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Advances in flexible electronics are driving dielectric capacitors with high energy storage density toward flexibility and miniaturization. In the present work, an all-inorganic thin film dielectric capacitor with the coexistence of ferroelectric (FE) and antiferroelectric (AFE) phases based on Pb0.96La0.04(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 (PLZT) was prepared on a 2D fluorophlogopite mica substrate via a simple one-step process. The flexible capacitor exhibits a high recoverable energy density (Urec) of ≈ 44.2 J/cm3, a large electric breakdown strength (EBDS) of 3011 kV/cm, excellent frequency stability (500 Hz-20 kHz) and high thermal stability over 30–190 °C. It also demonstrates an outstanding bending endurance, which can maintain a high energy storage performance under various bending radii (R = 2–10 mm) or 103 repeated bends at 4 mm. The FE phase is stable near the film surface and the interface with the bottom electrode. The AFE phase with multi-domains has incommensurate modulation structures with super-periodicity of 6.5, 6.9 and 5.2. It indicates that the PLZT/LNO/F-Mica capacitor has high potential for energy storage application and may provide great opportunities for exploring new energy storage materials.

Purpose To establish normal parameters of macular and optic disc vasculature by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in healthy preschool children aged 4–6 years old in China. OCTA reflects retinal metabolism and development in children at these ages and could be used clinically and in future studies to aid diagnosis and prediction of retinal abnormalities and developmental stagnation. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we measured foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal vessel density in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP); the deep capillary plexus (DCP), the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), and the radial capillary peripapillary (RPC) in the optic disc using investigational spectral-domain OCTA. The magnification effect of the FAZ area and microvasculature measurements was corrected by Littman and the modified Bennett formula. Results A total of 242 eyes (116 males and 126 females, 5.31 ± 0.73 years) were recruited for the analysis. The mean macular vessel density was 48.10 ± 2.92% and 48.74 ± 6.51% in the SCP and the DCP, respectively. The RPC vessel density was 47.17 ± 2.52%, 47.99 ± 4.48%, and 48.41 ± 3.07% in the whole image, inside disc, and peripapillary, respectively; and the mean FAZ area was 0.28 ± 0.11 mm2. A significant difference between male and female participants was found in the retinal vasculature (DCP, SCP, and RPC). None of these parameters were significantly different in age (P > 0.05), except that DCP slightly increased with aging. The right and left eyes had good consistency in the parameters of the macula and optic disc. Conclusions Our study establishes the macular and optic disc OCTA reference values in 4- to 6-year-old healthy preschool children. They may be used in longitudinal OCTA studies and clinical applications.

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an inevitable process during heart transplant and suppressing I/R injury could greatly improve the survival rate of recipients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have positive effects on I/R. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the protective roles of MSCs in I/R. Both cell model and rat model of myocardial I/R were used. MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to measure cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. QRT-PCR and western blotting were employed to measure levels of lncRNA HCP5 (HLA complex P5), miR-497, apoptosis-related proteins, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1)/PI3K/AKT pathway. Dual luciferase assay was used to validate interactions of HCP5 and miR-497, miR-497 and IGF1. Echocardiography was performed to evaluate cardiac function of rats. Serum levels of CK-MB and LDH were measured. H&E and Masson staining were used to examine morphology of myocardial tissues. hBMSC-derived exosomes (hBMSC-Exos) increased the viability of cardiomyocytes following hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) and decreased apoptosis. H/R diminished HCP5 expression in cardiomyocytes while hBMSC-Exos recovered the level. Overexpression of HCP5 in hBMSC-Exos further enhanced the protective effects in H/R while HCP5 knockdown suppressed. HCP5 directly bound miR-497 and miR-497 targeted IGF1. miR-497 mimics or si-IGF1 blocked the effects of HCP5 overexpression. Further, hBMSC-Exos alleviated I/R injury in vivo and knockdown of HCP5 in hBMSC-Exos decreased the beneficial effects. AntagomiR-497 blocked the effects of HCP5 knockdown. HCP5 from hBMSC-Exos protects cardiomyocytes against I/R injury via sponging miR-497 to disinhibit IGF1/PI3K/AKT pathway. These results shed light on mechanisms underlying the protective role of hBMSC-Exos in I/R.

A desirable dispatching strategy is essentially important for securely and economically operating of wind-thermal hybrid distribution systems. Existing dispatch strategies usually assume that wind power has priority of injection. For real-time control, such strategies are simple and easy to realize, but they lack flexibility and incur higher operation and maintenance (O&M) costs. This study analyzed the power dispatching process as a dynamic sequential control problem and established a Markov decision process model to explore the optimal coordinated dispatch strategy for coping with wind and demand disturbance. As a salient feature, the improved dispatch strategy minimizes the long-run expected operation and maintenance costs. To evaluate the model efficiently, a Monte Carlo method and the Q-learning algorithm were employed to the growing computational cost over the state space. Through a specified numerical case, we demonstrated the properties of the coordinated dispatch strategy and used it to address a 24-h real-time dispatching problem. The proposed algorithm shows high efficiency in solving real-time dispatching problems.

The spatial information in hyperspectral images (HSIs) plays a vital role in supervised classification tasks. However, although the introduction to spatial information can effectively improve the c...

To investigate whether multi-joint ultrasound (US) findings in patients with gouty arthritis could be used to distinguish between acute and chronic stages, we performed a retrospective study with 129 enrolled patients from the Rheumatology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from September 1, 2018 to June 12, 2019. Patients with acute or non-acute gout were categorized using clinical data, and US imaging findings of the knees, ankles and first metatarsophalangeal joints were analyzed and compared between groups. Notably, we found that the most prevalent sign detected by US was the hyperechoic spot in the synovium, followed by arthrosynovitis, aggregates, double contour signs and tophi; meanwhile, bone erosions were the least common. Additionally, synovitis was more frequently detected in the acute joints of gouty arthritis (49%) compared with the non-acute joints (35%), whereas grade 1 or 2 blood flow classifications (97%), tophi and bone lesions were more often seen in the latter. Overall, our data suggest that multi-joint US scanning might be used to evaluate disease severity and discriminate between stages of gouty arthritis.

Bursty traffic and thousands of concurrent flows incur inevitable network congestion in datacenter networks (DCNs) and then affect the overall performance. Various transport protocols are developed to mitigate the network congestion, including reactive and proactive protocols. Reactive schemes use different congestion signals, such as explicit congestion notification (ECN) and round trip time (RTT), to handle the network congestion after congestion arises. However, with the growth of scale and link speed in datacenters, reactive schemes encounter a significant problem of slow responding to congestion. On the contrary, proactive protocols (e.g., credit-reservation protocols) are designed to avoid congestion before it occurs, and they have the advantages of zero data loss, fast convergence and low buffer occupancy. But credit-reservation protocols have not been widely deployed in current DCNs (e.g., Microsoft, Amazon), which mainly deploy ECN-based protocols, such as data center transport control protocol (DCTCP) and data center quantized congestion notification (DCQCN). And in an actual deployment scenario, it is hard to guarantee one protocol to be deployed in every server at one time. When credit-reservation protocol is deployed to DCNs step by step, the network will be converted to multi-protocol state and will face the following fundamental challenges: 1) unfairness, 2) high buffer occupancy, and 3) heavy tail latency. Therefore, we propose Harmonia, aiming for converging ECN-based and credit-reservation protocols to fairness with minimal modification. To the best of our knowledge, Harmonia is the first to address the trouble of harmonizing proactive and reactive congestion control. Targeting the common ECN-based protocols—DCTCP and DCQCN, Harmonia leverages forward ECN and RTT to deliver real-time congestion information and redefines feedback control. After the evaluation, the results show that Harmonia effectively solves the unfair link allocation, eliminating the timeouts and addressing the buffer overflow.

Suburbs have the potential for future wind energy development because of their open terrain, good wind conditions, closeness to the city, wind power that can be absorbed in place, and other advantages. Therefore, accurately evaluating the wind energy resources in the suburbs is particularly important. The three‐parameter Weibull distribution can accurately describe the wind speed in the suburbs, but research on the estimation of wind power density (WPD) with it is limited. On the basis of the mathematical models of wind speed probability distribution as Rayleigh, two‐parameter Weibull, and three‐parameter Weibull, a new WPD estimation formula with three‐parameter Weibull distribution is derived using the partial integration method and by introducing incomplete gamma function to solve the transcendental integration. A field experiment platform is built, and the accuracy of the formula is verified by the measured data. The analysis of the measured data collected in recent 3 years in the suburbs of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, concludes that the statistical characteristics of the measured wind speed and the distribution of wind energy resources are more conducive to capture the scattered and changing wind energy in the suburbs by taking the month as the time scale. Moreover, the three‐parameter Weibull distribution estimated by the least square method can be used as the local wind speed model. The new method of WPD estimation can also reduce the calculation error by approximately 21.06%. This study provides an important reference for the subsequent analysis of wind power fluctuation characteristics and wind energy development planning.

A balance between the feasibility and validity of measures is an important consideration for physical activity (PA) research—particularly in school-based research with youth. The present study extends previously tested calibration methods to develop and test new equations for an online version of the youth activity profile (YAP) tool, a self-report tool designed for school applications. Data were collected across different regions and seasons to develop more robust, generalizable equations. The study involved a total of 717 youth from 33 schools (374 elementary [ages 9–11 years], 224 middle [ages 11–14 years], and 119 high school [ages 14–18 years]) in two different states in the United States. Participants wore a Sensewear monitor for a full week and then completed the online YAP at school to report PA and sedentary behaviors in school and at home. Accelerometer data were processed using an R-based segmentation program to compute PA and sedentary behavior levels. Quantile regression models were used with half of the sample to develop item-specific YAP calibration equations, and these were cross validated with the remaining half of the sample. Computed values of mean absolute percentage error ranged from 15 to 25% with slightly lower error observed for the middle school sample. The new equations had improved precision compared with the previous versions when tested on the same sample. The online version of the YAP provides an efficient and effective way to capture school level estimates of PA and sedentary behaviors in youth.

BackgroundLiquidambaris Fructus (LF) is the infructescence ofLiquidambar formosana. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, LF has been used to treat joint pain, a common symptom of arthritis and rheumatism; however, a lack of pharmacological evidence has limited its applications in modern clinics. Therefore, this study aims to explore the protective effect of LF on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to identify its active ingredients.MethodsRats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) were divided into 4 groups and administered petroleum ether extract of LF (PEL), ethyl acetate extract of LF (EEL), water extract of LF (WEL), or piroxicam (PIR) respectively for 3 weeks. Two additional groups were used as normal control (NC) and model control (MC) and administered distilled water as a placebo. The clinical scores for arthritis, bone surface, synovial inflammation and cartilage erosion were used to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of each treatment. The serum IL-1β and TNF-α level and the expression of NLRP3, IL-1β and caspase-1 p20 in the synovial tissue of AIA rats were evaluated by ELISA and Western blot. The active ingredients of LF were investigated using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods, and their inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation was verified in the human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synovial cells (RA-FLS) model.ResultsPEL could alleviate paw swelling, bone and joint destruction, synovial inflammation and cartilage erosion in the AIA rats, with significantly superior efficacy to that of EEL and WEL. PEL reduced IL-1β and TNF-α serum levels, and attenuated the upregulation of NLRP3, IL-1β and caspase-1 p20 expression in the synovial tissue of AIA rats. Network pharmacology and molecular docking results indicated that myrtenal and β-caryophyllene oxide were the main two active ingredients of PEL, and these two compounds showed significant inhibition on TNF-α, NLRP3, IL-1β and caspase-1 p20 expression in RA-FLS.ConclusionsMyrtenal and β-caryophyllene oxide screened from PEL could suppress the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby alleviating RA symptoms.

Systematic review and Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of dienogest in treatment of endometriosis

Deep learning (DL) has been proven to be a powerful method in computer vision and is receiving increasing attention in remote sensing. It is important to analyse the research progress, hotspots, tr...

BACKGROUND The simultaneous occurrence of schwannoma and meningioma in the absence of neurofibromatosis (NF) or a previous history of irradiation is exceedingly rare, as only 10 intracranial cases have been reported to date. Herein, we report a case of a coexistent cavernous sinus meningioma and ipsilateral vestibular schwannoma (VS) in a female patient without NF or a history of exposure to irradiation. CASE SUMMARY A 63-year-old woman presented with progressive left-side hearing loss and tinnitus over the previous year. In the past 6 mo, she developed facial numbness and intermittent headaches. Magnetic resonance imaging showed two lesions that were located on the left side of the cerebellopontine angle and parasellar region. Both lesions were totally resected via the left retrosigmoid approach. Histopathological examination revealed a VS and a meningioma. The patient did not have a family history or clinical or radiological signs of NF. CONCLUSION The coincident occurrence of VS and meningioma within close vicinity is very rare, and the pathogenesis is unclear. A careful whole-body examination needs to be conducted to exclude NF. Surgical treatment with the goal of total tumor resection is the best therapy. Additional studies are needed for a better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to the development of tumor growth in multiple locations.

Summary With the rapid progress of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), both high efficiency and sufficient stability are required simultaneously for their real-life application, wherein interfaces play an essential role. In this work, we develop sandwiched electrode buffer (SEB) with respect to the hole-transport layer (HTL), wherein dual back surface fields are implemented at two interfaces in relevance. The SEB bridges the absorber to the back electrode with the desired band alignment and multi-defect passivation effects, which stabilize the perovskite, HTL, and metal electrodes. Accordingly, planar n-i-p PSCs with SEB achieve an efficiency of 23.9% (certified 23.4%). Notably, they exhibit a remarkable operational stability with only a 3% efficiency decline for 2,000 h maximum power point tracking under 1-Sun illumination. Furthermore, the devices also show excellent thermal stability and humidity stability. Therefore, the SEB configuration boosts both efficiency and stability of PSCs, which paves the way for the commercialization of perovskite optoelectronics.

Solution processing of semiconductors is highly promising for the high-throughput production of cost-effective electronics and optoelectronics. Although hybrid perovskites have potential in various device applications, challenges remain in the development of high-quality materials with simultaneously improved processing reproducibility and scalability. Here, we report a liquid medium annealing (LMA) technology that creates a robust chemical environment and constant heating field to modulate crystal growth over the entire film. Our method produces films with high crystallinity, fewer defects, desired stoichiometry, and overall film homogeneity. The resulting perovskite solar cells (PSCs) yield a stabilized power output of 24.04% (certified 23.7%, 0.08 cm2) and maintain 95% of their initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) after 2000 hours of operation. In addition, the 1-cm2 PSCs exhibit a stabilized power output of 23.15% (certified PCE 22.3%) and keep 90% of their initial PCE after 1120 hours of operation, which illustrates their feasibility for scalable fabrication. LMA is less climate dependent and produces devices in-house with negligible performance variance year round. This method thus opens a new and effective avenue to improving the quality of perovskite films and photovoltaic devices in a scalable and reproducible manner.

Introduction. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a common clinical cardiovascular disease, and its morbidity and mortality rates are increasing, which brings a serious burden to the family and society. Dyslipidemia is one of the most important risk factors for CHD. However, it is difficult to reduce blood lipids to an ideal state with the administration of a statin alone. Tongxinluo capsule (TXLC), as a Chinese patent medicine, has received extensive attention in the treatment of CHD in recent years. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to provide evidence-based medicine for TXLC combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of CHD. Objective. To evaluate systematically the effectiveness and safety of TXLC combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of CHD. Methods. Seven English and Chinese electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, VIP, CBM, and Wanfang) were searched from inception to January 2020, to search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on TXLC combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of CHD. Two researchers independently screened the literature according to the literature inclusion and exclusion criteria and performed quality assessment and data extraction on the included RCTs. We performed a systematic review following Cochrane Collaboration Handbook and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and using a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews (AMSTAR 2). The quality of outcomes was evaluated by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). And meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.2. Results. A total of 15 RCTs with 1,578 participants were included in this review. Compared to atorvastatin treatment, TXLC combined with atorvastatin treatment showed potent efficacy when it came to the effectiveness of clinical treatment (RR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.18, 1.29; P < 0.00001 ), total cholesterol (TC; MD = −1.21; 95% CI, −1.53, −0.89; P < 0.00001 ), triacylglycerol (TG; MD = −0.73; 95% CI, −0.81, −0.65; P < 0.00001 ), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; MD = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.23, 0.31; P < 0.00001 ), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; MD = –0.72; 95% CI, –0.80, −0.64; P < 0.00001 ), C-reactive protein (CRP; SMD = −2.06; 95% CI, −2.56, −1.57; P < 0.00001 ), frequency of angina pectoris (SMD = −1.41; 95% CI, −1.97, −0.85; P < 0.00001 ), duration of angina pectoris (MD = −2.30; 95% CI, −3.39, −1.21; P < 0.0001 ), and adverse reactions (RR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.51, 1.39; P = 0.50 ). No serious adverse events or reactions were mentioned in these RCTs. According to the PRISMA guidelines, although all studies were not fully reported in accordance with the checklist item, the reported items exceeded 80% of all items. With the AMSTAR 2 standard, the methodological quality assessment found that 9 studies were rated low quality and 6 studies were rated critically low quality. Based on the results of the systematic review, the GRADE system recommended ranking method was used to evaluate the quality of evidence and the recommendation level. The results showed that the level of evidence was low, and the recommendation intensity was a weak recommendation. Conclusions. TXLC combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of CHD can effectively improve the effectiveness of clinical treatment, significantly reduce the frequency and duration of angina pectoris, decrease blood lipids, and improve inflammatory factors. However, due to the low quality of the literature included in these studies and the variability of the evaluation methods of each study, there is still a need for a more high-quality, large sample, multicenter clinical randomized control for further demonstration.

Reliable labelled samples have always played a vital role in the supervised paradigm of hyperspectral imagery (HSI) classification due to the fact that the inclusion of incorrect label information ...

China, the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide, has promised to become carbon neutral before 2060 and to begin cutting its pollutant emissions. Is China's environmental target achievable in the forthcoming 14th and 15th five-year periods (2021–2030)? Widespread attention has been devoted to end-of-pipe measurements. However, few efforts have been made to examine the optimal path of industrial upgradation with respect to the economy–energy–environment objectives. To fill this gap, this study proposes a dynamic optimization model to examine the desirable evolution path of industrial restructure. The main findings are as follows. First, to achieve the energy and environmental targets, the optimal share of tertiary industry should increase from 28% to 57% by 2030. Secondary industry should fall by 44.68%, and primary industry should be relatively stable. Second, coal will still dominate the total consumption despite a slight decline of 6.4% in the next decades. However, oil proportion may decline significantly from 26.7% to 15.2%. Non-fossil energy sources will increase from 10.6% to 28.5%. Third, with the optimization of economic structure, the GDP growth will decouple from energy consumption and gas emissions. By comparing different scenarios, it appears that the results are more sensitive to energy and emission efficiency rather than economic constraints. In the next decades, industrial upgradation will play a more important role than end-of-pipe treatment for the dual objective of economic development and environmental governance. The desirable restructuring roadmap can provide explicit guidance for future policy-making.

Androgen receptor (AR) is a major survival factor for prostate cancer. Inflammation is implicated in many cancer types, including prostate cancer. Activation of MAP3K7 (also termed TAK1) and downstream IκB kinase β (IKKβ) by proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα stimulates NF-κB survival pathways. Paradoxically, MAP3K7 is often deleted in human prostate cancer. Here, we demonstrate that AR protein expression is lower in inflammatory tumor areas compared with non-inflammatory tissues in patients with prostate cancer. Map3k7 knockout increased AR protein levels and activity in the mouse prostate, and MAP3K7 and AR protein levels were inversely correlated in prostate cancer patient specimens. TNFα treatment increased AR protein ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Mechanistically, activation of IKKβ by TNFα induced phosphorylation and TRCP1/2 E3 ligase–mediated polyubiquitination and degradation of AR protein. TNFα suppressed prostate cancer proliferation, which could be rescued by blockade of AR degradation. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized tumor suppressive function of the inflammation-activated MAP3K7–IKKβ axis in degrading AR protein. Moreover, they suggest that aberrant elevation of AR protein could be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for MAP3K7-deficient prostate cancer. Significance: This study identifies that MAP3K7–IKKβ signaling plays a tumor-suppressive role in prostate cancer by degrading AR, revealing potential prognostic and therapeutic strategies for MAP3K7-deficient tumors.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a nomogram to better assess the 2-year risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in non-obese population with normal blood lipid levels. Patients and methods This study was a secondary analysis of a prospective study. We included 3659 non-obese adults with normal blood lipid levels without NAFLD at baseline. A total of 2744 participants were included in the development cohort and 915 participants were included in the validation cohort. The least absolute contraction selection operator (LASSO) regression model was used to identify the best risk factors. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to construct the prediction model. The performance of the prediction model was assessed using Harrell's consistency index (C-index), area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve and calibration curve. Decision curve analysis was applied to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the prediction model. Results After LASSO regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis on the development cohort, BMI, TG, DBIL, ALT and GGT were found to be risk predictors and were integrated into the nomogram. The C-index of development cohort and validation cohort was 0.819 (95% CI, 0.798 to 0.840) and 0.815 (95% CI, 0.781 to 0.849), respectively. The AUROC of 2-year NAFLD risk in the development cohort and validation cohort was 0.831 (95% CI, 0.811 to 0.851) and 0.797 (95% CI, 0.765 to 0.829), respectively. From calibration curves, the nomogram showed a good agreement between predicted and actual probabilities. The decision curve analysis indicated that application of the nomogram is more effective than the intervention-for-all-patients scheme. Conclusion We developed and validated a nomogram for predicting 2-year risk of NAFLD in the non-obese population with normal blood lipid levels.

The microscopic mechanism of the competitive adsorption of CH4, CO2 and N2 in coal is the theoretical basis for enhancing coal seam gas recovery by injecting CO2 (CO2-ECBM). Based on this principle, this work used Grand Canonical Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics to investigate the microscopic adsorption mechanism of single, binary, and ternary component gases in Wiser bituminous coal molecules. The adsorption mechanism was explored by changing gas composition and concentration. The comparison of adsorption separation coefficients suggested that CO2 had the highest adsorption capacity, whereas N2 had the lowest capacity. When the CO2 concentration in the gas mixture was high, the adsorption amount was large and the adsorption separation coefficient was small. This finding indicated that high concentrations of CO2 had negative effects on competitive adsorption. Energy changes were also evaluated. The potential energy between CO2 and the framework was the strongest among the two other gases. The inhibition of CH4 adsorption intensified with decreasing molar fraction of CO2. This phenomenon was explained from the perspective of heat of adsorption. As the molar fraction of CO2 in the adsorption system decreased, the heat of the isotherm adsorption increased. Meanwhile, the adsorption system became unstable and the capacity of CH4 adsorption on the framework weakened. Results provide a theoretical basis for the use of CO2-ECBM.

Objective. Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycosides tablet (TGt) is an oral preparation extracted from plant Tripterygium wilfordii. It has the effects of anti-inflammation and inhibition of cellular and humoral immunity. However, many reports of adverse reactions caused by TGt have limited its application. In this paper, the clinical efficacy and safety of TGt in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) were verified by data mining and analysis, so as to provide theoretical data support for the application and development of TGt. Methods. A computer search of the following databases was conducted: PubMed, Web of Science, CBM, VIP, Wanfang Data, and CNKI. The search time limit is from the establishment of the database to September 2020. We searched for clinical randomized controlled trials of TGt in the treatment of CKD. The main types of CKD involved are nephrotic syndrome (NS), primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS), refractory nephrotic syndrome (RNS), and IgA nephropathy (IgAN). RevMan 5.2 and Stata 12.0 software were used to evaluate the literature quality and analyze the data. Finally, GRADEpro software was used to evaluate the quality of evidence. Results. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 75 articles with a total of 6418 subjects were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that TGt could reduce 24-hour urinary protein, increase serum albumin, improve clinical efficacy, and reduce disease recurrence rate in patients ( P < 0.05 ) with CKD compared with adrenocortical hormones or immunosuppressants. TGt could significantly reduce the level of serum creatinine (Scr) in patients with CKD ( P < 0.05 ), but it was not significant in reducing the level of blood urea nitrogen ( P > 0.05 ). In terms of safety evaluation, in patients with CKD, it could significantly reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions and neurogenic dizziness and headache ( P < 0.05 ). However, in terms of adverse reactions such as liver injury, respiratory infection, and leukopenia, TGt was as harmful as corticosteroids or immunosuppressants ( P < 0.05 ). The quality of the evidence was evaluated with GRADEpro software, and the results showed that TGt was strongly recommended for the treatment of CKD. Conclusion. TGt has certain efficacy in the treatment of CKD and has fewer side effects in certain types of diseases. The effect of TGt combined with other drugs is better than that of single use. This paper also has some limitations. Due to the limited number of the included studies, with all being from China, there may be methodological differences. Therefore, more high-quality literature data from different countries are needed.

This study examined whether the presence of a Free Trade Agreement between the United States and a foreign country significantly affected the outcomes of Internet domain name dispute arbitration cases, conducted within the framework of the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy. Data were collected for approximately 2800 arbitration cases filed during the 2001-2019 period from ten countries, five with U.S. FTAs and five without. Therefore, this study sought to examine whether FTAs impact domain name arbitration cases. Logistic regression, with controls for additional variables, found that complainants are less likely to win in FTA countries. Separate analysis of high- and low-income countries found that the complainants’ win percentage is significantly reduced in the high-income countries while there was no impact in in low-income countries.

The adsorption kinetic characteristics of CH4, CO2, and N2 in coal provide crucial information for increasing coal seam gas recovery. In this study, isothermal adsorption kinetics experiments were conducted using automatic high-pressure gas adsorption analyzer to reveal differences in adsorption kinetic characteristics of CH4, CO2, and N2 in coal. The research shows that, before reaching adsorption equilibrium, the adsorption ratio of CO2 was higher than that of N2 while that of CH4 was the smallest. The initial adsorption rates of CO2, CH4, and N2 were 1998, 205, and 76 cm3 g−1 h−1, respectively. The order of decreasing gas adsorption rate with respect to the fluctuation zone was CO2 → N2 → CH4. Before reaching adsorption equilibrium, the gas adsorption ratio at high temperature was higher than that at low temperature. The adsorption rates (Rt) of gas were divided into a rapid decay zone (Rt > 0.1 Qe/h), slow decay zone (0.01 Qe/h

Small-bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) has become an increasingly utilized imaging modality for patients suspected of having small intestinal diseases. However, data regarding the role of SBCE in patients with Billroth II gastrojejunostomy are limited. The objective is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of SBCE in Billroth II gastrojejunostomy patients. We retrospectively studied patients with Billroth II gastrojejunostomy who underwent MiroCam capsule endoscopy between August 2013 and October 2019. Baseline patient characteristics; gastroscopic and SBCE findings; capsule transit time; and the occurrence of adverse events were collected and compared between groups with and without anastomotic lesions. In total, 30 patients were analyzed in the study. The median age was 59 years, and 26 patients (86.7%) were men. The majority of SBCE positive findings including ulcers (10.0%), angioectasias (6.7%) and polyps (6.7%). In patients with (n = 10) and without (n = 20) anastomotic lesions, the anastomotic lesion was significantly associated with a delayed gastric transit time (GTT) (P = 0.026), but the two groups showed no significant difference in completion (P > 0.05). All patients underwent successful SBCE examinations without adverse events, except device transit into the afferent loop, where it remained for nearly 2 h, occurred in one case with anastomotic ulcers. This retrospective study demonstrates that SBCE is a safe and effective diagnostic tool in patients with Billroth II gastrojejunostomy with a favorable gastroscopic evaluation within 7 days prior. The frequently real-time monitoring is suggested due to the risk of retention in the afferent loop, and a delayed food intake is required when a prolonged stay in the afferent loop occurred.

The therapeutic effects of cryotherapy on skin and subcutaneous tumors in dogs were retrospectively studied in 20 dogs with 37 tumor lesions, of which 30 were benign and seven were malignant. Our results showed that during follow-up, 94.5% of lesions were completely exfoliated, without relapse or metastasis (mean time = 245.7 days). To investigate the effects of cryotherapy, we compared histopathological observations and microstructural changes in healthy tissues and tumor tissues, before and after cryotherapy. After cryotherapy, both normal skin and tumor tissue exhibited edema and hyperemia, with inflammatory cell infiltration. The cell nuclei exhibited pyknosis, disintegration and necrosis, and tight junctions were decreased in size. Cell morphology was varied, along with fragmented cell nuclear envelopes, crenulated nuclei and indistinct and necrotic intracellular organelles. Vacuoles were apparent in the cytoplasm and intercellular desmosomes were absent. These observations suggested that cryosurgery inhibited skin and subcutaneous tumors via cold-induced injury to cells, and cellular microenvironment changes induced by apoptosis. The results suggested that cryosurgery prevented skin and subcutaneous tumors via cold-induced injury to cells, and cellular microenvironment changes induced by apoptosis. We believe these data will provide general cryotherapy guidance to scientists and veterinary surgeons.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms underlying elemene-induced analgesia in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). METHODS Sixty-five rats were equally divided into 5 groups using a random number table: naive group, sham group, SNI group, SNI + elemene (40 mg·kg-1·d-1) group and naive + elemene (40 mg·kg-1·d-1) group. An SNI rat model was established and the intervention were given respectively for 14 consecutive days. Von Frey filament tests and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests were used to evaluate the effect of elemene on the mechanical threshold and anxiety, respectively. Immunoblotting and immunostaining were used to measure the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and NMYC downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) within the lumbar spinal dorsal horn (SDH). RESULTS The SNI rat model exhibited a significant decrease in paw withdrawal threshold and exploratory behaviour in the EPM (P

Effective and accurate delivery of drugs to tissue with spinal cord injury (SCI) is the key to rehabilitating neurological deficits. Sustained-release microspheres (MS) have excellent degradability and can aid in the long-term release of drugs. However, the burst release phenomenon can cause unexpected side effects. Herein, we developed and optimized an injectable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MS loaded with melatonin(Mel), which were mixed further with Laponite hydrogels (Lap/MS@Mel, a micro-gel compound) in order to reduce the burst release of MS. Thus, these MS were able to achieve stable and prolonged Mel release, as well as synergistic Lap hydrogel in order to repair neural function in SCI by in situ injection. In clinical practice, patients with SCI have complicated conditions and significant inter-individual differences, which means that a single route of administration does not meet actual clinical needs. Thus, the nanospheres are synthesized and subsequently coated with platelet membrane (PM) in order to form PM/MS@Mel (nano-PM compound) for sustained and precision-targeted delivery of Mel intravenously in the SCI. Notably, optimized microsphere delivery systems have improved Mel regulation polarization of spinal microglial/macrophages, which can reduce loss of biomaterials due to macrophage-induced immune response during implantation of spinal cord tissue. These two new delivery systems that are based on MS provide references for the clinical treatment of SCI, according to different requirements., Graphical Abstract Schematic representation of repair of neurological deficits using Lap/MS@Mel and PM/MS@Mel nanoparticles in a rat model of spinal cord injury.

A large central bronchopleural fistula (BPF) surrounded by mediastinal tissue was successfully closed by local administration of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (rbFGF) using the bronchoscope. No complications were observed during and after this bronchoscopic treatment. This is the first report of the bronchoscopic treatment of a large central BPF by the local spray of rbFGF. The bronchoscopic treatment with rbFGF is a potentially cost-effective method for central BPF surrounded by mediastinal tissue.

3D printing has attracted considerable attention due to its rapid responsiveness, convenient operation, and high level of personalization. However, the continually increasing waste of printed polymers imposes a heavy burden on the environment, which contradicts the circular economy concept. Herein, a sustainable 3D printing strategy is demonstrated by developing a disulfide-based polyurethane composite and printing via the direct ink writing (DIW) technique. Dynamic disulfide bonds provide the composite with a responsive covalent adaptable network, allowing the material to be printable, repairable and recyclable. The incorporation of hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-OH) enhances the photothermal conversion property to enable precise local heating for repairing. After the sample is cut in half and repaired, the mechanical properties recover to 86.3% after three times NIR laser-triggered in-site repair. Overall, the printed parts feature outstanding recyclability, in situ repairable capability and the ability of contactless removal for supporting structures. This 3D printing strategy possesses great potential to address environmental challenges associated with the waste of 3D printed polymers.

Objectives: The roles of innate immunity including macrophages in radiation-induced abscopal effect (RIAE) are ambiguous. In this study, we evaluated the role of macrophage in RIAE and the interaction of cytokines in tumor microenvironment after irradiation. Materials and Methods: Transplanted tumor of breast cancer cells in BalB/C mice, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice and non-obese diabetic (NOD)-SCID mice were irradiated with fractionation doses to observe anti-tumor abscopal effect. The underlying mechanism of RIAE was investigated by treating the mice with TNF-α inhibitor or macrophage depletion drug and analyzing the alteration of macrophage distribution in tumors. A co-culture system of breast cancer cells and macrophages was applied to disclose the signaling factors and related pathways involved in the RIAE. Results: The growth of nonirradiated tumor was effectively suppressed in mice with normal or infused macrophages but not in mice with insufficiency/depletion of macrophage or TNF-α inhibition, where M1-macrophage was mainly involved. Investigation of the bystander signaling factors in vitro demonstrated that HMGB1 released from irradiated breast cancer cells promoted bystander macrophages to secret TNF-α through TLR-4 pathway and further inhibited the proliferation and migration of non-irradiated cancer cells by PI3K-p110γ suppression. Conclusions: HMGB1 and TNF-α contributes to M1-macrophages facilitated systemic anti-tumor abscopal response triggered by radiotherapy in breast cancer, indicating that the combination of immunotherapy and radiotherapy may has important implication in enhancing the efficiency of tumor treatment.

2D/3D heterojunction engineering has been regarded as a feasible method to improve the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A spacer molecule poses a huge influence on the structural and optoelectronic properties of 2D perovskites. A specific functional group embedded spacer molecule is highly expected to build an effective 2D capping layer for efficient, stable, and hysteresis-free PSCs. Here, a tailored spacer molecule, 4-hydroxy-phenylethylamine iodide (OH-PEAI), is developed for high-performance 2D/3D PSCs. A combined theoretical and experimental study suggests that OH-PEAI based 2D structure on the 3D surface significantly reduces defect density and mitigates nonradiative recombination. The target PSCs deliver an efficiency of 21.38% compared to 19.54% for the control device. A high open-circuit voltage (Voc) up to 1.234 V can be achieved with a Voc loss of only 0.376 V and the hysteresis can be totally eliminated. 2D/3D PSCs using a low-bandgap 3D perovskite can yield a high efficiency of 23.28%. The 2D layer also provides a robust interface that protects vulnerable 3D perovskite films from moisture attacks. As a result, the unencapsulated 2D/3D PSCs show excellent long-term stability retaining 93% of initial PCE in ambient air at 30% relative humidity for 480 h.

In order to solve the ringing effect caused by the incorrect estimation of the blur kernel, an improved blind image deblurring algorithm based on the dark channel prior is proposed. First, in the blur kernel estimation stage, high-pass filtering is introduced to enhance the image quality and enhance the edge information to make the blur kernel estimation more accurate. A combination of super Laplacian prior and dark channel prior is introduced to estimate the potential clear image. Then the accurate blur kernel is estimated through alternate iterations from coarse to fine. In the image restoration stage, a weighted least square filter is introduced to suppress the ringing effect of the original clear image to further improve the quality of image restoration. Finally, image deconvolution based on Laplace priors and L0 regularized priors is used to restore clear images. Experimental results show that our approach improves the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) by about 0.4 dB and structural similarity (SSIM) by about 0.01, respectively. Compared with the existing image deblurring algorithms, this method can estimate the blur information more accurately, so that the restored image can achieve the effect of keeping the edges and removing ringing.

There are few studies in the literature about arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy complicated with right atrial thrombus. We report a case of right atrial thrombus complicating a right-sided arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy detected by echocardiography. Electrocardiography showed typical Epsilon waves, and the diagnosis was further confirmed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.

To investigate the expression and role of nicotinic acetylcholine α7 subunit (nAChRα7) in the hippocampus of rats with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). PD model was established with 6-hydroxydopa. Then, methyllycaconitine was further used to prepare a PDD model. The behavioral indexes and malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were measured. The mRNA level and protein level of nAChRα7 in hippocampus was detected by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western-blot, respectively. The α7nAchR and NeuN protein was detected by immunofluorescence. Compared with the PD model group, the escape latency of the PDD model group was significantly prolonged while the times of crossing platforms was significantly reduced (p

Background. Vitamin D deficiency can lead to the increased severity and prevalence of metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is controversial. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to explore the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and PAD in middle-aged and elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in China. Methods. In this study, a total of 183 patients with T2DM were enrolled and categorized into groups with or without PAD. Clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed, and a Pearson analysis was used to identify a possible association between levels of 25(OH)D and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Some biochemical parameters were also assessed in the T2DM patients with PAD according to vitamin D status. Interactions were also explored among HbA1c control, 25(OH)D levels, and PAD. The possible risk factors for PAD were measured by multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results. Firstly, the parameters including age, HbA1c, and disease duration between T2DM and T2DM+PAD groups showed significantly different. In addition, the frequency of smoking in the group of T2DM patients was significantly less than that in the T2DM patients with the PAD group, while the frequency of well-controlled HbA1c in the patients with T2DM was significantly higher. There is a trend that the levels of 25(OH)D and HbA1c are correlated, but no interactions among vitamin D deficiency, HbA1c control, and PAD were found. However, HbA1c significantly differed between groups with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in the T2DM patients with PAD. According to the multivariate logistic regression analyses, the PAD risk factors of T2DM patients were family history of diabetes, smoking, age, disease duration, HbA1c, and LDL. Conclusions. The findings demonstrate that the deficiency of vitamin D level is not related to PAD, but HbA1c may be linked to the presence of PAD in middle-aged and elderly patients with T2DM in China.

The dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) has been recognized as a key cortical area for nociceptive modulation. However, the underlying neural pathway and the function of specific cell types remain largely unclear. Here, we show that lesions in the dmPFC induced an algesic and anxious state. Using multiple tracing methods including a rabies-based transsynaptic tracing method, we outlined an excitatory descending neural pathway from the dmPFC to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). Specific activation of the dmPFC/vlPAG neural pathway by optogenetic manipulation produced analgesic and antianxiety effects in a mouse model of chronic pain. Inhibitory neurons in the dmPFC were specifically activated using a chemogenetic approach, which logically produced an algesic and anxious state under both normal and chronic pain conditions. Antagonists of the GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)R) or mGluR1 were applied to the dmPFC, which produced analgesic and antianxiety effects. In summary, the results of our study suggest that the dmPFC/vlPAG neural pathway might participate in the maintenance of pain thresholds and antianxiety behaviors under normal conditions, while silencing or suppressing the dmPFC/vlPAG pathway might be involved in the initial stages and maintenance of chronic pain and the emergence of anxiety-like behaviors.

Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) have been a kind of backbone therapies for newly diagnosed as well as relapsed or refractory myeloma patients in the last two decades. Bortezomib, the first-in-class PI, was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2003. The key roles of this class of agents are targeting at the overstressed 26S proteasome, which are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Despite recent advancements in clinical antimyeloma treatment, the acquisition of resistance is a major limitation in PI therapy. This review aims at a better understanding of the pathways and biomarkers involved in MM drug resistance.

In many parts of the nervous system, experience-dependent refinement of neuronal circuits predominantly involves synapse elimination. The role of sleep in this process remains unknown. We investigated the role of sleep in experience-dependent dendritic spine elimination of layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the visual (V1) and frontal association cortex (FrA) of 1-month-old mice. We found that monocular deprivation (MD) or auditory-cued fear conditioning (FC) caused rapid spine elimination in V1 or FrA, respectively. MD- or FC-induced spine elimination was significantly reduced after total sleep or REM sleep deprivation. Total sleep or REM sleep deprivation also prevented MD- and FC-induced reduction of neuronal activity in response to visual or conditioned auditory stimuli. Furthermore, dendritic calcium spikes increased substantially during REM sleep, and the blockade of these calcium spikes prevented MD- and FC-induced spine elimination. These findings reveal an important role of REM sleep in experience-dependent synapse elimination and neuronal activity reduction., Sleep plays an important role in learning and memory. Here the authors show that experience dependent elimination of spines is attenuated by REM sleep deprivation.

Summary Hybrid halide perovskite solar cells have found potential applications beyond terrestrial implementation due to their unique advantages in cold environments. Unfortunately, the pioneer exploits are limited in inferior device efficiency, while the operating mechanisms at low temperatures remain unclear. Here, we revealed substantial performance enhancement for (FA,MA,Cs)Pb(I,Br)3-based perovskite solar cells at temperatures from 290 to 180 K. Remarkably, the device obtained the highest efficiency of 25.2% (stabilized 24.2%) at 220 K, boosted from a certified efficiency of 23.3% (stabilized 22.8%) at 300 K. We proposed that the phase transition and lattice distortion in perovskite films during temperature cycling effectively activates the self-elimination of intrinsic defects, which contributes to the improved open-circuit voltage (1.153 to 1.229 V) and, thus, efficiency. In addition, the device without encapsulation was tested in the simulated near-space environment, demonstrating their operational feasibility and stability for practical low-temperature applications.

Changes in body composition are related to mobility, fall risk, and mortality, especially in older adults. Various devices and methods exist to measure body composition, but bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has several advantages. The purpose of this study was to validate a common BIA device with a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer (DXA) in older adults and develop prediction equations to improve the accuracy of the BIA measurements. The participants were 277 older adults (162 women and 115 men; age 73.9 ± 5.8 years) without a history of cancer and without a history of severe medical or mental conditions. Individuals fasted 12 hr before BIA and DXA measurement. The correlations between the two methods for appendicular lean mass (ALM), fat-free mass (FFM), and percentage body fat (%BF) were .86, .93, and .92, respectively, adjusting for age and sex. The mean percentage error (DXA-InBody) and mean absolute percentage error were -12% and 13% for ALM, -13% and 13% for FFM, and 16% and 17% for %BF. The prediction equations estimated ALM, FFM, and %BF; sex was coded as 1 for male and 0 for female: DXAALM=0.0673+(0.6732×BIAALM)+(2.33507×sex)+(0.13349×BMI),R2=.94; DXAFFM=0.72323+(0.72384×BIAFFM)+(3.675012×sex)+(0.2816×BMI),R2=.97; and DXA%BF=15.8896+(0.64694×BIA%BF) -(3.99945×sex)+(0.13824×BMI),R2=.91 Although highly correlated, BIA overestimated FFM, and ALM and underestimated %BF compared with DXA. An application of prediction equations eliminated the mean error and reduced the range of individual error across the sample. Prediction equations may improve BIA accuracy sufficiently to substitute for DXA in some cases.

A watt-level continuous wave (CW) orange-red laser with wavelength tunable properties is experimentally implemented based on sum-frequency generation (SFG) in a composite cavity. The cavity is composed of an 880 nm laser diode (LD) side-pumped Nd: GdVO4 p-polarized 1062.9 nm cavity and a single-resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO) of signal light using a magnesium oxide-doped periodically-poled LiNbO3 (MgO: PPLN) crystal with a poling period of 29.1 μm. In the overlap region of the two cavities, orange-red laser is generated by using a type-II critical phase-matched potassium titanyl phosphate crystal (KTP) crystal. In the temperature tuning range of the MgO: PPLN crystal (from 30 °C to 200 °C), the CW orange-red laser beams are generated in a tunable waveband from 612.24 nm to 620.72 nm (Δλ = 8.48 nm), corresponding to the mid-infrared idler light is also obtained with tunable wavelength from 4027.5 nm to 3708.2 nm (Δλ = 319.3 nm). At the lowest tuning temperature of 30 °C, the maximum CW output power of the orange-red laser at 612.24 nm and the idler light at 4027.5 nm are obtained, which are 1.145 W and 2.83 W, respectively.

In our study, we determined the pattern of expression and biological roles of microRNA-20a (miR-20a) in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The difference in the expression of miR-20a and proinflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) was measured across control, normal glucose (NG), and high glucose (HG) groups. Co-transfection miR-20a mimic and CXCL8 silence was used to assess the miR-20a/CXCL8 axis in the HG-induced HK-2 cell injury involved in DKD. miR-20a in HG group was significantly decreased, and a marked augmentation of inflammatory factor gene expression (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in HK-2 cells was induced by HG. miR-20a over-expression enhanced cell proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis, and suppressed the inflammatory response of HK-2 cells. CXCL8 knockdown strengthened the role of miR-20a. Our findings showed that miR-20a might be a significant regulator of HG-induced renal proximal tubular inflammatory injury mediating diabetic kidney disease through regulation of the expression of CXCL8 and the MEK/ERK pathway.

© 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. City managers need to understand how land use and land cover (LULC) change in an urban landscape can affect future land degradation and conditions for ecosystem services (ESs) supply and demand. Optimal land use and land management requires explicit spatial mapping of ESs supply and demand under alternative land use scenarios. In this study, we applied spatially explicit models to predict changes in ESs supply and demand, and their coupling mechanisms, under one baseline scenario and three stakeholder-defined LULC change scenarios (developed, planning, policy) in Shanghai municipality, China. The results suggest that the policy scenario could significantly increase ESs supply and restore degraded urban areas, but would not guarantee that supply meets demand for four key ESs tested: water retention, particulate matter removal, carbon sequestration, and recreation. However, the policy scenario significantly reduced the shortfalls and spatial mismatches in water retention, particulate matter removal and recreation services, and also greatly restored deficit areas for all four ESs. This is valuable scientific evidence that ESs supply and demand information can be incorporated into urban land management planning in a spatially explicit manner, in order to control or prevent future potential land degradation. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 41601616 and 41771571) and the Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant no. NIGLAS2016QY02).

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is delivering a rich portfolio of computation services to enable ultra-low latency and location-awareness for emerging mobile applications. However, the vulnerability of this new paradigm to potential security and privacy issues prevents mobile users from fully embracing its advantage. While various defensive strategies have been proposed to secure the connection between the end devices and edge servers, an equally important issue, the server-side risk is still under-investigated for most edge computing systems. To handle these server-side risks, a Risk-aware Computation Offloading (RCO) policy is proposed to distribute computation tasks safely among geographically distributed edge sites under server-side attacks. RCO takes into account the strategic behaviors of the potential attackers in the edge system and finds an appropriate balance between risk management and service delay reduction. The Bayesian Stackelberg game is employed to formulate the RCO problem, which describes an appropriate relation between the edge system (as a defender) and the attacker. In particular, the Bayesian Stackelberg game captures the uncertainty of attacker’s behavior and enables RCO to work even when the edge system does not know precisely the attacker that it is playing against. To facilitate the derivation of Stackelberg equilibria, two pruning rules, Heuristic Pruning (HP) and Branch-and-Bound (BaB), are proposed. HP prunes by analyzing the user demand distribution and attacker types, and BaB prunes by obtaining the tight upper/lower bound of edge system utility with the assist of disjunctive programming and Bender’s cut.

Despite widespread use of taxanes, mechanisms of action and resistance in vivo remain to be established, and there is no way of predicting who will respond to therapy. This study examined prostate cancer (PCa) xenografts and patient samples to identify in vivo mechanisms of taxane action and resistance. Docetaxel drug-target engagement was assessed by confocal anti-tubulin immunofluorescence to quantify microtubule bundling in interphase cells and aberrant mitoses. Tumor biopsies from metastatic PCa patients obtained 2 to 5 days after their first dose of docetaxel or cabazitaxel were processed to assess microtubule bundling, which correlated with clinical response. Microtubule bundling was evident in PCa xenografts 2 to 3 days after docetaxel treatment but was decreased or lost with acquired resistance. Biopsies after treatment with leuprolide plus docetaxel showed extensive microtubule bundling as did biopsies obtained 2 to 3 days after initiation of docetaxel or cabazitaxel in 2 patients with castration-resistant PCa with clinical responses. In contrast, microtubule bundling in biopsies 2 to 3 days after the first dose of docetaxel was markedly lower in 4 nonresponding patients. These findings indicate that taxanes target both mitotic and interphase cells in vivo and that resistance is through mechanisms that impair drug-target engagement. Moreover, the findings suggest that microtubule bundling after initial taxane treatment may be a predictive biomarker for clinical response.

In this article, a new trajectory programming system that allows non-expert users to intuitively and efficiently program trajectories for robots is proposed. The system tracks a pen-shaped marker and obtains its position and orientation by processing the point cloud data of the workspace. A graphical user interface, which enables users to save and execute the acquired trajectory immediately after performing trajectory demonstration, is designed and developed for the system. The performance of the developed system is experimentally evaluated by using it to program trajectories for a UR5 robot. The results indicate that compared with traditional kinesthetic programming, the developed system has the potential of significantly reducing the ergonomic stress and workload of users. The system is developed based on the robot operating system, which facilitates its integration with different robot control systems.

The compactness of perovskite active layers plays an essential role in the energy conversion. In order to promote the crystal quality, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) was employed as an additive to promote the crystal quality for the active layers. The cationic additive significantly enhanced the compactness of the perovskite absorber film, which promoted the charge transport efficiency, resulting in an average efficiency over 19%. The unique properties of PAH make it act as a “glue” to link the grain boundaries and promote the crystal quality, thus favoring the charge transfer and suppressing the recombination under the certain doping amount. Meanwhile, the stability of perovskite solar cells in humidity environments was dramatically promoted without encapsulation. The sample has a long shelf life (over 600 h). This strategy can also be used to guide the crystal development of other optoelectronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes and lasers, which have recently involved the hybrid perovskite materials.

Background HOXD9, a Hox family member, is involved in cancer growth and metastasis. But, its regulation mechanism at the molecular level particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC), is mostly unknown. Methods The HOXD9 protein expression levels were analyzed using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays, and western blot. The in vivo and in vitro roles of HOXD9 in CRC were determined using colony formation and EdU incorporation, CCK‐8, wound scratch and transwell invasion assay, and animal models. Results Expression of HOXD9 was higher in CRC than in matched healthy tissues. High expression of HOXD9 has significantly associated with the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stages, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and other serious invasions, and it had a poor prognosis. In vitro, HOXD9 encouraged proliferation, movement and EMT processes in cells of CRC. Also, TGF‐β1 promoted the expression of HOXD9 and this effect was dependent on the dose and downregulation of HOXD9 repressed TGF‐β1 ‐induced EMT. In vivo, HOXD9 promoted the invasive and metastasis of CRC cells via orthotopic implantation. Conclusions The ectopic expression of HOXD9 promoted the invasion metastasis in cells of the colorectal tumor by induction of EMT in vitro and vivo., HOXD9 is overexpressed in CRC and increases tumorigenicity and tumor proliferation. Also, ectopic HOXD9 expression influences EMT and tumor spread both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, the HOXD9 gene could act as an assuring therapeutic approach for treating patients suffering from CRC.