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The diagnosis and therapy of tumors are challenging problems in the medical field. Peptides are derived from living organisms with excellent biocompatibility, low-toxicity/non-toxicity, and negligible immunogenicity, and they have been widely used in the field of biomedicine, especially in tumor sensing and treatment. In recent years, a series of technologies in peptide research (including polypeptide synthesis, phage screening, sequencing, and computer-aided molecular simulations) and the discovery of tumor targeting peptide have been developed. In this review, we summarized the progress of peptide-based materials in tumor therapy, including the development and screening of peptides, and two peptide targeting tumor strategies: targeting tumor high-expressing receptors and targeting tumor microenvironment. We also summarized various tumor imaging methods and treatment methods based on peptides. Furthermore, the advantages and challenges of peptides in the current tumor field and the possible solutions are also discussed.

BACKGROUND: CYP2C19polymorphisms are associated with the increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) in cerebral intervention. In this study, we wanted to investigate whether the CYP2C19 polymorphism and other nongenetic factors can influence the incidence of MACCEs in cerebral artery stenosis disease patients.METHODS: A total of 164 patients underwent cerebral artery stenting and 138 patients underwent conservative treatment among 1406 who patients underwent CYP2C19 gene screening and were enrolled in this study. A Cox proportional hazards model and Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to assess the predictive value of CYP2C19 loss-of-function (LOF) allele (*2, *3) carrier status and other risk factors.RESULTS: The CYP2C19 *1/*1 genotype was observed to be the most predominant among the patients (41.96%). The patients who underwent conservative treatment and had glucose levels> 6.5 mmol/L were more likely to experience MACCEs (p = 0.022). CYP2C19 LOF allele variants (p = 0.032), total protein < 65 g/L (p = 0.017) and glucose > 6.5 mmol/L (p = 0.028) were associated with an increased risk of MACCEs in patients who underwent cerebral artery stents in the multivariable Cox analysis.CONCLUSION: CYP2C19 polymorphisms, total protein levels and glucose can impact the risk of MACCEs in patients who undergo cerebral artery stents.

We investigated the effect of CYP2C19 polymorphisms on the clinical outcomes of clopidogrel therapy in patients after stenting procedure for cerebral artery stenosis in northeast China. 568 patients performed CYP2C19 genotype screening in the neurosurgery department of our hospital; 154 patients were finally recruited according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and followed-up for 6 months. Ischemic events including (1) transient ischemic attack (TIA); (2) stent thrombosis; (3) ischemic stroke; and (4) death were defined as primary clinical endpoints. The frequencies of CYP2C19*1, *2 and *3 alleles in 568 patients were 63.1%, 31.1% and 5.8%, respectively. 154 patients were classified into extensive (65 patients; 42.2%), intermediate (66 patients; 42.9%), and poor (23 patients; 14.9%) metabolizer groups. A χ2 test showed a significant difference in primary clinical endpoints at 6 months (P = 0.04), and a multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the CYP2C19 loss-of-function (LOF) alleles associated with post-procedure prognosis. The Kaplan–Meier curve revealed that there was no significant difference in ischemic events between *2 and *3 alleles carriers. Our study verifies that CYP2C19 *2 and *3 have significant impact on the clinical outcomes of clopidogrel therapy in patients with stenting procedure for cerebral artery stenosis in China.