post-retention. Results The overjet, overbite, maxillary, and mandibular intercanine widths; intermolar widths; and arch lengths and lateral cephalometric measurements were not statistically significantly different between the groups and identified time periods. Although the maxillary and mandibular irregularity indexes increased from the post-treatment to post-retention periods, the difference was not statistically significant. Pre-treatment, post-treatment, and post-retention lateral cephalometric measurements were not statistically significantly different between and within the groups. Conclusion According to the results of a repeated-measures analysis of variance with two factors, and although an increase was found in the maxillary and mandibular irregularity indexes, the clinical effectiveness of Essix and Hawley retainers was found to be similar during the retention period.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy on peri-miniscrew fluid prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and substance P (SP) levels during orthodontic treatment. METHODS: A total of 15 individuals were included in this study. Miniscrews were inserted to the inter-radicular region of the maxillary right and left second premolar and the first molar teeth, and diode lasers were randomly applied to the right or left side. Irradiation was performed at 940 nm wavelength using a gallium-aluminum-arsenide diode laser with 100 mW power output, 0.125 cm2 spectral area, 8 J/cm2 energy density, and 10 seconds of exposure time. Peri-miniscrew fluid samples were collected on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th days, and PGE2 and SP levels were assessed. For statistical comparison, two-way (factors) analysis of variance with repeated measurements on one-factor levels was used at statistical significance (p) of

The aim of this study was to compare enamel colour changes of incisors and canines produced by various orthodontic adhesives following treatment with fixed appliances.The study included 300 maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors, and canines of 25 subjects who finished fixed appliance treatment. The following adhesives were used according to the manufacturer's instructions: Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), Kurasper F (Kuraray Europe GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany), Grengloo (Ormco Corporation, Glendora, CA, USA) and Light Bond (Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL, USA). Different adhesives were placed in each quadrant of the subjects. Pretreatment and posttreatment enamel colours were evaluated at the middle third of the buccal surfaces of teeth using the SpectroShade Micro Dental Colour Complete Tooth Analysis SystemPretreatment and posttreatment intragroup comparison results showed significant decreases in L* and b*, as well as insignificant changes in a* for all teeth. Significantly less enamel colour changes occurred in the Kurasper F group compared with the Grengloo and Light Bond groups. Evaluating incisors and canines separately, overall intergroup comparisons were not significant. Enamel colour changes were significantly less only for the canines compared to the incisors in the Transbond XT and Kurasper F groups. The ∆E values were 1.83-2.18 and 1.41-1.95 for incisors and canines, respectively.Although statistically less enamel colour changes occurred in the Kurasper F group compared with the Grengloo and Light Bond groups, the observed changes were not clinically relevant.HINTERGRUND: Ziel dieser Studie war der Vergleich der Veränderungen in der Schmelzfarbe von Schneide- und Eckzähnen durch verschiedene kieferorthopädische Adhäsive nach der Behandlung mit festsitzenden Apparaturen.Die Studie umfasste 300 obere und untere zentrale und laterale Schneide- und Eckzähne von 25 Probanden, die eine Behandlung mit festsitzenden Apparaturen abgeschlossen hatten. Entsprechend den Herstellervorgaben waren die folgenden Adhäsive verwendet worden: Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), Kurasper F (Kuraray Europe GmbH, Frankfurt, Deutschland), Grengloo (Ormco Corporation, Glendora, CA, USA) und Light Bond (Reliance Orthodontic Products, Itasca, IL, USA). In jedem Quadranten der Probanden wurden unterschiedliche Adhäsive eingesetzt. Die Schmelzfarben vor und nach der Behandlung wurden im mittleren Drittel der bukkalen Oberflächen der Zähne mit dem SpectroShade Micro Dental Colour Complete Tooth Analysis SystemDie Ergebnisse des Vorbehandlungs- und Nachbehandlungsvergleichs innerhalb der Gruppe zeigten für alle Zähne eine signifikante Abnahme von L* und b* sowie eine nichtsignifikante Veränderung von a*. In der Kurasper-F-Gruppe traten signifikant weniger Veränderungen der Schmelzfarbe auf als in den Gruppen Grengloo und Light Bond. Bei separater Betrachtung der Schneide- und Eckzähne waren die Vergleiche zwischen den Gruppen insgesamt nicht signifikant. Schmelzfarbveränderungen waren nur bei den Eckzähnen im Vergleich zu den Schneidezähnen in den Gruppen Transbond XT und Kurasper F signifikant geringer. Die ∆E-Werte betrugen 1,83–2,18 bzw. 1,41–1,95 für Schneide- und Eckzähne.Zwar traten in der Kurasper-F-Gruppe im Vergleich zu den Grengloo- und Light-Bond-Gruppen statistisch gesehen weniger Schmelzfarbveränderungen auf, die beobachteten Veränderungen waren jedoch klinisch nicht relevant.

The goal of this study was to compare the effects of ibuprofen and low-level laser therapy in alleviating orthodontic pain observed after elastomeric separator placement (ESP) by means of the analysis of interleukin 1‑beta (IL-1β) and substance P (SP) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and visual analog scale (VAS).A total of 60 subjects requiring ESP for the banding of maxillary first molars were randomly assigned to the ibuprofen, laser, and control groups. The ibuprofen and control groups received, respectively, 400 mg ibuprofen and placebo lactose tablets orally 1 h before ESP; the laser group received a single low-level laser irradiation session immediately after ESP. GCF samples were collected immediately after ESP (day 0) and on days 1, 3, and 7. Pain intensity was evaluated using the VAS immediately after ESP (baseline) and at hours 2 and 6, as well as on days 1, 3, and 7.Although IL-1β levels increased significantly on days 1, 3, and 7 compared to day 0, intergroup comparison results revealed insignificant differences. SP levels indicated insignificant within-group differences. Only the SP levels of the ibuprofen group showed a significant decrease on days 0 and 1 compared to the laser and control groups. In all groups, VAS scores increased from baseline to a peak level on day 1, followed by a significant decrease on days 3 and 7. Intergroup comparison results of VAS scores indicated less pain intensity in the ibuprofen group compared to the control group at baseline.Only the ibuprofen group exhibited significant decreases in SP levels on days 0 and 1, as well as in VAS scores at baseline.ZIEL: Ziel dieser Studie war der Vergleich der Effekte von Ibuprofen und Low-level-Lasertherapie bei der Linderung kieferorthopädischer Schmerzen nach Anbringung des Elastomer-Separators (ESP). Dies wurde gemessen anhand der Analyse der Interleukin-1-β- (IL-1β) und Substanz‑P (SP)-Spiegel in der gingivalen Krevikularflüssigkeit (GCF) und mittels der visuellen Analogskala (VAS).Insgesamt 60 Probanden, die für die Bänderung der ersten Molaren im Oberkiefer eine ESP benötigten, wurden randomisiert den Ibuprofen‑, Laser- und Kontrollgruppen zugeordnet. Die Probanden in der Ibuprofen- und der Kontrollgruppe erhielten jeweils 400 mg Ibuprofen und Placebo-Laktosetabletten oral 1 h vor der ESP, die Probanden der Lasergruppe eine einzige Laserbestrahlungssitzung auf niedriger Stufe unmittelbar nach der ESP. GCF-Proben wurden unmittelbar nach der ESP (Tag 0) und an den Tagen 1, 3 und 7 gesammelt. Die Schmerzintensität wurde unter Verwendung der VAS unmittelbar nach der ESP (Ausgangswert) und zu den Stunden 2 und 6 sowie an den Tagen 1, 3 und 7 ausgewertet.Obwohl die IL-1β-Konzentrationen an den Tagen 1, 3 und 7 im Vergleich zu Tag 0 signifikant anstiegen, zeigten die Ergebnisse des gruppenübergreifenden Vergleichs unbedeutende Unterschiede. Die SP-Werte deuteten auf unerhebliche Unterschiede innerhalb der Gruppe hin. Nur die SP-Spiegel der Ibuprofen-Gruppe zeigten an den Tagen 0 und 1 im Vergleich zu den Laser- und Kontrollgruppen einen signifikanten Rückgang. In allen Gruppen stiegen die VAS-Werte an und erreichten am Tag 1 einen Spitzenwert, gefolgt von einem signifikanten Rückgang an den Tagen 3 und 7. Die Ergebnisse des Intergruppenvergleichs der VAS-Scores zeigten bei der Ibuprofen-Gruppe eine geringere Schmerzintensität im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe zu Studienbeginn.Nur in der Ibuprofen-Gruppe zeigten sich signifikante Verringerungen der SP-Spiegel an den Tagen 0 und 1 sowie der VAS-Werte zu Studienbeginn.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the occlusal force distribution (OFD), individual tooth force (ITF), and occlusal surface area (OSA) of Essix and Hawley retainers, using T‑Scan III (Tekscan Inc., South Boston, MA, USA) analysis.A total of 35 subjects were randomly assigned to one of the retention groups following fixed orthodontic treatment. While 18 of these subjects were provided with Essix retainers, 17 were given Hawley retainers. Computerized occlusal analysis of the patients' dentitions was performed using T‑Scan III. The evaluations were made after debonding (T0) and at month 3 (T1), month 6 (T2) and 1 year (T3) after the retention phase.The changes in OFD were significant only in the Hawley group for the left/right half jaws and the right posterior quadrants when comparing the T2-T3 time interval. Also, the differences between the groups were significant only for the left half jaw for the T0-T2 time interval and for the right half jaw when comparing the T0-T2 and the T2-T3 time intervals. The changes in ITF were insignificant within groups, but significant between the groups for tooth 11 and 22. Although there was an increase observed in OSA for both groups, the difference between the groups was insignificant. However, the OSA increase in the Essix group for the left/right anterior quadrants was significant only for the T0-T2 and the T0-T3 time intervals, while in both groups, for the posterior left quadrant, the OSA was insignificant only for the T0-T1 time interval.Although OSA increased when using both retention appliances, OFD did not change.ZIELSETZUNG: Ziel dieser Studie war es, die okklusale Kraftverteilung (OFD), die individuelle Zahnkraft (ITF) und die okklusale Oberfläche (OSA) von Essix- und Hawley-Retainern mittels T‑Scan III (Tekscan Inc., South Boston/MA, USA) zu evaluieren.Insgesamt 35 eingeschlossene Probanden wurden nach einer kieferorthopädischen Behandlung mit festsitzender Apparatur randomisiert einer der beiden Retentionsgruppen zugeordnet: 18 wurden Essix-, 17 mit Hawley-Retainern versorgt. Die computergestützte okklusale Analyse des Gebisses der Probanden wurde mittels T‑Scan III durchgeführt. Die Auswertungen erfolgten nach dem Debonding (T0), im 3. (T1) und 6. Monat (T2) sowie im ersten Jahr (T3) der Retentionsphase.Die Veränderungen der OFD waren in der Hawley-Gruppe für die linke/rechte Kieferhälfte und den rechten hinteren Quadranten nur für den Vergleich des T2- bis T3-Zeitintervalls signifikant. Auch beim Vergleich der Zeitintervalle T0-T2 und T2-T3 waren die Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen nur für die linke Kieferhälfte für das Zeitintervall T0-T2 und für die rechte Kieferhälfte signifikant. Die Veränderungen in der ITF waren innerhalb der Gruppen nicht wesentlich, jedoch signifikant zwischen den Gruppen für Zahn 11 und 22. Obwohl für beide Gruppen ein Anstieg der OSA beobachtet wurde, war der Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen nicht signifikant. Allerdings war der OSA-Anstieg in der Essix-Gruppe für den linken/rechten anterioren Quadranten nur für die T0-T2- und die T0-T3-Zeitintervalle signifikant, während in beiden Gruppen für den hinteren linken Quadranten die OSA nur für das Intervall T0-T1 nicht signifikant war.Obwohl die OSA bei Verwendung beider Retentionsapparaturen anstieg, änderte sich die OFD nicht.

To evaluate the changes in occlusal surface area (OSA) and occlusal force distribution (OFD) following the wear of Vacuum-formed (VFR), Hawley (HR) and Bonded (BR) retainers, using T-Scan III. A total of 60 subjects using three different maxillary and mandibular orthodontic retainers, VFR (n:20), HR (n:20) and BR (n:20), were included in this study. The changes in OSA and OFD were evaluated using the T-Scan III. The evaluations were made 2 hours after debonding orthodontic appliances (T0) and in the 3rd (T1) and 6th (T2) months of the retention phase. For left (LDA), right (RDA) and posterior dental arches (PDA), intragroup comparison of OSA showed significant increase in the VFR and HR groups at T1-T2 and T0-T2 time intervals and in the BR group at T0-T1 and T0-T2 time intervals. For the anterior dental arch (ADA), only the increase in the HR group at T0-T1 and T0-T2 time intervals was found significant. When compared between the groups, the changes between HR and BR groups detected at T1-T2 time interval for the RDA and at T0-T1 and T0-T2 time intervals for the ADA were found significant. Intragroup comparison of OFD displayed significant changes only in the BR group. At T0-T1 time interval, the decrease in the ADA and the increase in the PDA were found significant. Also, intergroup OFD comparison exhibited significant differences between HR and BR groups at T0-T1 time interval for ADA and PDA. Although no significant differences were found between the VFR group, the increase in OSA occurred faster in the PDA in the BR group, whereas in the ADA it was significant only in the HR group.

Objective To evaluate the relationship of gingival thickness (GT) and the width of keratinized gingiva (WKG) with different malocclusion groups and the level of crowding. Methods A total of 187 periodontally healthy subjects (121 females and 66 males) who presented at the Faculty of Dentistry in Yuzuncu Yil University for orthodontic treatment were enrolled in the study. The individuals involved in the study were divided into three groups; Angle Class I malocclusion, Angle Class II malocclusion, and Angle Class III malocclusion. Each group was classified as mild, moderate, or severe according to the level of crowding. WKG was determined as the distance between the mucogingival junction and the free gingival margin. GT was determined by the transgingival probing technique. Factorial variance analysis and the Duncan multiple comparison test were employed to identify the extent to which a difference was apparent between the groups according to these parameters. Results It was determined that teeth in the mandibular anterior region display the thin gingival biotype. WKG and GT were observed as being higher at the mandibular incisor teeth in the severe crowding group and at the mandibular canine teeth in the mild crowding group. The GT of the mandibular right central and lateral incisors was found to be thinner in the Angle Class III group. Conclusions Within the limits of this study, the results demonstrate that, there is no significant relationship of WKG and the mean GT in the mandibular anterior region according to the Angle classification.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess the thicknesses of maxillary and mandibular posterior buccal approximal attached gingiva at common miniscrew insertion sites, which has critical importance in deter- mining miniscrew length, in subjects with different facial types. Methods: One hundred seventy-four subjects with no transversal skeletal discrepancy were included in this study. The facial types of these subjects were evaluated in the sagittal and vertical directions. In the sagittal direction, the subjects were assigned into 3 groups: skeletal Class I, II, and III. Also, each of these groups was divided into subgroups in the vertical direction: low angle, norm, and high angle. Transgingival probing was used to measure the thickness of the buccal attached gingiva. Results: The thickness of the buccal attached gingiva between the second premolar-first molar ranged from 1.18 +/- 0.33 to 1.46 +/- 0.28 mm and from 1.28 +/- 0.30 to 1.58 +/- 0.37 mm in the maxilla and mandible, respectively. The thickness of the buccal attached gingiva between the first-second molars ranged from 1.31 +/- 0.41 to 1.60 +/- 0.62 mm and from 1.36 +/- 0.43 to 1.72 +/- 0.52 mm in the maxilla and mandible, respectively. In terms of the thicknesses of the buccal attached gingiva of second premolar-first molar and first-second molars, no statistically significant difference was found between subjects with different facial types. Conclusions: It was determined that the thicknesses of maxillary and mandibular posterior buccal approximal attached gingiva varied between 1.18-1.72. At this point, the insertion of miniscrews of 7-8 mm in length was recommended for maxillary and mandibular posterior buccal regions, in order to obtain adequate insertion depth.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the bridging and dimensions of the sella turcica andcalcification of the ponticulus posticus in subjects with different dental anomalies. Methods: Pretreatmentrecords of orthodontic patients with palatally impacted canines (n=95), mandibular second premolar agenesis(n=45), maxillary lateral incisor agenesis (n=75), tooth transpositions (TT, n=25), peg-shaped maxillarylateral incisors (n=30), and third molar agenesis (TMA, n =145) were analyzed and compared with thecontrol group (CG) consisting of 145 subjects with skeletal Class I malocclusion and no dental anomalies.The length, diameter, and depth of the sella turcica were calculated for each patient. The degree of sellaturcica bridging was scored as type I, II, and III, whereas the extent of ponticulus posticus was classified asClass I, II, and III. Results: Only decreases in the length and diameter of the sella turcica in subjects with TTwere found to be statistically significant. Although type II bridging frequency was found to be significantly lowerin subjects with mandibular second premolar agenesis, maxillary lateral incisor agenesis, TT, and TMA, type IIIbridging frequency was found to be significantly higher only in subjects with TMA. The decrease in Class Icalcification frequencies and the increase in Class II calcification frequencies were found to be significant in subjects with palatally impacted canines, TT, and TMA compared with the CG. In addition, the presence of Class IIIcalcification was found to be significantly more frequent in subjects with TMA than in the CG. Conclusions:Although type II and type III bridging frequencies were found to be higher than in previous studies because ofthe higher type II bridging frequency in the CG, type II bridging frequency was found to be insignificant. Furthermore, an increased frequency of ponticulus posticus calcification was observed in subjects with palatallyimpacted canines, TT, and TMA. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021;159:627-34)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal orthodontic brackets bonded to long-term water-aged and fresh porcelain and composite surfaces. METHODS: One porcelain (Vitadur Alpha (VA)) and three composite (Filtek Ultimate (FU), Tetric EvoCeram (TEC), and Gradia Direct Anterior (GDA)) materials were evaluated in the present study. First, 10 discs from each material were prepared and subjected to the aging procedure for 5 years. Then, for comparison, another 10 discs from each material were prepared as fresh surfaces and stored in distilled water for 24 h. Metal brackets were bonded to the prepared disc surfaces, and after being stored in water for 24 h, they were subjected to shear bond test using a universal testing machine. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were obtained by examining the disc surfaces under a stereomicroscope at 10× magnification. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the aged and fresh groups. RESULTS: Although the difference between the SBS between the aged and fresh groups with VA, FU, and TEC was not significant, the SBS was significantly higher in the fresh group with GDA. With regard to ARI scores, there was no significant difference between the aged and fresh groups with FU and GDA, whereas the ARI scores of the aged groups with VA and TEC were higher. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the aged restoration materials have a distinctive influence on the SBS of metal orthodontic brackets.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mean gingival thicknesses of the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions in subjects with different craniofacial morphologies. Methods: For each dental arch, 128 periodontally healthy orthodontic patients with normal values of maxillary incisor position (1/NA, angle and distance; and 1/SN, angle) and mandibular incisor position (1/NB, angle and distance; and IMPA) were enrolled in the study. Craniofacial morphology of the participants was evaluated in the sagittal (ANB angle) and vertical directions (SN/GoGn angle) on lateral cephalograms. In the sagittal direction, the subjects were divided into 3 groups as Class I, Class II, and Class III. Each group was classified as low angle, normal, or high angle in the vertical direction. Mean gingival thicknesses of the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions were determined by the ratio of the sum of gingival thickness of the relevant teeth, measured by the transgingival probing technique, to the number of teeth. Results: Mean gingival thicknesses of the maxillary anterior region were 1.173 +/- 0.61, 1.103 +/- 0.207, and 1.130 +/- 0.244 mm in the Class I, Class II, and Class III groups and 1.084 +/- 0.150, 1.136 +/- 0.247, and 1.159 +/- 0.249 mm in the low angle, normal, and high angle groups, respectively. Mean gingival thicknesses of the mandibular anterior region were 0.710 +/- 0.156, 0.741 +/- 0.176, and 0.691 +/- 0.157 mm in the Class I, Class II, and Class III groups and 0.705 +/- 0.184, 0.701 +/- 0.132, and 0.735 +/- 0.174 mm in the low angle, normal, and high angle groups, respectively. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of the mean gingival thicknesses of the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions. Conclusions: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the mean gingival thicknesses of the maxillary and mandibular anterior regions.

Introduction: The aim of this study was the long-term follow-up of enamel color changes observed in the middle third of buccal tooth surfaces after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Methods: The study included 120 maxillary central and lateral incisors and canines of 20 subjects who had fixed orthodontic treatment. The Spectro Shade Micro device (MHT, Verona, Italy) was used to evaluate the color changes of the teeth. Measurements were made from the middle third of the buccal surfaces of the teeth after fixed orthodontic treatment and in month 3, month 6, and year 1 of the retention phase. The Commission Internationale de I'Echairage L* a* b* system that expresses the color coordinates in L*, a*, and b* symbols was used to determine the tooth color, and Delta E values between the time periods were calculated. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used in evaluating the color changes. Results: The increases in Delta L values at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after treatment were statistically significant, whereas they were not statistically significant from months 3 to 6, month 3 to year 1, or month 6 to year 1. The decrease in Delta a and the increase in Delta b values were not statistically significant. Delta E values at all time periods were statistically significant within themselves, and the greatest change was observed 1 year after treatment. Delta E values were 1.52 to 3.57, and a visible but clinically acceptable color change occurred. Conclusions: In the first 3 months, there was a significant increase in the lightness of the tooth color.

Objective The aim of the present study is to evaluate the relationship of gingival thickness and width of keratinized gingiva with different malocclusion groups and amount of crowding. Methods A total of 181 periodontally healthy subjects were enrolled in the present study. The study participants were divided into three malocclusion groups: Angle Class I, Angle Class II, and Angle Class III. Each group was divided into subgroups according to the amount of dental crowding, namely mild, moderate, and severe. The width of keratinized gingiva was calculated as the distance between mucogingival junction and free gingival margin, whereas gingival thickness was determined by a transgingival probing technique. Results Tooth numbers 13 and 23 were observed to have thin gingival biotype. The width of keratinized gingiva for tooth numbers 13 and 23 was narrower in the severe crowding group than in the moderate and mild crowding groups. The relationship of gingival thickness and width of keratinized gingiva with Angle classification was not found to be significant. Conclusion Although it is thought that there is a relationship between gingival thickness, width of keratinized gingiva, and Angle classification with regard to malaligned teeth, this cross-sectional evaluation of 181 patients failed to show a significant relationship.

Objective The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of ozone and prophylactic antimicrobial applications on the shear bond strengths and bond failure interfaces of orthodontic brackets. Methods Sixty human canine teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n=20), receiving the following treatments: Group I-pumice prophylaxis (Isler Dental, Ankara, Turkey)+37% orthophosphoric acid (Dentsply, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)+Transbond XT primer and adhesive (3M Unitek, Monrovia, USA); Group II-prophylaxis paste (Topex, NJ, USA)+37% orthophosphoric acid (Dentsply, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)+ Transbond XT primer and adhesive paste (3M Unitek, Monrovia, USA); and Group III-ozone application (Biozonix GmbH, Munich, Germany)+37% orthophosphoric acid (Dentsply, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)+Transbond XT primer and adhesive (3M Unitek, Monrovia, USA). All specimens were stored at 37°C water for 24 h. Shear bond strength was assessed using a universal testing device (Autograph AGS-X; Shimadzu, Japan). Adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were obtained through examination of teeth under stereomicroscope at 10× magnification after debonding. Results Shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets were 16.10, 18.01, and 19.23 MPa for Groups I, II, and III, respectively. No statistically significant difference in shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets was found among the groups (p=0.273), based on Kruskal-Wallis analysis. Additionally, no significant difference was found in the ARI scores of each group using chi-square analysis (p=0.992). Conclusion Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets and ARI scores was not found to be negatively impacted by ozone application.